Anthropocene Science (2022) 1:342–357

https://doi.org/10.1007/s44177-022-00034-0

REVIEW ARTICLE

Advances in Ecosystem Services Valuation Studies in India: Learnings

from a Systematic Review
Bhuvan Chopra1   · Y. S. C. Khuman1   · Shalini Dhyani2 

Received: 15 June 2022 / Revised: 28 July 2022 / Accepted: 30 July 2022 / Published online: 25 August 2022
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022

Abstract
Ecosystem services (ES) concept has gained global momentum as they hold immense importance for human well-being. On
the other hand, direct and indirect drivers of biodiversity loss have led to deterioration of ecosystem health and their capac-
ity to deliver ecosystem services. Worldwide, ES assessments have been increasingly used by administrators to formulate
sustainable and environment centric policies. Similarly, there has been continuous expansion of ES related work in India
to capture the material and non-material benefits derived from diverse ecosystems in the country. In the current paper, 105
research articles/reports have been reviewed to assess the growing trajectory of ES research and also to map their methodo-
logical approaches. The lacunae in the studies and literature have been critically examined. Analysis of the study shows that
ES derived from forests have been captured widely while marine ecosystems have not received appropriate scholarly atten-
tion. Similarly, dearth of studies focusing on long- and short-term implications of climate change and other environmental
challenges on the ES delivery was also evident. A strong need is felt to integrate interdisciplinary approaches for holistic
ES assessment. Also, future ES assessments must assimilate traditional as well as indigenous knowledge systems within ES
assessment framework to ensure formulation of tangible, sustainable policies.

Keywords  Ecosystem services · Provisioning services · Regulating services · Supporting services · Cultural services ·
Economic valuation

1 Introduction services (ES) provides that apposite pedestal to accomplish

this exercise (TEEB 2010; Masiero et al. 2019). The Mil-
Globally, the ecosystems are degrading at an unprecedented lennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) (2005) marked the
rate and biodiversity loss has come to be the order of the day watershed moment in transcending the boundaries of tradi-
(IPBES 2019). In this milieu, it is imperative and prudent tional perception regarding ecosystems and the goods and
to articulate the benefits of the ecosystems to the policy- services derived from them. Ecosystems services are the
makers, administrators and general public so that veracious benefits derived from ecosystems that are quintessentially
management and conservation-related tools can be used to linked to human well-being and sustenance (Constanza et al.
mainstream conservation in decision-making to ensure a 1997; MEA 2005; TEEB 2010). In other words, they are
sustainable future. The conceptual framework of ecosystem the goods (food, fiber, medicinal plants, genetic resources,
etc.) and services (pollution control, soil formation, polli-
* Bhuvan Chopra nation, recreation, disease control, etc.) that are directly or
[email protected] indirectly allied to human welfare (Leviston et al. 2018).
Y. S. C. Khuman Humans continuously interact with ecosystems through vari-
[email protected] ous processes to derive these benefits (Fedele et al. 2017).
Shalini Dhyani The MEA (2005) framework was laid down under four
[email protected] broad categories of ES: Provisioning Services (food, fiber,
medicines, fresh water, etc.), Regulating Services (climate
1
School of Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies, regulation, erosion control, etc.), Supporting Services (pri-
Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India
mary production, soil formation, etc.) and Cultural ser-
2
Critical Zone Group, Water Technology and Management vices (recreation, spiritual values, etc.). Holistic valuation
Division, CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, India

13
Vol:.(1234567890)
Anthropocene Science (2022) 1:342–357 343

approach is a prerequisite to capture and integrate the mul- to access a particular ecosystem attribute or service or will-
tifaceted, heterogeneous and entwined aspects of various ingness to accept (WTA) the disservice. Second is Choice
ecosystem services (Masiero et al. 2019; Tinch et al. 2019). Modelling in which people are made to select the alterna-
The conceptual framework of total economic value (TEV) tives linked with shared aspects of ecosystem services under
is an indicative of sum total of two values- use value and evaluation. Third and last is Group valuation that involves
non-use value. Use values can be explicit, when resources integration of premeditated processes to find out value plu-
derived from ecosystems are consumed directly (direct-use ralism, non-human values etc. (TEEB 2010; Masiero et al.
value) while they can also be indirect (indirect-use value) 2019; Barbier et al. 2011).
when they are non-consumptive and non-extractive in nature Multiple studies have eulogized mainstreaming ecosys-
and derived from some of the regulating aspects of the eco- tem services valuation or assessment in conservation poli-
systems such as pollution control, climate regulation etc. or cies and evidence based decision-making (Daily et al. 2009;
recreational value of nature (e.g. tranquility of forests, hill- Martinez-Harms et al. 2015). Integration of ecosystem ser-
sides). There are various methodologies to divulge and quan- vices in decision-making can act as a potent tool for framing
tify the veiled and unperceived dimensions of ecosystem conservation and restoration strategies and in accomplishing
services (Kornatowska and Sienkiewicz 2018; Tinch et al. the sustainable development goals (SDGs) 2015 by 2030
2019). They range from market price-based approaches to (Huq 2015; Dangles and Casas 2019). Carbon sequestration,
revealed preference methods and stated preference methods habitat for biodiversity and provisioning of food and water
(Barbier et al. 2011; TEEB 2011; UNEP 2013; Kornatowska are pivotal ecosystem services that can contribute notice-
and Sienkiewicz 2018). There are various methodologies ably towards attaining seven or even more SDGs—viz. SDG
to divulge and quantify the veiled and unperceived dimen- 1(No Poverty), SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 11 (Sustainable
sions of ecosystem services (Tinch et al. 2019; Kornatowska Cities and Communities), SDG 12 (Responsible Consump-
and Sienkiewicz 2018). These include direct market valu- tion and Production), SDG 13 (Climate Action), SDG 14
ation, revealed preference methods and stated preference (Life Below Water) and SDG 15 (Life on Land) (Woods
methods. Direct market valuation methods are based on et al. 2018). Moreover, sustainable utilization of ES can
market derived data indicating cost, price and quantity of have positive implications on all the SDGs, as all of them
various vendible ecosystem goods and services. They can are directly or indirectly linked with each other (Yin et al.
be further segregated into three types viz. Market price- 2021). Conservation, preservation, restoration of forests and
based approaches, revealed preference methods and stated investments in ecological infrastructure (EI) can help nations
preference methods. The market price-based approaches to ensure sustained flow of ES at regional and national scale
which deal with market value of commodities i.e. the price and also expedite the localisation of SDGs (Dandabathula
on which they are traded. Cost-based approaches indicate et al. 2021; Hawkens et al. 2021).
the cost incurred if the natural ecosystem service has to be India is one of the mega-diverse nations of the world with
deputize with artificial ones, and production functions based more than 1.3 billion population (17.7% of the world) and
approaches that uses the relationship between ecosystem ser- 7–8% of global biodiversity with 3 important biodiversity
vice and marketable good production (TEEB 2010, 2011; hotspots (MoEFCC and GIZ 2014). The direct and indirect
UNEP 2013). Revealed preference methods are based on drivers of biodiversity and ecosystem loss have resulted in
individual revelation of their picks or preferences, revealed the degradation of land causing 557, 666 k­ m2 to become
preference techniques can be of two types. Travel cost wasteland while 305 species of vertebrate species are threat-
method (TC) which is used to determine recreational value ened (NSO EnviStats-India 2020). In wake of increased
of the ecosystems by including amount consumers are will- environmental challenges, it is being increasingly realized
ing to spend for accessing ecosystems/biodiversity of recrea- to accentuate on the ES assessment studies in the country.
tional significance. Hedonic Pricing (HP) which decomposes Also, it is important to analyze how ES assessment and
the values attached by consumers to the specific attributes changes at global scale correlates with the ES literature at
of certain commodities, especially this method bears high national and regional scale. The present study was designed
application in case of determining property pricing which to review the qualitative and quantitative ES assessment
are located in vicinity of forests or other serene landscapes studies taken up in India during the period 2010–2021. Our
(TEEB 2011; Barbier et al. 2011). Stated preference methods work was focused on three research questions: (1) Which
are especially useful in deriving the non-use values. Surveys type of ecosystem services are well researched as compared
are extensively employed in these methods where respond- to others? (2) What is the regional distribution of ES-based
ents are asked to rate or rank trade-offs. They can be further literature in the country? (3) What are the type of ecosys-
subdivided into first contingent valuation (CV) in which tems that are well covered in ES literature? Further, the gaps
people with the help of questionnaire and other elicitation are identified especially that are there at regional scale and
methods are asked to state their willingness to pay (WTP) also in ES mapping strategies.

13

344 Anthropocene Science (2022) 1:342–357

2 Materials and Methodology studies were derived. As the concept of ecosystem services

is broad, multi-faceted, and multi-dimensional, a large
In the present study we have reviewed journals and publi- number of duplicates along with studies from neighbour-
cations published in between the period of 2010–2021. An ing counties viz. Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, etc. were
extensive search was carried out on digital repositories- also derived in the search results as they share common
Google Scholar and Scopus (accessed between March, physiographic features and transboundary locations in the
27th and May, 28th 2022) using keywords- “Ecosystems region such as Himalayas, Sundarbans, etc. with India.
Services AND India” followed by “Provisioning Ecosys- We restricted ourselves to the geographical boundaries of
tem Services AND India”, “Regulating Ecosystem Ser- India and thus studies exclusive to neighbouring coun-
vices AND India”, “Supporting Ecosystem Services AND tries along with the duplicates (n = 26) were excluded. In
India” and “Cultural Ecosystem Services AND India”. In the second step, studies (n = 160) were thoroughly scruti-
case of regulating and cultural services, individual eco- nized and those with a clear methodological approach and
system services such as “pollination”; “air pollution con- added significantly towards ES valuation literature were
trol”; “ecotourism”, “sacred groves”, etc. were also used chosen while opinion papers and subjective studies were
as keywords to get specific studies for these services. We further removed. This yielded around 127 studies. In the
also further reviewed relevant review papers and list of final stage of scrutiny, we fine-tuned our research to suit
references they have used in their publication. We cross- our review framework and gave preference to quantita-
checked these references and obtained some quantitative tive studies focussing on emerging trends, novel technol-
ES research work. Grey literature was also sought from ogy usage including GIS and models, landscape-based
Google (http://​www.​g oogle.​c om/). PRISMA guidelines ES studies, comparative analysis, etc. Some important
were followed for the selection and exclusion of literature case studies and reports were also included in the current
(Page et al. 2020). framework as they contain substantial, in-depth ES-related
The design of the research methodology used is detailed research work carried out in the country that bears con-
out in Fig. 1. In the primary stage of data collection, 186 siderable relevance in policy-making process. Few review
papers carrying pan country analysis of important studies

