Complex Numbers

The equation x  1  0 has no solution in real number

2

system. To permit solution of this equation, the system of

complex numbers is introduced.
A complex number z is represented by

where Re(z) = x, Im(z) = y.

Comparison in complex numbers:

Comparison is not possible in complex numbers. i.e. if
we have two complex numbers and , we cannot say
that or
Two complex numbers z1  a1  ib1 and z2  a2  ib2
are equal if and only if a1  a2 and b1  b2 .

Conjugate of complex numbers:

Let z  a  ib be a complex number , then conjugate of z

written as z and is given by z  a - ib.
Properties of conjugate of complex numbers:
Let z1  a1  ib1 and z2  a2  ib2 be two complex
numbers, then
a) . z1  z2  z1  z2 b). z1  z2  z1  z2
 z1  z1
c). z1. z2  z1. z2 d ).    , z2  0.
 z2  z2
Modulus of complex number :
Let z = a + ib be a complex number, then modulus
of z is written as z and is given by z = a 2 + b 2 .

Properties of modulus of complex numbers

a)
. z1  z2  z1  z2
b)
. z1  z2  z1  z2
c)
. z1.z2  z1 . z2
z1 z1
d)
.  , z2  0.
z2 z2
Representation of complex
numbers on xy-plane
A complex number
Cartesian form : z  x  iy  ( x, y )
can be viewed as a vector whose initial point is at origin &
terminal point is at (x,y).
P( x, y)  P(r, )
Y
Polar form : Writting z r
y  r sin 
x  r cos  , y  r sin  ,
 M
the complex number z is given by O X
x  r cos 
z  r cos   i r sin   r (cos   i sin  ).

Exponential form : By polar form

z  r (cos   i sin  )  rei  z ei
 z  rei  z ei .
 Modulus and Argument (amplitude) of
a complex number
For a complex number
z  x  iy
we have z  r  x 2  y 2 called modulous of z and
 y
  arg( z )  tan   called argument (amplitude) of z.
1

x
Note: The value of ‘θ’ which satisfies both the equations x=rcosθ and
y=rsinθ, yields the argument of z. It has infinite values .
The value of ‘θ’ lying b/w –π and π is called principal value
of argument.
1  i 3 [ Ans : r  1,   2 / 3]
Ex: Find modulus and argument of .
2
 How to calculate argument (amplitude) of
a complex number?
For a complex number z  x  iy ,
arg( z )  Arg( z )  2n , n  I ,
where arg(z) is general value, Arg(z) is principal value of  .
y 1 y
Let tan   or   tan ,
x x
then, on the basis of z's location we find Arg(z):
quadrant Arg( z ) z
a). I  
b). II     Purely real Purely imaginary
(-) (+) (-) (+)
c). III    
 
Arg( z)   Arg( z ) 
d ). IV    Arg( z)  0 Arg( z ) 
2 2
 Roots of an algebraic equation
De Moivre’s theorem can be utilized to find the roots of an algebraic
equation:
Let z n =r (cos +isin )
 z  r1/ n  cos   i sin    r1/ n  cos(2k   )  i sin(2k   ) 
1/ n 1/ n

  2 k     2 k   
r 1/ n
cos    i sin    , k  0,1, 2,....., n  1.
  n   n 

Ex: Solve z 6  i .
Ex:1 Write the complex number z   2  3i in polar form.
Sol: Let - 2  3i  x  iy
 x   2, y  3
y 3
 r  x  y  ( 2)  3 
2 2 2 2
11; tan   
x  2
 3  1  3 
   tan  1
    tan  
 2  2
 polar form
  1  3    1  3  

z  11 cos    tan     i sin    tan    .
   2    2  
1 i
Ex: Find polar form of (i) - 3  i (ii ). 1  i (iii ).
1 i
 3/ 4
 1 i 3 
Ex:2 Find all the values of z    .
 2 
1 i 3 1 3
Sol: Let  x  iy  x  , y 
2 2 2
2 2
1 3 y
 r  x  y        1; tan    3
2 2

