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Titrations 2019

This document discusses titration techniques and reaction stoichiometry. It describes volumetric analysis using a burette and pipette. A titration involves adding a titrant from the burette to an analyte in a conical flask until the endpoint is reached, as determined by a color change in an indicator. Examples are provided of acid-base titrations using molar calculations to determine unknown concentrations. Back titrations are also summarized, which involve adding excess reagent and then titrating the excess to determine the original amount.

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71 views4 pages

Titrations 2019

This document discusses titration techniques and reaction stoichiometry. It describes volumetric analysis using a burette and pipette. A titration involves adding a titrant from the burette to an analyte in a conical flask until the endpoint is reached, as determined by a color change in an indicator. Examples are provided of acid-base titrations using molar calculations to determine unknown concentrations. Back titrations are also summarized, which involve adding excess reagent and then titrating the excess to determine the original amount.

Uploaded by

Jiggga jigga
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CHEM 7 TITRATIONS AND REACTION

STOICHIOMETRY
Volumetric Analysis - when the analysis is performed by measuring volumes of solutions –using a
burette and pipette.
The material in solution is called the analyte; the volume of analyte taken is called the aliquot, it is
delivered by a pipette of fixed volume into a conical flask.

A burette is a graduated tube with a tap that is used to deliver a controlled volume of titrant to the
solution being analysed in the conical flask – the titrant is added to the solution until the reaction is
complete, called the ‘end-point’ (stoichiometric point) and the volume measured is called the titre. The
completion of the reaction (when it reaches the stoichiometric point) is determined by an indicator,
which is usually a coloured dye that changes colour –when this occurs, it is called the ‘end point’ of the
titration.
The overall process, as one liquid is added to the other, is called a titration.

Eg. Consider the Acid / Base titration (A neutralisation reaction)

1 Na2CO3 + 2 HCℓ → 2 NaCℓ + H2CO3

Stoichiometry :
mol Na2CO3 = mol HCℓ
1 2

So, 1 mol Na2CO3 = mol HCℓ / 2

Ie., mol HCℓ = 2 x mol Na2CO3

( See example calculations on next page of this Tip Sheet ).

Titrations And Reaction Stoichiometry


TASK :To determine the exact concentration of a HCl solution by titration of an
aliquot of a standard Na2CO3 solution ( [Na2CO3] = 0.04761 mol/L ).
. Place an exact volume of standard Na2CO3 solution ( 25.00 mL ) in a conical titration
flask :
Pipette filler

Pipette volume
( aliquot ) = 25.00 mL

CNa2CO3 = 0.04761 M

B. Using a burette, add an exact volume of HCl( 21.32 mL ) to neutralise the Na 2CO3using
an appropriate indicator for the following overall chemical reaction :
Na2CO3+ 2HCl → 2 NaCl + H2CO3

Start 1.57 mL Finish ( at end point )

22.89 mL

Titre = 22.89 -1.57 = 21.32 mL

C. Calculate the exact concentration of the HCl solution:


From balanced equation
mol HCl = 2 x mol Na2CO3
CHCl x VHCl = 2 x CNa2CO3 x VNa2CO3
CHCl x 21.32 / 1000 = 2 x 0.04761 x 25.00/1000 so CHCl = 0.1117 mol/L

Titrations And Reaction Stoichiometry


As another example, consider the Acid / Base titration (a neutralisation reaction)

Note that H2SO4 is termed a di-protic acid, because it can provide 2 H+ ions per molecule -likewise,
phosphoric acid, H3PO4 , is termed a tri-protic acid, because it can release 3 H+ ios per molecule.

1.H2SO4 = 2.H+ + SO42- + 2. Na+OH- 2.Na+ + SO42- + 2.H2O

Removing “Spectator“ ions gives :

2.H+ + 2. OH- 2.H2O

When a 25.00 mL aliquot of a solution of sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ) was titrated to the stoichiometric
point with a 0.0987 molar solution of sulphuric acid (H2SO4 ), an average titre of 15.48 mL was
obtained. What is the molar concentration of the NaOH solution, and what mass of NaOH ( Mr = 40.0
g mol-1 ) does it contain per litre ?

From the stoichiometric equation ;

mol H2SO4 = mol NaOH

Now, number of mol = concentration x volume ( n = C x V )

ie. n = C (mol L-1) x V (L) = C (mol L-1) x V (mL)/1000

mol H2SO4 = 0.0987 mol L-1 x 15.48 mL = mol NaOH = [NaOH] mol L-1 x 25.00 mL
1 1000 mL L-1 2 2 x 1000 mL L-1

So, [NaOH] = 2 x 0.0987 mol L-1 x 15.48 mL = 0.1222 mol L-1


25.00 mL

Now mass NaOH per Litre = Conc mol L-1 x Mr g mol-1

= 0.1222 mol L-1 x 40.0 g mol-1 = 4.888 g L-1

Back Titrations are performed when it is not practical to titrate by direct reaction. In this case an
amount of reagent is added in excess, then after reaction with the analyte is complete, the excess
reagent remaining is determined by direct titration.

Eg : CaCO3 in limestone, coral or sea shells ; or ammonia (NH3 ) in an ammonium (NH4+ ) salt

Halides ( Cl-1, Br-1, I-1 ) by Volhard method ( in seawater or waste water)

Titrations And Reaction Stoichiometry


eg CaCO3 ( limestone, coral, sea shells )

Mol HCl reacted with 2.HCl + CaCO3


CaCO3
boil
mol HCl reacted / 2
Total mol HCl
= Mol CaCO3
added Ca2+ +2.Cℓ- + H2O + CO2

=CHClxVHCl
(added) Mol HCl in excess HCl + NaOH
(titrated with NaOH)
= CNaOH xVNaOH

H2O + Na+ + Cl-

Now, Total mol HCl added = mol HCl in excess + mol HCl reacted with CaCO3

So, CHClxVHCl (added) = CNaOH xVNaOH (back titration of excess) + mol HCl reacted with CaCO3

mol HCl reacted with CaCO3 = CHClxVHCl (added) - CNaOH xVNaOH (back titration of excess)

Mol CaCO3 = ½ [ CHClxVHCl (added) - CNaOH xVNaOH (back titration of excess) ]

Halides ( Cl-1, Br-1, I-1 )

Mol AgNO3 reacted with Ag+ + Cl-


chloride
Mol Cl-
= mol AgNO3
Total mol AgCl(s)
AgNO3 added
=CAgNO3xVAgNO3
(added) Mol AgNO3 in excess Ag+ + CNS-
( titrated with CNS- )
= CCNS- xVCNS-

AgCNS(s)

Now, Total mol AgNO3 added = mol AgNO3 in excess + mol AgNO3 reacted with Cl-

So, CAgNO3xVAgNO3 = CCNS- xVCNS- (back titration of excess) + mol AgNO3 reacted with Cl-

mol AgNO3 reacted with Cl- = CAgNO3xVAgNO3 - CCNS- xVCNS- (back titration of excess)

Titrations And Reaction Stoichiometry

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