Fig. 1  Flow chart of the meth-

odology used for identification
of studies for systematic review

13
Anthropocene Science (2022) 1:342–357 345

or under-researched vital ecosystems (for e.g.—wetlands) total value of ecosystem services for India in 2011 was USD
have also been given space in this paper. On the basis of $1.8 trillion/year. Studies are also available that find TEV at
this, we further narrowed down our study to 105 suitable regional and state level. In a study by Ghosh et al. (2016),

Arc landscape was estimated to be ₹390 billion (US$6 bil-

research papers and other relevant published material spe- the value of nine ecosystem services evaluated from Terai
cific to India (Supplementary File 1).
For simplified and systematic classification of multi- lion) in 2015–2016. The maintenance cost of the Jim Corbett
ple studies, we arranged the material in accordance to the Tiger Reserve was estimated US $2,153,174.3 per year by
broader ES categories as specified by Millennium Ecosys- Badola et al. (2010). Similarly, TEV studies on the forest

hary (2015) has estimated the value at ₹ 1518 billion (USD

tem Assessment (MEA 2005), viz. Provisioning Services, of the state of Arunachal Pradesh by Kumar and Chaud-
Regulating Services, Supporting Services and Cultural Ser-
vices. We also linked the publications to their sources to 19,583,186.70) per year.
find out the number of publications from Central and State
Universities, reputed scientific and academic organizations 3.2 Provisioning Services
of India including deemed and autonomous institutes; along
with those sourced from other institutes (including private Provisioning services indicate the direct, tangible benefits/
universities, non-profit organizations, foreign universities, resources derived/obtained from the ecosystems for human
etc.). The studies were segregated on a regional basis. welfare which can be either directly consumed or traded as a
commodity in the markets (Dhyani and Dhyani 2016). They
can be easily monetized and range from food, fodder, fuel
3 Results and Discussions wood, Non timber forest products (NTFPs) such as honey,
tendu leaves, medicinal plants to thatching material, lac,
3.1 Ecosystem Service Valuation Approaches nuts, gums, resins, fibers, genetic resources, to freshwater
in Indian Context (MEA 2005; TEEB 2011). Provisioning ecosystem services
from various ecosystems along with comparative analytical
In India, scholarly interest is steadily growing towards valu- studies in their subtypes have been widely covered in liter-
ation of ecosystem services for various ecosystems in the ary works (Subba et al. 2015; Uniyal and Rawat 2018; Pala
country with a focus on forests, grasslands, mangroves, wet- et al. 2019; Sachin et al. 2020; Sinclair et al. 2021). Joshi
lands, coral reefs among others. On the basis of ecosystem- and Negi (2011) in a comparative study carried out in West-
wise studies available in the country, valuation studies are ern Himalayas on ecosystem services provided by Oak and

services worth of ₹5676 (73.22 USD) per person per year

majorly focused on forest ecosystem services followed by Pine forests reported that oak forests provide provisioning
wetlands (Verma 2018). A slew of methodologies is incor-

compared to pine forests i.e. ₹4640 (59.85 USD) per person

porated to derive the ecosystem service values in the country in the form of fodder and fuel wood which is greater than
such as Contingent Valuation approach (Sinha and Mishra
2015; Mohamed et al. 2016; Venkatachalam and Jayanthi per year. Similarly, Naudiyal and Schmerbeck (2018) studied
2016; Kadaverugu et al. 2021), Benefit Transfer method the relationship between provisional ecosystem services and
(Singh and Thadani 2013; Bahuguna and Bisht 2013; five different vegetation types found in Central Himalayas.
Chaudhry et al. 2016), Travel cost method (Gopal and Maro- Non timber forest products or NTFPs provisions signifi-
thia 2016; Dixit et al. 2016) and Market price method (Jain cantly towards food security and income generation among
et al. 2011; Ramachandra et al. 2011; Murali et al. 2017). the underprivileged socio-economic groups in developing
There is also a growing trend of incorporation of modelling countries especially India (Lakerveld et al. 2015). This rela-
tools in ecosystem evaluation studies. Integrated Valuation tionship has been analyzed by Islam and Quli (2017) which
of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) has been reported that the average income earned per household per

district, Jharkhand stands at ₹4791.16 (61.36 USD). Simi-

used widely by Verma et al. (2019) in their iconic study year from NTFPs in villages located in Bundu Block, Ranchi
related to valuation of ecosystem services derived from tiger
reserves in the country. The use of GIS in evaluation process larly, Kumar (2015) has reported that 42 species of plants
has also been undertaken in several recent works estimating are used as NTFPs while their collection helps in genera-
the changes in the ecosystem services at regional level (Das tion of 31.67% employment in the Dang District, Gujarat.
and Das 2019; Sannigrahi et al. 2019; Tripathi et al. 2019; Dash et al. (2016) reported that NTFP collection plays a
Talukdar et al. 2020; Sharma et al. 2020, 2021; Shakya et al. substantial role in the income of tribal communities present
2021). inside and in the periphery region of Simlipal Tiger Reserve,
Total economic value (TEV) of the entire Indian region Odisha.
or important landscapes have been investigated in detail by Agriculture plays a vital role in the subsistence of the
several authors. Kubiszewski et al. (2016) reported that the Indian economy. The role of ecosystem services derived

13

346 Anthropocene Science (2022) 1:342–357

from rice farms in Odisha was studied by Nayak et  al. control carbon sequestration, storm protection, water puri-
(2019). Rice farms provide provisioning services in form fication, pollination etc. (Science for Environmental Policy
of food and by-products such as straw, supporting services 2015). The present study has revealed that alike the global
in form of soil formation, hydrological flow and nutrient scenario, there is dearth of studies exclusively focusing on

flow, nitrogen fixation) which ranged from ₹90,533 to

cycling, and regulating services (bio-pest control, carbon regulating services in India with major focus on air pollu-

₹1,23,441 (1159.37–1580.79 USD) per hectare per year.

tion regulation and carbon sequestration while pollination
and storm protection has not been appropriately captured
Collection of leaf litter for forest dependent agriculture in (Pannure 2016).
Western Himalayas was quantified by Dhyani (2018). The problem of air pollution is aggravating all over the
Fodder production by forest and grasslands along with world with an intensification of scenario in India. Several
agro-ecosystems in the country ensured supplementary Indian cities are ranked among top most polluted cities of
income of farmers through livestock rearing. Evidently, the world. Pollution bears a significant effect on the health
multiple studies have focused on quantitative assessment of of city residents (Manojkumar and Srimuruganandam 2021).
fodder production (Dhyani et al. 2011; Pandey 2011), fodder The topic of air pollution and its disease burden aspects
species and fodder consumption patterns (Dhyani and Dhy- along with policy implications are extensively researched
ani 2016) and overall fodder-related benefits derived by local (Patankar and Trivedi 2011; Maji et al. 2017). The pollution
communities living in the vicinity of protected forested areas regulating aspect of ecosystems is also catching attention of
(Ninan and Kontoleon 2016; Ramachandra et al. 2017). researchers. Several studies are now available that provide
Fuel wood is a dominant energy source, especially in rural substantial evidence to underline the role of vegetation in
settings in India. A large section of urban poor and those ameliorating air quality in urban settings (Kumar et al. 2019;
living in rural and tribal areas heavily rely upon fuel wood Banerjee et al. 2021). In one such study, Chaturvedi et al.
and other forms of biomass for meeting their energy needs. (2013) has reported that out of five zones of the Nagpur
Most fuelwood-related studies ranged from investigation of city, the two zones having less greenery have more concen-
fuelwood consumption patterns and suitable fuelwood spe- tration of S­ O2, ­NO2 and RSPM as compared to other three
cies identification to the potential impact of biomass extrac- zones which have more greenery. Urban trees play a major
tion on forest and grassland ecosystems. Kumar and Kumar role in entrapping dust and controlling particulate pollution
(2016) investigated the altitudinal variations in fuelwood (Vailshery et al. 2013). Ficus religiosa, Azadirachta indica
consumption patterns in the Himalayas while Hussain et al. and Pongamia glabra tree species are found to be highly
(2017) investigated the impact of fuelwood extraction on tolerant to air pollution and heavy metals concentration in
forests by Van Gujjar community in Uttarakhand. industrial areas of Bengaluru city (Begum and Harikrishna
In case of freshwater provisioning, we came across 2010).
studies focusing on calculations of overall drinking water India is highly vulnerable to floods, especially during the
or fresh water supply benefits derived from ecosystems to four months of monsoon from June to September. India’s
spatial variations in water yielding capacity of ecosystems 12% land area which is equivalent to 40 million hectares is
at regional and subregional level (Khan et al. 2019). Bhoj prone to flooding (Alam and Muzzammil 2011). Accord-

ply benefits worth of ₹15,50,58,920 (1,985,414.73 USD)

wetland in Bhopal is known to yield drinking water sup- ing to Tripathi (2015) the economic loss incurred by floods
was nearly 2% of the country’s GDP from the period of
(Verma and Negandhi 2011). A spatial study from Periyar 2005–2015 and around 71,426 people lost their lives. Veg-
Tiger Reserve established that the evergreen forests found in etation present in floodplains and watersheds plays a critical
the reserve have maximum water yielding capacity followed role in flood regulation by limiting the speed of water and
by semi-evergreen forests while plantations have the least increasing its percolation (Crossman et al. 2019). The total

prevention from the forests of Uttara Kannada is ₹217,872

water yielding capacity. The same study revealed that total benefit derived from natural hazard mitigation and flood
estimated water yielding capacity of Periyar Tiger Reserve
stands at 2.33E + 09 m­ 3 per year which was calculated using (2790.15 USD) per hectare (Ramachandra et al. 2017). On
InVEST (Chacko et al. 2019). the other hand, it was found that deforestation increases
chance of flooding because of reduction in moisture hold-
3.3 Regulating Services ing capacity of soil along with soil organic content (Chomitz
2007).
Regulating services depict the benefits ensued by the regu- In the wake of unrestrained human activities, the con-
lation of one or more ecosystem processes (MEA 2005). centration of GHGs especially that of ­CO2 is on rise in
Robust, fully functional ecosystems tend to influence and the atmosphere (Bruhwiler et al. 2021). In terrestrial eco-
standardize air, water, soil and climate and provides a myr- systems, vegetation and soil plays a pivotal role in cap-
iad of non-material benefits in form of air purification, flood turing and storing carbon (Singh et al. 2015). In Indian