2 2 x

   tan 1
 3  3
3/4
 1 i 3 
3/4
     
    13/4. cos    i sin    ; [ z  r (cos   i sin  )]
 2   3  3 
3/4
     
 cos    i sin    Principal value
 3  3 
3/4
     
 z  cos  2k    i sin  2k    General value; here k  0,1, 2,3.
  3  3 

i 
3/2
Ex: Find all the values of 3 1 .
Function of Complex variable
 w  f  z  ,  u  iv  f  x  iy 
 u  u  x , y  , v  v ( x, y )
Ex: If w  f  z   z , find u ( x, y ) and v( x, y ),
2

and also f 1  i  .
Sol: Here, f  x  iy   ( x  iy )  x   iy   2ixy
2 2 2

 u ( x, y )  iv( x, y )  x 2  y 2  2ixy.
 u  x, y   x 2  y 2 , v  x, y   2 xy.
and
f 1  i   12  12  2.i.1.1  2i.
 Elementary Functions
In many engineering problems, the elementary functions play
an important role. The elementary functions include algebraic
functions and transcendental functions.
Ex: (i ). z 2 (ii ). cos z , sin z ,
e z  e z e z  e z
sinh z  , cosh z  [Hyperbolic functions]
2 2
(iii ). Relation between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions
ei  e  i ei  e i
sin   , cos  
2i 2
e z  e z e z  e z e z  e z
if we put   iz , sin iz   i  i sinh z.
2i 2i 2
 sin iz  i sinh z. Similarily, we can prove that
cos iz  cosh z, tan iz  i tanh z .
 Elementary Functions
(IV). Logarithmic function denoted by logz is defined as the
inverse of the exponential function ew  z.
Let w  u  iv and z  x  iy  rei
 eu iv  rei ,  eu eiv  rei
comparing real and imaginary parts
eu  r and v  
 u  log r and v   .
 y
 log z  log r  i  log x  y  i tan  
2 2 1

x
Ex:1 Given that e 2 z  2 - 3i, find z.
Sol. Let z  x  iy
 e2( x iy )  e2 x ei 2 y  e2 x (cos 2 y  i sin 2 y )  2 - 3i
 Elementary Functions
seperating real and imaginary parts
e 2 x cos 2 y  2, e 2 x sin 2 y  -3
Squaring and and adding, we get
1
e  13,  x  log13.
4x

4
Now dividing , we get
e 2x sin 2 y 3 3 1 1  3 
 ,  tan 2 y  or y  tan   .
 2 
2x
e cos 2 y 2 2 2
Therefore,
1 1  3 
z log13  i tan 1   .
4 2  2 
Ex:2 Find all the roots of sin z  2.
sol. We have sin z  2
eiz  e  iz
 2
2i
On simplifying, we obtain
 4ie  1  0   e  2i   3
2 iz iz iz 2
e
 eiz  2i  i 3  eiz  i ( 3  2) log mn  log m  log n.
Taking log on both sides, we get Again,
 
i  cos  i sin  ei /2

iz  log i ( 3  2)  Or
2 2

 log i  log( 3  2)    
i  cos  2n    i sin  2n  
 2  2
  
 2in  i  log( 3  2) i  2 n  

2 e  2

 
  log i  i  2n  
 z  2n   i log( 3  2).  2
2
 Elementary Functions
Ex:1. Seperate the real and imaginary parts of
(i ) sin z, (ii) cos z.
Ex:2. Find all the roots of cos z  5
Ex: 3. Given e z  1  2i, find z.
 Recommended Books
• B. S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics,
42nd Edition - New Delhi-110002, Khanna
Publishers, 2012.
• H. K. Dass, Advanced Engineering Mathematics,
S. Chand Publishing, 2008.
• Ravish R. Singh and Mukul Bhatt, Engineering
Mathematics, McGraw Hill Publications, 2018.
Thank You!