13
Anthropocene Science (2022) 1:342–357 347

context, the current study has revealed that there is plenty Wetlands are the most productive ecosystems of the Earth
of scholarly evidence to illustrate the role of forests in that provides various ecological services such as ground
carbon sequestration. According to India’s State of For- water recharge, flood control, sustenance of biodiversity,
est Report by FSI (2021), the estimated carbon stock water purification etc. (TEEB 2010; Kumar et al. 2017;
in India's forests stands out at 7204 million tonnes mil- Kumari et al. 2020). Wetlands play an essential role in main-
lion tons, out of which the largest share comes from soil taining water quality and act as kidneys of the natural world
organic carbon (56.18%). This is followed by the share (Padmavathi and Srinu 2017; Mandal et al. 2020). During
from above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, litter review, we observed some relevant studies focusing on the
and deadwood, which stands at 32.50%, 10.07, 1.50%, and role played by wetlands in water purification. The riparian
0.67% respectively. Salunkhe et al. (2014) in a study in vegetation of the wetlands helps in reducing the nutrient load
Madhya Pradesh, have reported that the tropical deciduous from flowing water and help in cleaning it (Verhoeven et al.
forest found in four districts of Damoh, Raisen, Katni and 2006; Bassi et al. 2014). Everard et al. (2019) used Rapid
Sagar have above-ground biomass ranging between 3.99 Assessment of Wetland Ecosystem Services (RAWES)
and 53.90 tons per hectare while carbon stock in between approach to review 36 ecosystem services including water
1.89 to 25.6 tons per hectare. Dhyani and Joshi (2018) purification provided by East Kolkata Wetland. The role of
reported total tree carbon density for Central India that Himalayan forests in providing various ecosystem serviced
varied from 48.97 to 214.97 Mg C per hectare. This study water purification was also investigated by Joshi and Joshi
has also found the process of carbon sequestration has (2019).
also been well covered in case of agroforestry systems
(Tanwar et al. 2019) and urban landscapes (Chavan and 3.4 Supporting Services
Rasal 2010; Suryawanshi et al. 2014; Lahoti et al. 2020;
Dhyani et al. 2021). The last three studies have used allo- Supporting services are quintessential for the delivery of the
metric method and non-destructive sampling to estimate other ecosystem services however; their impact on human
the value of carbon sequestration among various species well-being can be indirect or gets manifested over a long
of trees growing in cities. period on the time scale (MEA 2005). The major supporting
Pollination is an imperative ecosystem service that is services include primary production, soil formation, nutrient
vital for food production and thus helps in sustaining food cycling and production of oxygen. In context of India, the
security in humans (IPBES 2016). An estimated 85% of all total Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is estimated at 1.42
flowering species found globally are pollinated by biotic Peta grams of carbon for the period of 1981–2006 while
agents (Ollerton et al. 2011). More than 80 percent of the Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) for the same period is
crop plants found in India entirely depend or derive ben- 20 Tera grams of carbon. Strong seasonal and inter-annual
efit from insect-assisted pollination (Thakur 2012). The variations were observed in NPP and NEP budget values for

cies grown in India is ₹17,095.45 crores (2,146,333,283.29

estimated value from insect pollination of major fruit spe- the country (Nayak et al. 2016). In a region-specific study,
Leaf Area Index (LAI) and meteorological variables have

& spices is ₹19,498.20 crores (2,447,765,259.56 USD),

USD) while that from vegetables, oilseeds and condiments been employed in Kaziranga National Park, Assam to derive

₹43,993.08 crores (5,522,600,418.07 USD) and ₹ 10,109.43

the Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) which is estimated to
be at 2.11 kg C ­m−2 per year (Burman et al. 2017).
crores (1,269,136,803.73 USD) respectively (Chaudhary and Nutrient cycling, soil formation and maintenance of
Chand 2017). soil fertility play an integral part in ecosystem processes
Globally, a drastic decrease in the population of polli- mainly ecological succession that is essential for the eco-
nators especially honey bees has become a major point of system stability. In managed ecosystems, human interfer-
concern in recent years (IPBES 2016). Fruits, vegetables ence extensively influences the soil nutrient regime. In a
and stimulants are more susceptible to a reduction in pol- major assessment on ecosystem services provided by the rice

value of soil formation was ₹0.20 × ­10−5 per hectare per year

linator population as compared to other crops (Gallai et al. fields in Eastern India, it was found that the mean economic

while the value for nitrogen fixation stands at ₹402.50 (5.053

2009). In India, there is a lack of awareness among small-
scale farmers regarding the value of pollination services for
the crops cultivated by them secondly, there is also lack of USD) per hectare per year (Nayak et al. 2019). In studies we
studies to ascertain the effect of bee decline on agriculture observed that nutrient cycling ecosystem services in agri-
production in the country (Pannure 2016). However, a lack ecosystems (agricultural fields and agroforestry) have got
of enough literary evidence to cause-effect relationship strong wide scholarly coverage (Singh et al. 2010; Sharma
related to decline of bees and other pollinators on crops and and Rana 2014; Gogoi et al. 2021). Das and Das (2010)
ecosystems in India was clearly observed during the review discussed the role of traditional home gardens in nutrient
process. cycling in Barak Valley of Assam. In another study carried

13

348 Anthropocene Science (2022) 1:342–357

out on the bamboo plantation established on three major Exploration of Indigenous and Local Knowledge and Prac-
ravine systems of India, it has been observed that bamboo tices (ILKPs) in Traditional Jhum Cultivation in Zunheboto

in the range of ₹365.90 (4.68 USD) and ₹2927.24 (37.48

plantations bring in the soil carbon enhancement benefits District of Nagaland, India helped understand that ILKPs
hold strong potential for the local implementation of several

soil was estimated at ₹2126–5555 (27.22–71.12 USD) per

USD) per ton of carbon while value of nutrient saved in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly, SDG-
1(No poverty), SDG-2 (Zero hunger), and SDG-15 (Life on
hectare (Pande et al. 2012). land) (Dasgupta et al. 2021a, b). Likewise, Baiga tribe of
Madhya Pradesh with their extensive indigenous knowledge
3.5 Cultural Services and rituals play integral role in biodiversity conservation
and forest resource management (Singh and Deewan 2018).
Cultural services indicate the non-material benefits derived Extensive literary evidence is available for other traditional
from ecosystems which have been the cornerstone of human groups as well such as the Gond tribe (Heda 2012), Aka tribe
culture, society, knowledge, philosophy and heritage (MEA (Nimasow et al. 2011), Tangkhul community (Shimrah et al.
2005). Human interactions with ecosystems have manifested 2018), Soliga and Kattunayaka tribal (Balasubramanian and
in the form of various cultural practices that are essentially Sangha 2021) etc.
linked to human well-being. Moreover, ecosystems have There is wide coverage of recreational value from both
played an inspirational role in science and arts and also natural and human dominated ecosystems in the country.

of Rajaji National Park was assessed to be ₹24,86,36,900

provide infinite prospects for environmental education and Using travel cost method, the estimated recreational value
nature-centric research (de Groot et al. 2002). It recognizes
the role of culture in outlining the relationship between (3,333,251 USD) in 2011 (Gupta et  al. 2015). Similar
man and nature. In a study by Dasgupta et al. (2021a, b) method was used to find recreational value of other national
six non-material landscape values (i.e. spiritual, recrea- parks, tiger reserves, biological parks etc. in the country
tional, heritage, aesthetic, educational, and negative values) including Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park, Anda-
were mapped in a total of 65 locations, depicting all the man & Nicobar Islands—₹1646 (22.07 USD) per hectare
six landscape values in Sundarbans delta. We observed that per year (Chaudhry and Tewari 2016), Kaziranga National
cultural ecosystem studies in Indian context are dominated Park, Assam—₹21 million per year (Verma et al. 2015), Bio-
by studies investigating the recreational value, ecotourism logical Park, Itanagar—₹38,758,105 (519,595.03 USD) per
and traditional livelihoods based on forests, however, only hectare per year (Kumar et al. 2015) and Dachigam National
some recent studies have focused on role of green spaces Park—₹33,88,91,932 (4,543,219.13 USD) per year (Bhat
on well-being of urban residents (Gandherva et al. 2019). and Bhatt 2018). There is a growing interest to study the
Place-based attachment and psychological benefits from role of recreational value of urban green spaces. Urban green
natural spaces is another area of cultural services that was spaces in India provide both tangible and intangible benefits
explored by Sen and Suchhait (2021). This was seriously to the residents ranging from ecological benefits to health
studied during COVID-19 when stay at home enhanced psy- and social benefits. In Nagpur city, the average per capita
chological issues and nature provided benefits to handle the availability of recreational urban green spaces to the city
stress (Basu et al. 2021). Additionally, it was found that there dwellers stands at 3.65 ­m2, however, the value varies in dif-
exists substantial empirical evidence to underline the role ferent zones of the city (Lahoti et al 2019). Vellayani Lake

estimated recreational value of ₹55.83 lakh (74,846.26 USD)

of sacred groves in providing cultural and other ecosystem located in the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala state
services along with the conservation of biodiversity (Trivedi
et al. 2018). per year (Vijayan and Job 2015). In a study regarding the
India is a land of cultural heterogeneity, where venera- emotional perception of visitors towards the experience of
tion for nature and biodiversity conservation is intrinsi- nature in an urban park located in Jammu, 39% of respond-
cally rooted within the traditional ethos. We found that ents answered happiness closely followed by “freedom” and
there is consistent piece of literary work available to cor- “closer to nature” (Duggal and Chib 2012).
relate the intricacies linked with traditional forest-based Ecotourism is nature-based tourism that incorporates
livelihoods in India and their role in conservation of forest social, environmental, cultural and economic sustainability
resources including biodiversity. In a study on Adi tribe from criteria (UNEP 2002). It sustains the well-being of local
Arunachal Pradesh, it was revealed that through their local people along with ensuring conservation of biodiversity. The
specific survival practices and community approaches such concept of ecotourism has gained momentum in India in
as managing community forest resources through institu- last few decades (Chaudhary et al. 2022). There are several
tion called ‘Kebang’ and gender-based harvest strategies, scholarly investigations that ratify immense economic and
Adi tribals played a pivotal role in sustainable management social benefits of eco-tourism in the country (Goodwin and
and conservation of forests resources (Singh et al. 2018). Chaudhury 2017). In a questionnaire-based survey carried

13
Anthropocene Science (2022) 1:342–357 349

out in famous hill station of Ooty in Tamil Nadu, 95% of (Trivedi et al. 2018). Attrition and disintegration of tra-
respondents opined that tourism in the region be conducted ditional tenets is proving to be a major roadblock for the
along with ecotourism so that local communities stay ben- existence and sustainable management of sacred groves in
efitted (Veeramani et al. 2018). Correspondingly, the people India (Kandari et al. 2014; Chaudhry and Murtem 2015).
living in the periphery villages of the Kaziranga National Ballullaya et al. 2019 studied the perception of local people
Park perceived positively towards ecotourism (Das and Hus- towards conservation of sacred groves located in Kasargod
sain 2016). and Kodagu areas of Kerala.
The concept of sacred groves is innately entrenched in
Indian traditional belief system. They are the patches of veg- 3.6 Critical analysis and Gap Identification
etation that are dedicated to the local folk deities or ancestral
spirits and generally range from 5 to 50 hectares in size Present review identifies and underlines the major scholastic
(Amirthalingam 2016). They provide myriad of ecosys- works in the field of ecosystem services in India published
tem services from conservation of biodiversity harbouring between 2010 and 2021. The year-wise analysis of publica-
mainly endemic and endangered species to microclimate tions between 2010 and 2021 is shown in Fig. 2. The major
regulation, soil conservation, watershed management etc. chunk of studies is are those which have focused on all the
(Blicharska 2013; Laxmi 2014; Rawat 2014; Agarwal 2016; four ecosystem services (37 studies) with more tilt towards
Singh et al. 2017; Gadgil et al. 2021; Jana et al. 2021). In a provisioning services (Fig. 3). In terms of individual ecosys-
study from sacred groves located in Central Western Ghats, tem services, cultural ecosystem services (30 studies) have
144 species of trees of which 15 are endemic have been major percentage followed by studies exclusively focus-
reported along with the highest value of carbon sequestra- ing on provisioning services (17 studies), regulating ser-
tion (196.43 tons per hectare) reported among the forests vices (14 studies), while least number of papers were found
in India (Devakumar et al. 2018). Similarly, a biodiversity solely focusing on supporting services (7 studies). In terms
assessment technique has been designed for the study of bio- of individual ecosystems (Fig. 4), ES derived from natural
diversity in 13 sacred groves of Pune district in Maharashtra forests have been widely studied (45 studies), followed by

Fig. 2  ES studies published

between 2010 and 2021
No.of Publica ons (Year-wise)
(n = 105)
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Fig. 3  Distribution of studies
used in present review accord-
ing to ES types

13

350 Anthropocene Science (2022) 1:342–357

Agri-ecosystems review work undertaken by Verma (2018). Only three rel-

50 evant studies focused on evaluation of ES at pan country and
40 Forest plantaon,
Wetlands landscape level and four studies were found related to rivers
30 home gardens &…
20
and marine ecosystems.
10 At regional level, 18 studies from Eastern India (Fig. 5)
Urban ecosystems 0 Natural Forests show that this region has got extensive ES literature cover-
age closely followed by Western Himalayas and Southern
India with 16 studies each. The North-eastern states with
Rivers & Marine Other ecosystems
13 studies have also been fairly covered in ES assessment
literature. Further, region-wise analysis shows that there are
Pan 12 Pan-India and miscellaneous studies followed by North-
country/Landscape… ern India (11 studies), Central India (10 studies) and West-
ern India (8 studies) regions. Only one suitable ES assess-
Fig. 4  Distribution of ES studies according to ecosystem types ment study was found covering the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, which underpins the urgency to carry out extensive
ES assessment in this region.
forest plantations, sacred groves and home gardens (14 stud- The source-wise analysis of ES literature in the country
ies), urban ecosystems (14 studies), wetlands (12 studies), (Fig. 6), maximum studies have been sourced from Cen-
agri-ecosystems (10 studies). This is in agreement with the tral and State government research institutes/departments/

Fig. 5  Map of India showing region-wise number and distribution of ES Studies used in the current review

13
Anthropocene Science (2022) 1:342–357 351

Fig. 6  Institutional sources of
various ES assessment studies
conducted in India (2010–2021)

agencies (39 studies). Some of the prominent institutes The scenario of ES-related research work is quite promis-
among these are Indian Institute of Forest Management ing in India but it still lags behind other countries. A recent
(IIFM), CSIR—National Environmental Engineering bibliometric analysis by Wang et al. (2021) critically exam-
Research Institute (NEERI), Forest Research Institute (FRI), ined the productivity of countries from 1900 to 2018 in
Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Indian Institute of Technol- terms of ES literature. The USA had the maximum number
ogy (IITs), Indian Institute of Science (IISc) among others. of publications at 592 and was followed by the UK (313
This was followed by 28 studies from other institutes that publications), Australia (199 publications), Germany (187
include private universities, foreign research institutes and publications) and China (164 publications).
NGOs. Some examples of these include Nature Conserva- Present review also underlines the dearth of risk assess-
tion Foundation, TERI University, Cranfield University, ment studies in Indian context. Although, there is evidence
Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, that Indian researchers are now focusing on the impact of
United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study climate change on the ecosystem services however, this
of Sustainability, World Wildlife Fund, etc. This was fol- needs to be further buttressed. Some recent works such as
lowed by state universities with 25 studies while there were by Sannigrahi et al. (2020) predicted the impact of climate
13 studies that were contributed by central universities. Uni- change and land-use dynamics on the Sundarbans Biosphere
versity of Gour Banga, Malda, University of Burdwan, Guru Reserve while Momblanch et al. (2020) studied the impact
Gobind Singh Indraprastha University are some of the state of climate change on freshwater ecosystem services of Sutlej
universities while Jawaharlal Nehru University and Hem- Beas Basin. There is need to intensify the research related
vati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University are examples of to the effect of climate change on the ecosystem services
Central Universities that contributed towards ES literature derived from other ecosystems as well especially urban eco-
in the country. systems and agri-ecosystems.

13

352 Anthropocene Science (2022) 1:342–357

Lack of interdisciplinary research is also evident. These feel the growing need to integrate strong modelling tools
lacunae must be addressed with multi-model integration in within ES assessment framework so that future changes
research work where economic and environmental informa- can be predicted that can help in scenario building and
tion should be integrated. Similarly, ES tradeoffs must be scenario based proactive planning with a priority on sen-
incorporated in spatial planning studies. Studies with criti- sitive areas. India with its rich biological diversity; in
cal analysis of impact of loss of biodiversity on ecosystem this context, desires to uptake more studies that explore
services needs to be integrated and given priority. Moreover, the relationship between biodiversity loss and its impact
there is growing need to focus on specific studies related to on ecosystem services according to regional basis. We
regulating and supporting ecosystem services in the country. propose evidence-based studies quantifying the effect of
Besides this, there is crucial need to critically investigate environmental pressures such as invasive species, pollu-
the linkage between cultural ecosystem services and human tion and climate change on the ecosystem services in the
well-being beyond the aspects of recreation. Islands-based region. It is equally important to commingle indigenous
indigenous tribes and their cultural associations with the and traditional knowledge base and related cultural aspects
biodiversity and forests and ecosystem services derived in assessment framework which overwhelmingly rely on
from the biodiversity-rich forests of these islands have to recreational and tourism-associated values and benefits.
be empirically investigated. The cultural manifestations of Moreover, it is important that financial support and spe-
ongoing development projects and the resultant decrease in cial incentive packages must be provided for ES research
forest cover of fragile ecosystems such as that in Himalayas, at regional and national level in the country to strengthen
Western Ghats, Coastal zones, Island mangroves and north- the empirical research evidences related to biodiversity
east India needs to be empirically investigated. It is equally and ecosystem characteristics and loss of ES. We strongly
important to amalgamate them in policy formulations and recommend the adoption of a multidisciplinary and trans-
the decision-making process. disciplinary approach that can strengthen evidence-based
Our review work provides a new perspective regarding strategies in the formulation of conservation and restora-
evolution of ES literature in the country in terms of latest tion policies for the management of various diverse eco-
trends, knowledge base and methodological approaches. systems across the country. More investments must be
Similarly, linking of ES studies to their institutional sources placed on ecological infrastructure while strategizing the
has highlighted the ES research epicenters in India and rec- policies for smart-city projects to ensure both short as well
ognized their role in investigating the multi-faceted dimen- as long term urban sustainability.
sions of ES valuation. Moreover, this review will also help Present review does have some limitations especially
the researchers and academicians in quantifying the under- as it is based on critical analysis of limited ES studies
researched ecosystems in the country. that were easily accessible. On the other hand, this paper
should be considered as a step forward in understand the
methodological approaches, regional dimensions and
4 Conclusion sources of ES valuation studies available in India. It also
highlights the major gaps that needs to be addressed by
There are enhanced efforts to capture the economic value efficient discussions and brainstormings to improve the
of various ecosystems services in India. In this paper we ecosystem valuation research atmosphere in the country.
reviewed 105 ES assessment studies, traced their sources,
type of ES, ecosystems and region they have covered Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplemen-
tary material available at https://d​ oi.o​ rg/1​ 0.1​ 007/s​ 44177-0​ 22-0​ 0034-0.
along with gaps. There exists a geographical bias with
some regions have got wide coverage in ES literature while Author contributions  Conceptualization: BC, YSCK. Literature search
others haven’t. Similar trend can be seen in the case of and data analysis: BC. Original draft preparation: BC. Review and
ecosystems where ES derived from grasslands and marine editing: YSCK, SD.
ecosystems along with semi-arid and arid regions of the
country are still under-researched. Hence, there also is Funding  No funding is availed for this study.
need for efforts to scale up the integration of these values
in decision-making process, however, focus is required on Declarations 
the trade-offs when ecosystems are degenerated by unfet-
Conflict of Interest  The authors declare that there is no conflict of in-
tered human activities. Empirical studies that highlight terest in relation to this article.
the impact of infrastructure building and urbanization on
ecosystem services in the country may further facilitate Ethical Approval  This is a review article. No ethical approval is
eco-centric decision-making process. At the same time, we required for this study.

13
Anthropocene Science (2022) 1:342–357 353

References Tiger Reserve, Southern Western Ghats of India. Geol Ecol

Landsc 5:1–8. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1080/​24749​508.​2019.​16999​
88
Agarwal M (2016) Conserving water and biodiversity: traditions of
Chaturvedi A, Kamble R, Patil NG, Chaturvedi A (2013) A city-forest
sacred groves in India. Eur J Sustain Dev 5:129–140. https://​
relationship in Nagpur: one of the greenest cities of India. Urban
doi.​org/​10.​14207/​ejsd.​2016.​v5n4p​129
for Urban Green 12:79–87. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​ufug.​2012.​
Alam J, Muzzammil M (2011) Flood disaster preparedness in Indian
09.​003
scenario. Int J Recent Trends Eng Technol 5:33–38 (01.
Chaudhary OP, Chand R (2017) Economic benefits of animal pollina-
IJRTET.05.03.201)
tion to Indian agriculture. Indian J Agric Sci 87:1117–1138
Amirthalingam M (2016) Sacred groves of India—an overview. Int J
Chaudhary S, Kumar A, Pramanik M et al (2022) Land evaluation and
Curr Res Biosci Plant Biol 3:64–74. https://​doi.​org/​10.​20546/​
sustainable development of ecotourism in the Garhwal Himala-
ijcrbp.​2016.​304.​011
yan region using geospatial technology and analytical hierarchy
Badola R, Hussain SA, Mishra BK, Konthoujam B, Thapliyal S,
process. Environ Dev Sustain 24:2225–2266. https://​doi.​org/​10.​
Dhakate PM (2010) An assessment of ecosystem services of
1007/​s10668-​021-​01528-4
Corbett Tiger Reserve, India. Environmentalist 30:320–329.
Chaudhry P, Murtem G (2015) Role of sacred groves, value education
https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s10669-​010-​9278-5
and spirituality in conserving biodiversity with special reference
Bahuguna VK, Bisht NS (2013) Valuation of ecosystem goods and
to Arunachal Pradesh state of India. Int J Soc Syst Sci 7:151–180.
services from forests in India. Indian for 139:1–13
https://​doi.​org/​10.​1504/​IJSSS.​2015.​069736
Balasubramanian M, Sangha K (2021) Integrating capabilities and
Chaudhry P, Tewari VP (2016) Estimating recreational value of
ecosystem services approaches to evaluate indigenous connec-
Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park, Andaman and Nicobar
tions with nature in a global biodiversity hotspot of Western
Islands, India. Interdiscip Environ Rev 17:47–59. https://d​ oi.o​ rg/​
Ghats India. Glob Ecol Conserv 27:e01546. https://​doi.​org/​10.​
10.​1504/​IER.​2016.​074877
1016/j.​gecco.​2021.​e01546
Chaudhry P, Kumar S, Yogesh (2016) Valuing ecosystem services: a
Ballullaya UP, Reshmi KS, Rajesh TP, Manoj K, Lowman M, Allesh
case study of Pakke Tiger Reserve of Arunachal Pradesh, India.
Sinu P (2019) Stakeholder motivation for the conservation of
J Reg Dev Plan 5:1–14
sacred groves in south India: an analysis of environmental
Chavan B, Rasal G (2010) Sequestered standing carbon stock in selec-
perceptions of rural and urban neighbourhood communities.
tive tree species grown in University campus at Aurangabad
Land Use Policy 89:104213. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​landu​
Maharashtra, India. Int J Eng Sci Technol 2:3003–3007
sepol.​2019.​104213
Chomitz KM (2007) At Loggerheads? Agricultural Expansion, Poverty
Banerjee S, Banerjee A, Palit D (2021) Ecosystem services and
Reduction and Environment in the Tropical Forests, A World
impact of industrial pollution on urban health: evidence from
Bank Policy Research Report, Washington DC. https://​docum​
Durgapur, West Bengal India. Environ Monit Assess 193:744.
ents1.​world​bank.​org/​curat​ed/​en/​22322​14683​20336​327/​pdf/​
https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s10661-​021-​09526-9
36789​0Logg​erhea​ds0Re​port.​pdf
Barbier EB, Hacker SD, Kennedy C, Koch EW, Stier AC, Silli-
Costanza R, d’Arge R, de Groot R, Farber M, Grasso B, Hannon B et al
man BR (2011) The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem
(1997) The value of the world’s ecosystem service and natural
services. Ecol Monogr 81:169–193. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1890/​
capital. Nature 387:253–260. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​38725​3a0
10-​1510.1
Crossman ND, Nedkov S, Brander L (2019) Discussion paper 7:
Bassi N, Dinesh M, Sharma A, Pardha-Saradhi P (2014) Status
water flow regulation for mitigating river and coastal flooding
of wetlands in India: a review of extent, ecosystem benefits,
in Advancing the Measurement of Ecosystem Services for Eco-
threats and management strategies. J Hydrol Reg Stud 2:1–19.
system Accounting, New York, USA. https://​www.​resea​rchga​
https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​ejrh.​2014.​07.​001
te.​net/​deref/​https%​3A%​2F%​2Fseea.​un.​org%​2Feve​nts%​2Fexp​
Basu M, Dasgupta R, Kumar P, Dhyani S (2021) Home gardens
ert-​meeti​ng-​advan​cing-​measu​rement-​ecosy​stem-​servi​ces-​ecosy​
moderate the relationship between COVID-19-induced stay-
stem-​accou​nting
at-home orders and mental distress: a case study with urban
Daily GC, Polasky S, Goldstein J, Kareiva PM, Mooney HA, Pejchar
residents of India. Environ Res Commun 3:105002. https://​doi.​
L et al (2009) Ecosystem services in decision making: time to
org/​10.​1088/​2515-​7620/​ac2ab2
deliver. Front Ecol Environ 7:21–28. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1890/​
Begum A, Harikrishna S (2010) Evaluation of some tree species to
080025
absorb air pollutants in three industrial locations of South Ben-
Dandabathula G, Chintala S, Ghosh S, Balakrishnan P, Jha C (2021)
galuru India. E-J Chem 7(Supplement 1):S151–S156. https://​
Exploring the nexus between Indian forestry and the sustainable
doi.​org/​10.​1155/​2010/​398382
development goals. Reg Sustain 2:308–323. https://​doi.​org/​10.​
Bhat M, Bhatt M (2018) Economic valuation of biodiversity in South
1016/j.​regsus.​2022.​01.​002
Asia: the case of Dachigam National Park in Jammu and Kash-
Dangles O, Casas J (2019) Ecosystem services provided by insects for
mir (India). Asia Pac Policy Stud 6(1):59–72. https://​doi.​org/​
achieving sustainable development goals. Ecosyst Serv 35:109–
10.​1002/​app5.​266
115. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​ecoser.​2018.​12.​002
Bhatt M, Bhat M (2016) Valuation of National Parks: an individual
Das T, Das AK (2010) Litter production and decomposition in the for-
travel cost approach. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 3:07–12
ested areas of traditional homegardens: a case study from Barak
Blicharska M, Mikusiński G, Godbole A, Sarnaik J (2013) Safe-
Valley, Assam, northeast India. Agrofor Syst 79:157–170. https://​
guarding biodiversity and ecosystem services of Sacred
doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s10457-​010-​9284-0
Groves—experiences from northern Western Ghats. Int J Bio-
Das M, Das A (2019) Estimation of Ecosystem Services (EESs) loss
divers Sci Ecosyst Serv Manag 9:339–346. https://​doi.​org/​10.​
due to transformation of Local Climatic Zones (LCZs) in Srini-
1080/​21513​732.​2013.​835350
ketan-Santiniketan Planning Area (SSPA)West Bengal, India.
Bruhwiler L, Basu S, Butler JH et al (2021) Observations of green-
Sustain Cities Soc 47:2210–6707. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​scs.​
house gases as climate indicators. Clim Change 165:12. https://​
2019.​101474
doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s10584-​021-​03001-7
Das D, Hussain I (2016) Does ecotourism affect economic welfare?
Chacko S, Kurian J, Ravichandran C, Vairavel SM, Kumar K (2019)
Evidence from Kaziranga National Park, India. J Ecotourism
An assessment of water yield ecosystem services in Periyar
15:241–260. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1080/​14724​049.​2016.​11921​80

13

354 Anthropocene Science (2022) 1:342–357

Dasgupta R, Hashimoto S, Basu M et al (2021a) Spatial characteriza- Gadgil M, Berkes F, Folke C (2021) Indigenous knowledge: from
tion of non-material values across multiple coastal production local to global. Ambio 50:967–969. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​
landscapes in the Indian Sundarban delta. Sustain Sci 17:725– s13280-​020-​01478-7
738. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s11625-​020-​00899-3 Gallai N, Salles JM, Settele J, Vaissi BE (2009) Economic valuation of
Dasgupta R, Dhyani S, Basu M et al (2021b) Exploring indigenous the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator
and local knowledge and practices (ILKPs) in traditional jhum decline. Ecol Econ 68:810–821. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​ecole​
cultivation for localizing sustainable development goals (SDGs): con.​2008.​06.​014
a case study from Zunheboto District of Nagaland India. Environ Gandherva D, Bhattacharya R, Bhattacharya P (2019) Assessment of
Manag. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00267-​021-​01514-6 user’s perception towards urban green spaces: a case study of
Dash M, Behera B, Rahut D (2016) Determinants of household col- Delhi India. J Ecol Nat Resour. 3(1):15. https://d​ oi.o​ rg/1​ 0.2​ 3880/​
lection of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and alternative jenr-​16000​156
livelihood activities in Similipal Tiger Reserve, India. For Policy Ghosh N, Ghose D, Areendran G, Mehra D, Paliwal A et al. (2016)
Econ 73:215–228. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​forpol.​2016.​09.​012 Valuing ecosystem services at the scale of a large mammal land-
De Groot RS, Wilson M, Boumans R (2002) A typology for the classi- scape: the case of the terai arc landscape in Uttarakhand, Policy
fication, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, foods Research and Innovation Division, WWF-India, New Delhi.
and services, in the dynamics and value of ecosystem services: https://​wwfin.​awsas​sets.​panda.​org/​downl​oads/​issue_​brief_2_​
integrating economic and ecological perspectives. Ecol Econ valui​ng_​ecosy​stem_​servi​ces_​at_a_​lands​cape_​level.​pdf
41:1–20. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​S0921-​8009(02)​00089-7 Gogoi B, Borah N, Baishya A, Nath D, Dutta S, Das R, Bhattacharyya
Deb Burman P, Sarma D, Williams M, Karipot A, Chakraborty S D, Sharma K, Valente D, Petrosillo I (2021) Enhancing soil eco-
(2017) Estimating gross primary productivity of a tropical for- system services through sustainable integrated nutrient manage-
est ecosystem over north-east India using LAI and meteorologi- ment in double rice-cropping system of North-East India. Ecol
cal variables. J Earth Syst Sci 126:99. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​ Ind 132:108262. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​ecoli​nd.​2021.​108262
s12040-​017-​0874-3 Goodwin R, Chaudhary S (2017) Eco-tourism dimensions and direc-
Devakumar A, Srinath K, Khaple A et al (2018) Role of community tions in India: an empirical study of Andhra Pradesh. J Commer
conserved sacred groves in biodiversity conservation and cli- Manag Thought 8:436–451. https://​doi.​org/​10.​5958/​0976-​478X.​
mate resilience. For Res Eng Int J 2:276–282. https://​doi.​org/​10.​ 2017.​00026.X
15406/​freij.​2018.​02.​00060 Gopal B, Marothia DK (2016) Economics of biodiversity and eco-
Dhyani S, Dhyani D (2016) Significance of provisioning ecosystem system services of rivers for sustainable management of water
services from moist temperate forest ecosystems: lessons from resources, The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity India
upper Kedarnath valley, Garhwal, India. Energy Ecol Environ Initiative, GIZ India. https://​mospi.​gov.​in/​docum​ents/​213904/​0/​
1:109–121. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s40974-​016-​0008-9 publi​catio​n30-​01-​2018-​15173​06648.​pdf/​32473​8af-​e8dd-​30df-​
Dhyani S (2018) Impact of forest leaf litter harvesting to support tradi- 0e59-​4058e​a08a1​d1?t=​16189​86084​597
tional agriculture in Western Himalayas. Trop Ecol 59:473–488. Gupta AK, Yadav VK, Bhushan A (2015) Recreational services valu-
http://2​ 16.1​ 0.2​ 41.1​ 30/p​ df/o​ pen/P
​ DF_5​ 9_3/7​ %2​ 0Shal​ ini%2​ 0Dhy​ ation of Asiatic elephants in developing countries: a case study
ani.​pdf of Rajaji National Park, India. Indian for 141:1034–1041. https://​
Dhyani S, Maikhuri R, Dhyani D (2011) Energy budget of fodder har- doi.​org/​10.​36808/​2015/​v141i​10/​80628
vesting pattern along the altitudinal gradient in Garhwal Hima- Hawken S, Rahmat H, Sepasgozar SME, Zhang K (2021) The SDGs,
laya, India. Biomass Bioenergy 35:1823–1832. https://​doi.​org/​ ecosystem services and cities: a network analysis of current
10.​1016/j.​biomb​ioe.​2011.​01.​022 research innovation for implementing urban sustainability. Sus-
Dhyani S, Gujre N, Singh A, Joshi RK (2021) Quantifying tree carbon tainability 13:14057. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3390/​su132​414057
stock in historically conserved Seminary Hills urban forest of Heda N (2012) Folk conservation practices of the Gond tribal of
Nagpur India. Acta Ecol Sin. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​chnaes.​ Mendha (Lekha) village of Central India. Indian J Trad Knowl
2021.​01.​006 11:727–732
Dixit A M, Bandyopadhyaya S, Kumar L, Bedamatta S (2016) Eco- Huq N (2015) Ecosystem services for meeting sustainable development
nomic Valuation of Landscape level wetland ecosystem and its goals: challenges and pathways. Change Adapt Socioecol Syst
services in Little Rann of Kachchh, Gujarat, The Economics of 2:42–44. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1515/​cass-​2015-​0004
Ecosystems and Biodiversity India Initiative, GIZ India. https://​ Hussain A, Dasgupta S, Bargali HS (2017) Fuelwood consumption pat-
snrd-​asia.​org/​downl​oad/​Econo​mic-​Valua​tion-​of-​Lands​cape-​ terns by semi-nomadic pastoralist community and its implication
Level-​Wetla​nd-​Ecosy​stem-​and-​its-​Servi​ces-​in-​Little-​Rann-​of-​ on conservation of Corbett Tiger Reserve, India. Energy Ecol
Kachc​hh-​Gujara.​pdf Environ 2:49–59. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s40974-​016-​0050-7
Duggal A, Chib A (2012) The role of urban green spaces for the IPBES (2016) The assessment report of the Intergovernmental Sci-
sustainable city, Jammu (J&K). Paripex Indian J Res 3:92–94. ence-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
https://​doi.​org/​10.​36106/​ijsr on pollinators, pollination and food production. In: Potts SG,
Everard M, Kangabam R, Tiwari MK, McInnes R, Kumar R et al Imperatriz-Fonseca VL, Ngo HT (eds) Secretariat of the Inter-
(2019) Ecosystem service assessment of selected wetlands of governmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and
Kolkata and the Indian Gangetic Delta: multi-beneficial sys- Ecosystem Services, Bonn, Germany. https://​doi.​org/​10.​5281/​
tems under differentiated management stress. Wetl Ecol Manag zenodo.​34028​56
27:405–426. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s11273-​019-​09668-1 IPBES (2019) Summary for policymakers of the global assessment
Fedele G, Locatelli B, Djoudi H (2017) Mechanisms mediating the report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergov-
contribution of ecosystem services to human well-being and ernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Eco-
resilience. Ecosyst Serv 28:43–54. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​ system Services, Bonn, Germany. https://​ipbes.​net/​sites/​defau​
ecoser.​2017.​09.​011 lt/​files/​inline/​files/​ipbes_​global_​asses​sment_​report_​summa​r y_​
FSI (2021) India State of Forest Report 2021, Edition 17, Volume- for_​polic​ymake​rs.​pdf
I, Forest Survey of India (Ministry of Environment Forest and Islam M, Quli S (2017) The role of non-timber forest products (NTFPs)
Climate Change, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India). https://​fsi.​nic.​ in tribal economy of Jharkhand India. Int J Curr Microbiol App
in/​isfr-​2021/​chapt​er-9.​pdf Sci 6:2184–2195. https://​doi.​org/​10.​20546/​ijcmas.​2017.​610.​259

13
Anthropocene Science (2022) 1:342–357 355

Jain A, Sundriyal M, Roshnibala S, Kotoky R, Kanjilal PB, Singh HB, In: Upadhyay A, Singh R, Singh D (eds) Restoration of wet-
Sundriyal RC (2011) Dietary use and conservation concern of land ecosystem: a trajectory towards a sustainable environ-
edible wetland plants at Indo–Burma hotspot: a case study from ment. Springer, Singapore, pp 75–85. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​
northeast India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 7:1–17. https://​doi.​org/​ 978-​981-​13-​7665-8_6
10.​1186/​1746-​4269-7-​29 Lahoti S, Lahoti A, Saito O (2019) Benchmark assessment of rec-
Jana P, Pandey R, Semeraro T, Alatalo JM et al (2021) Community per- reational public urban green space provisions: a case of typi-
spectives on conservation of water sources in Tarkeshwar sacred cal urbanizing Indian City, Nagpur. Urban for Urban Green
roves, Himalaya, India. Water Supply 21:4343–4354. https://d​ oi.​ 44:126424. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/J.​UFUG.​2019.​126424
org/​10.​2166/​ws.​2021.​181 Lahoti S, Lahoti A, Joshi RK, Saito O (2020) Vegetation structure,
Joshi RK, Dhyani S (2018) Biomass, carbon density and diversity of species composition, and carbon sink potential of urban green
tree species in tropical dry deciduous forests in Central India. spaces in Nagpur City India. Land 9:107. https://​doi.​org/​10.​
Acta Ecol Sin. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​chnaes.​2018.​09.​009 3390/​land9​040107
Joshi AK, Joshi PK (2019) Forest ecosystem services in the central Lakerveld R, Lele S, Crane T, Fortuin K, Springate-Baginski O
Himalaya: local benefits and global relevance. Proc Natl Acad (2015) The social distribution of provisioning forest ecosystem
Sci India Sect B Biol Sci 89:785–792. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​ services: evidence and insights from Odisha, India. Ecosyst
s40011-​018-​0969-x Serv 14:56–66. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​ecoser.​2015.​04.​001
Joshi G, Negi GC (2011) Quantification and valuation of forest eco- Laxmi R (2014) Role of sacred groves in ameliorating microclimate:
system services in the western Himalayan region of India. Int J a case study of Nagdev temple forest of Pauri Garhwal Uttara-
Biodivers Sci Ecosyst Serv Manag 7:2–11. https://​doi.​org/​10.​ khand Himalaya, India. Int J Biodiver Conser 6:50–58
1080/​21513​732.​2011.​598134 Leviston Z, Walker I, Green M, Price J (2018) Linkages between
Kadaverugu R, Dhyani S, Dasgupta R et al (2021) Multiple values ecosystem services and human wellbeing: a nexus webs
of Bhitarkanika mangroves for human well-being: synthesis of approach. Ecol Indic 93:658–668. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​
contemporary scientific knowledge for mainstreaming ecosystem ecoli​nd.​2018.​05.​052
services in policy planning. J Coast Conserv 25:32. https://​doi.​ Maji KJ, Dikshit AK, Deshpande A (2017) Assessment of city level
org/​10.​1007/​s11852-​021-​00819-2 human health impact and corresponding monetary cost bur-
Kandari LS, Bisht VK, Bhardwaj M et al (2014) Conservation and den due to air pollution in India taking Agra as a model city.
management of sacred groves, myths and beliefs of tribal com- Aerosol Air Qual Res 17:831–842. https://​d oi.​o rg/​1 0.​4 209/​
munities: a case study from north-India. Environ Syst Res 3:16. aaqr.​2016.​02.​0067
https://​doi.​org/​10.​1186/​s40068-​014-​0016-8 Mandal MH, Dey AK, Roy A, Siddique G (2020) Ecosystem services
Khan M, Sharma A, Goyal MK (2019) Assessment of future water of Chariganga and Arpara Beel in Nadia District, West Bengal:
provisioning and sediment load under climate and LULC change a geographical enquiry. Space Cult India 8:155–167. https://​
scenarios in a peninsular river basin, India. Hydrol Sci J 64:405– doi.​org/​10.​20896/​saci.​v8i2.​742
419. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1080/​02626​667.​2019.​15844​01 Manojkumar N, Srimuruganandam B (2021) Size-segregated par-
Kornatowska B, Sienkiewicz J (2018) Forest ecosystem services— ticulate matter and health effects in air pollution in India: a
assessment methods. Folia for Pol A 60:248–260. https://​doi.​ review. Environ Chem Lett 19:3837–3858. https://​doi.​org/​10.​
org/​10.​2478/​ffp-​2018-​0026 1007/​s10311-​021-​01277-w
Kubiszewski I, Anderson S, Costanza R, Sutton P (2016) The future of Martinez-Harms M, Bryan B, Balvanera P, Law E, Rhodes J, Pos-
ecosystem services in Asia and the Pacific. Asia Pac Policy Stud singham H, Wilson K (2015) Making decisions for managing
3:389–404. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​app5.​147 ecosystem services. Biol Conserv 184:229–238. https://​doi.​
Kumar V (2015) Impact of non-timber forest produces (NTFPs) on org/​10.​1016/j.​biocon.​2015.​01.​024
food and livelihood security: an economic study of tribal econ- Masiero M, Pettenella D, Boscolo M, Barua S K, Animon I, Matta
omy in Dang’s District of Gujarat, India. Int J Agric Environ JR (2019) Valuing forest ecosystem services: a training manual
Biotechnol 8:367–404. https://d​ oi.o​ rg/1​ 0.5​ 958/2​ 230-7​ 32X.2​ 015.​ for planners and project developers. Forestry Working Paper
00047.9 No. 11, FAO, Rome. https://​w ww.​etifor.​c om/​i t/​w p-​c onte​n t/​
Kumar S, Chaudhry P (2015) Ecosystem services valuation of the for- uploa​ds/​sites/2/​2019/​02/​Valui​ng-​forest-​ecosy​stem-​servi​ces_​
ests of Arunachal Pradesh State, India. Braz J Biol Sci 2:369–375 FAO_​19.​pdf
Kumar S, Kumar M (2015) Fuelwood Consumption in Takoli Gad MEA (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis, Island
Watershed of Tehri Garhwal in Garhwal Himalaya. India for Res Press, Washington, DC. https://w ​ ww.m ​ illen​ niuma​ ssess​ ment.o​ rg/​
4:138. https://​doi.​org/​10.​4172/​2168-​9776.​10001​38 docum​ents/​docum​ent.​356.​aspx.​pdf
Kumar S, Yogesh A, Chaudhry P (2015) Tourism recreational value MoEFCC, GIZ (2014) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity
of Biological Park, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India. e-Rev TEEB India Initiative: Interim Report - Working Document Min-
Tour Res 12:263–280 istry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, New Delhi.
Kumar R, Bhatt JR, Goel S (2017) Natural Capital of Wetlands (The https://​snrd-​asia.​org/​downl​oad/​The-​Econo​mics-​of-​Ecosy​stems-​
Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity India Initiative), and-​Biodi​vesity-​India-​Initi​ative-​Inter​im-​Report.​pdf
Wetlands International South Asia, New Delhi. https://​www.​ Mohamed KS, Kripa V, Narayankumar R, Prema D, Venkatesan V
resea​rchga​te.​net/​profi​le/​Shant​anu-​Goel/​publi​cation/​33396​6413_​ et al. (2016) Assessment of eco-labelling as tool for conservation
Wetla​nds_​Inter​natio​nal_​Wetla​ndsInt_​Wetla​nds_​Inter​natio​nal_​ and sustainable use of biodiversity in Ashtamudi Lake, Kerala,
Stay_​in_​touch_​Natur​al_​Capit​al_​of_​Wetla​nds/​links/​5d0f6​98145​ The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity India Initiative,
8515c​11cf1​49ef/​Wetla​nds-​Inter​natio​nal-​Wetla​ndsInt-​Wetla​nds-​ GIZ India. https://​snrd-​asia.​org/​downl​oad/​Asses​sment-​of-​Eco-​
Inter​natio​nal-​Stay-​in-​touch-​Natur​al-​Capit​al-​of-​Wetla​nds.​pdf label​ling-​as-​Tool-​for-​Conse​r vati​on-​and-​Susta​inable-​Use-​of-​
Kumar V, Jolli V, Babu CR (2019) Avenue plantations in Delhi and Biodi​versi​ty-​in-​Ashta​mudi-​Lake-​Kerala.​pdf
their efficacy in mitigating air pollution. Arboricult J 41:35–47. Momblanch A, Beevers L, Srinivasalu P et  al (2020) Enhancing
https://​doi.​org/​10.​1080/​03071​375.​2019.​15628​00 production and flow of freshwater ecosystem services in a
Kumari R, Shukla SK, Parmar K, Bordoloi N, Kumar A, Saikia P managed Himalayan River system under uncertain future cli-
(2020) Wetlands conservation and restoration for ecosystem mate. Clim Change 162:343–361. https://​d oi.​o rg/​1 0.​1 007/​
services and halt biodiversity loss: an Indian perspective. s10584-​020-​02795-2

13

356 Anthropocene Science (2022) 1:342–357

Murali R, Redpath S, Mishra C (2017) The value of ecosystem services Sachin SM, Yadav VK, Pal S, Karmakar S, Bharti VS (2020) Survey
in the high altitude Spiti Valley, Indian Trans-Himalaya. Ecosyst based economic evaluation of ecosystem services of mangrove
Serv 28:115–123. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​ecoser.​2017.​10.​018 from Uttar Kannada district of Karnataka, India. J Environ Biol
Naudiyal N, Schmerbeck J (2018) Linking Forest successional 41:980–986. https://​doi.​org/​10.​22438/​jeb/​41/5/​MRN-​1216
dynamics to community dependence on provisioning ecosys- Salunkhe O, Khare PK, Sahu TR, Singh S (2014) Above ground bio-
tem services from the Central Himalayan forests of Uttara- mass and carbon stocking in tropical deciduous forests of state
khand. Environ Manag 62:915–928. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​ of Madhya Pradesh India. Taiwania 59:353–359. https://​doi.​org/​
s00267-​018-​1087-5 10.​6165/​tai.​2014.​59.4.​353
Nayak AK, Shahid M, Nayak AD, Dhal B, Moharana KC et al (2019) Sannigrahi S, Chakraborti S, Joshi PK, Keesstra S, Sen S et al (2019)
Assessment of ecosystem services of rice farms in eastern India. Ecosystem service value assessment of a natural reserve region
Ecol Process 8:35. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1186/​s13717-​019-​0189-1 for strengthening protection and conservation. J Environ Manag
Nayak R, Chandra A, Patel N, Dadhwal V (2016) Terrestrial net pri- 244:208–227. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​jenvm​an.​2019.​04.​095
mary productivity and net ecosystem productivity over India, Sannigrahi S, Zhang Q, Joshi P, Sutton P, Keesstra S et al (2020)
National Remote Sensing Centre, Balanagar, Hyderabad. https://​ Examining effects of climate change and land use dynamic on
bhuvan-​app3.​nrsc.​gov.​in/​data/​downl​oad/​tools/​docum​ent/​CASAt​ biophysical and economic values of ecosystem services of a natu-
echni​calre​port_​final.​pdf ral reserve region. J Clean Prod 257:120424. https://​doi.​org/​10.​
Nimasow G, Joshi R, Nimasow O (2011) Role of indigenous knowl- 1016/j.​jclep​ro.​2020.​120424
edge system in conservation of forest resources—a case study Science for Environment Policy (2015) Ecosystem Services and the
of the Aka tribes of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian J Trad Knowl Environment. In-depth Report 11 produced for the European
10:276–280 Commission, DG Environment by the Science Communication
Ninan K, Kontoleon A (2016) Valuing forest ecosystem services and Unit, UWE, Bristol. Available at: http://​ec.​europa.​eu/​scien​ce-​
disservices—case study of a protected area in India. Ecosyst Serv envir​onment-​policy, Accessed on 15th Apr 2022
20:1–14. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​ecoser.​2016.​05.​001 Sen S, Guchhait SK (2021) Urban green space in India: perception of
NSO EnviStats-India Vol. I: Environment Statistics, National Statistical cultural ecosystem services and psychology of situatedness and
Office (2020) Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementa- connectedness. Ecol Indic 123:107338. https://d​ oi.o​ rg/1​ 0.1​ 016/j.​
tion, Government of India, New Delhi. https://​www.​im4ch​ange.​ ecoli​nd.​2021.​107338
org/​docs/​EnviS​tats-​India-​2020-​Vol.1-​Envir​onmen​tal-​Stati​stics.​ Shakya B, Uddin K, Yi S, Bhatta L, Lodhi M, Htun N, Yang Y (2021)
pdf Assessed on 27th Dec 2021 Mapping of the ecosystem services flow from three protected
Ollerton J, Winfree R, Tarrant S (2011) How many flowering plants areas in the far-eastern Himalayan Landscape: an impetus to
are pollinated by animals? Oikos 120:321–326. https://​doi.​org/​ regional cooperation. Ecosyst Serv 47:101222. https://​doi.​org/​
10.​1111/j.​1600-​0706.​2010.​18644.x 10.​1016/j.​ecoser.​2020.​101222
Padmavathi P, Srinu G (2017) Wetlands of India: biodiversity, eco- Sharma DK, Rana DS (2014) Productivity, response to nitrogen and
logical services and strategies for conservation. In: Padmavathi nutrient cycling of sole jatropha (Jatropha curcas) and intercrop-
P, Kandru A, Vhanalakar S et al (eds) Biodiversity assessment: ping system with baby corn (Zea mays) in India. Indian J Agric
tool for conservation. Bhumi Publishing, Kolhapur, pp 189–204 Sci 84:1502–1507
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mul- Sharma S, Nahid S, Sharma M, Sannigrahi S, Anees M, Sharma R,
row CD et al (2020) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated Shekhar R et al (2020) A long-term and comprehensive assess-
guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372:n71. https://​ ment of urbanization-induced impacts on ecosystem services in
doi.​org/​10.​1136/​bmj.​n71 the capital city of India. City Environ Interact 7:100047. https://​
Pala NA, Sarkar BC, Shukla G et al (2019) Floristic composition and doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​cacint.​2020.​100047
utilization of ethnomedicinal plant species in home gardens of Sharma S, Anees MM, Sharma M et al (2021) Longitudinal study
the Eastern Himalaya. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 15:14. https://​doi.​ of changes in ecosystem services in a city of lakes, Bhopal,
org/​10.​1186/​s13002-​019-​0293-4 India. Energy Ecol Environ 6:408–424. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​
Pande VC, Kurothe RS, Rao BK, Kumar G et al (2012) Economic s40974-​020-​00199-7
analysis of bamboo plantation in three major ravine systems of Shimrah T, Lungleng P, Shimrah C, Khuman YSC et al (2018) Role of
India. Agric Econ Res Rev 25:49–59 traditional homegardens in biodiversity conservation and socio-
Pandey R (2011) Forestry’s contribution to livestock feed in Uttara- ecological significance in Tangkhul community in Northeast
khand, India: a quantitative assessment of volume and economic India. Trop Ecol 59:533–539
value. Folia for Pol A 53:156–168 Sinclair M, Vishnu Sagar MK, Knudsen C, Sabu J, Ghermandi A
Pannure A (2016) Bee pollinators decline: perspectives from India. Int (2021) Economic appraisal of ecosystem services and restoration
Res J Nat Sci 3(1):10 scenarios in a tropical coastal Ramsar wetland in India. Ecosyst
Patankar AM, Trivedi PL (2011) Monetary burden of health impacts Serv 47:101236. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​ecoser.​2020.​101236
of air pollution in Mumbai, India: implications for public health Singh V, Deewan S (2018) Ethnomedicine and tribes: a case study of
policy. Public Health 125:157–164. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​ the Baiga’s traditional treatment. Res Rev J Health Prof 8:62–77
puhe.​2010.​11.​009 Singh SP, Thadani R (2013) Valuing ecosystem services flowing
Ramachandra TV, Alakananda B, Ali R, Khan MA (2011) Ecological fromthe Indian Himalayan states for incorporation into nationa-
and socio-economic assessment of Varthur wetland, Bengaluru laccounting. In: Lowman M, Devy S, Ganesh T (eds) Treetops
(India). J Environ Sci Eng 53:101–108 atrisk. Springer, New York, pp 423–43427
Ramachandra TV, Soman D, Naik A, Subash Chandran MD (2017) Singh Y, Gupta RK, Singh J et al (2010) Placement effects on rice
Appraisal of forest ecosystems goods and services: challenges residue decomposition and nutrient dynamics on two soil types
and opportunities for conservation. J Biodivers 8:12–33. https://​ during wheat cropping in rice–wheat system in northwestern
doi.​org/​10.​1080/​09766​901.​2017.​13461​60 India. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 88:471–480. https://​doi.​org/​10.​
Rawat L (2014) Role of sacred groves in ameliorating microclimate: 1007/​s10705-​010-​9370-8
a case study of Nagdev temple forest of Pauri Garhwal, Uttara- Singh SK, Thawale PR, Sharma JK, Gautam RK, Kundargi GP, Juwarkar
khand Himalaya. India. Int J Biodivers Conserv 6:50–58. https://​ AA (2015) Carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. In:
doi.​org/​10.​5897/​IJBC2​012.​114 Lichtfouse E, Schwarzbauer J, Robert D (eds) Hydrogen production

13
Anthropocene Science (2022) 1:342–357 357

and remediation of carbon and pollutants, vol VI. Springer, Cham, ts/​global/​toolb​ox/​refer​ences/​guida​nce-​manual-​on-​value-​trans​fer-​
pp 99–131 metho​ds-​for-​ecosy​stem-​servi​ces-​unep-​2013.​pdf
Singh S, Youssouf M, Malik ZA et al (2017) Sacred groves: myths, Uniyal A, Rawat G (2018) Energy-Food-Water; the fundamental pro-
beliefs, and biodiversity conservation—a case study from Western visioning services from the Himalayan forests: a case study from
Himalaya India. Int J Ecol. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1155/​2017/​38286​09 Dhauladhar mountain range, North-west Himalaya. Indian J for
Singh R, Hussain S, Riba T, Singh A et al (2018) Classification and 41:17–26. https://​doi.​org/​10.​54207/​bsmps​1000-​2018-​e13093
management of community forests in Indian Eastern Himalayas: Vailshery LS, Jaganmohan M, Nagendra H (2013) Effect of street trees on
implications on ecosystem services, conservation and livelihoods. microclimate and air pollution in a tropical city. Urban for Urban
Ecol Process 7:1–15. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1186/​s13717-​018-​0137-5 Green 12:408–415. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​ufug.​2013.​03.​002
Sinha B, Mishra S (2015) Ecosystem services valuation for enhancing Veeramani A, Mohanakrishnan H, Ramakrishnan B et al (2018) Tour-
conservation and livelihoods in a sacred landscape of the Indian ism ‘vs’ ecotourism—people perception in upper Nilgiris, Tamil
Himalayas. Int J Biodivers Sci Ecosyst Serv Manag 11:156–167. Nadu, India. J Ecol Nat Resour 2:000148. https://​doi.​org/​10.​23880/​
https://​doi.​org/​10.​1080/​21513​732.​2015.​10306​93 jenr-​16000​148
Subba M, Pala N, Shukla G, Chakravarty S (2015) Provisioning type Venkatachalam L, Jayanthi M (2016) Willingness to pay (WTP) for
ecosystem services from home gardens in Terai and Hilly Region improved ecosystem services of Pallikaranai Marshland: a contin-
of West Bengal, India. J Agric Technol 2:32–37 gent valuation approach. Rev Dev Change 21:89–110. https://​doi.​
Suryawanshi MN, Patel AR, Kale TS, Patil PR (2014) Carbon sequestra- org/​10.​1177/​09722​66120​160105
tion potential of tree species in the environment of North Maharash- Verhoeven JTA, Arheimer B, Yin C, Hefting MM (2006) Regional and
tra University campus, Jalgaon (MS) India. Biosci Disc 5:175–179 global concerns over wetlands and water quality. Trends Ecol Evol
Talukdar S, Singha P, Shahfahad MS, Praveen B, Rahman A (2020) 21:96–103. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​tree.​2005.​11.​015
Dynamics of ecosystem services (ESs) in response to land use land Verma M (2018) Review of existing ecosystem accounting initiatives
cover (LU/LC) changes in the lower Gangetic plain of India. Ecol and literature in India: biophysical assessments, economic value of
Indic 112:106121. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​ecoli​nd.​2020.​106121 ecosystem services, and overview of available data sources, system
Tanwar SPS, Kumar P, Verma A, Bhatt RK, Singh A, Lal K, Patidar M, of environmental economic accounting. https://​seea.​un.​org/​sites/​
Mathur BK (2019) Carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry seea.​un.​org/​files/​india_​asses​sment_​2019.​pdf
systems in the Indian Arid Zone. Curr Sci 117:2014–2022 Verma M, Negandhi D (2011) Valuing ecosystem services of wetlands—
TEEB (2010) The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity: main- a tool for effective policy formulation and poverty alleviation.
streaming the economics of nature: a synthesis of the approach, Hydrol Sci J 56:1622–1639. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1080/​02626​667.​
conclusions and recommendations of TEEB, Geneva, Switzerland. 2011.​631494
http://​teebw​eb.​org/​wp-​conte​nt/​uploa​ds/​Study%​20and%​20Rep​orts/​ Verma M, Negandhi D, Khanna C, Edgaonkar A, David A (2015) Eco-
Repor​ts/​Synth​esis%​20rep​ort/​TEEB%​20Syn​thesis%​20Rep​ort%​ nomic valuation of tiger reserves in India: A Value + Approach,
202010.​pdf a technical report by Centre for Ecological Services Management
TEEB (2011) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity in National (CESM), Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal, India.
and International Policy Making, UNEP TEEB Office, Geneva, https://​conse​rvewi​ldcats.​org/​wp-​conte​nt/​uploa​ds/​sites/5/​WildC​ats/​
Switzerland. http://​doc.​teebw​eb.​org/​wp-​conte​nt/​uploa​ds/​2014/​04/​ papers/​NTCA_​Repor​t2015.​pdf
TEEB-​in-​natio​nal-​and-​inter​natio​nal-​Policy-​Makin​g2011.​pdf Verma M, Tiwari C, Anand S, Edgaonkar A, David A, et al. (2019) Eco-
TEEB (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity) (2018) Measur- nomic Valuation of Tiger Reserves in India: Phase II. Indian Insti-
ing what matters in agriculture and food systems: a synthesis of the tute of Forest Management. Bhopal, India. http://​www.​india​envir​
results and recommendations of TEEB for Agriculture and Food’s onmen​tport​al.​org.​in/​files/​file/​IIFM_​Tiger%​20Rep​ort_​2019.​pdf
Scientific and Economic Foundations report. UNEP TEEB Office, Vijayan A, Job E (2015) Recreational value of Vellayani lake in South
Geneva, Switzerland. http://​teebw​eb.​org/​wp-​conte​nt/​uploa​ds/​2018/​ India: a travel cost approach. Int J Sci Res 4:156–158. https://​doi.​
10/​Layout_​synth​esis_​sept.​pdf org/​10.​36106/​ijsr
Thakur M (2012) Bees as pollinators—biodiversity and conservation. Int Wang B, Zhang Q, Cui F (2021) Scientific research on ecosystem ser-
Res J Agric Sci Soil Sci 2:1–7 vices and human well-being: a bibliometric analysis. Ecol Ind
Tinch R, Beaumont N, Sunderland T, Ozdemiroglu E, Barton D, Bowe C 125:107449. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​ecoli​nd.​2021.​107449
et al (2019) Economic valuation of ecosystem goods and services: Wood S, Jones S, Johnson J, Brauman K, Chaplin-Kramer R, Fremier A
a review for decision makers. J Environ Econ Manag 8:359–378. et al (2018) Distilling the role of ecosystem services in the Sustain-
https://​doi.​org/​10.​1080/​21606​544.​2019.​16230​83 able Development Goals. Ecosyst Serv 29:70–82. https://​doi.​org/​
Tripathi P (2015) Flood disaster in India: an analysis of trend and prepar- 10.​1016/j.​ecoser.​2017.​10.​010
edness. Interdiscip J Contemp Res 2:91–98 Yin C, Zhao W, Cherubini F, Pereira P (2021) Integrate ecosystem ser-
Tripathi R, Moharana KC, Nayak AD et al (2019) Ecosystem services in vices into socio-economic development to enhance achievement
different agro-climatic zones in eastern India: impact of land use of sustainable development goals in the post-pandemic era. Geogr
and land cover change. Environ Monit Assess 191:98. https://​doi.​ Sustain 2:68–73. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​geosus.​2021.​03.​002
org/​10.​1007/​s10661-​019-​7224-7
Trivedi SE, Bharucha E, Mungikar R (2018) Rapid assessment of sacred Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under
groves: a biodiversity assessment tool for ground level practition- a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author
ers. J Threat Taxa 10:11262–11270. https://​doi.​org/​10.​11609/​jott.​ self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely
3412.​10.2.​11262-​11270 governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
UNEP (2002) Guidance Manual on Value Transfer Methods for Ecosys-
tem Services Nairobi, Kenya. https://​wedocs.​unep.​org/​bitst​ream/​
handle/​20.​500.​11822/​8434/-​Guida​nce%​20man​ual%​20on%​20val​
ue%​20tra​nsfer%​20met​hods%​20for%​20eco​system%​20ser​vices-​
2013U​NEP%​202013%​20Gui​dance%​20man​ual%​20on%​20val​ue%​
20tra​nsfer%​20met​hods%​20for%​20eco​system%​20ser​vices.​pdf?​
seque​nce=​3&​amp%​3BisA​llowed
UNEP (2013) Guidance Manual on Value Transfer Methods for Eco-
system Services, Nairobi, Kenya. https://​www.​gwp.​org/​globa​lasse​

13