Scribd
Upload
240 views46 pages

Direct Rainfall Modelling and Interflow: Jacobs

This document discusses direct rainfall modelling and interflow approaches. It describes how direct rainfall is applied to each grid cell and how runoff is generated via infiltration excess or saturation excess. It also discusses how infiltrated water can contribute to storm response through interflow in soil layers or groundwater flow, acting like a piston. The document provides an overview of how TUFLOW implements interflow and groundwater flows using Darcy's law and describes relevant commands and output results. It includes a simple example comparing simulations with and without an interflow layer and discusses applying the approach to a real-world catchment.

Uploaded by

ketaki27
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
240 views46 pages

Direct Rainfall Modelling and Interflow: Jacobs

This document discusses direct rainfall modelling and interflow approaches. It describes how direct rainfall is applied to each grid cell and how runoff is generated via infiltration excess or saturation excess. It also discusses how infiltrated water can contribute to storm response through interflow in soil layers or groundwater flow, acting like a piston. The document provides an overview of how TUFLOW implements interflow and groundwater flows using Darcy's law and describes relevant commands and output results. It includes a simple example comparing simulations with and without an interflow layer and discusses applying the approach to a real-world catchment.

Uploaded by

ketaki27
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 46

Direct Rainfall Modelling and Interflow

Jacobs
October 2022
Duncan Kitts
Background
Catchment Simulation Approaches

ARR 2019, Book 4 Catchment Simulation, Figure 4.2.5


Background
What is Direct Rainfall?
• Rainfall depth is applied to each 2D cell /
mesh element
• Runoff from cell dependent on:
• Cell area
• Rainfall depth
• Rainfall / Infiltration Losses
• Roughness
• Surrounding levels / slope

ARR, Project 15 (2012), Figure 11-1


Direct Rainfall
Runoff Generation
• Two main processes:
• Infiltration/Rainfall Excess (Hortonian Flow): Rainfall is
greater than infiltration capacity of the soil and generates
runoff.
• “Heavy rain”
• Rare in temperate regions outside of Urban areas.

• Saturation Excess: Soil layer has become saturated, and no


further water can infiltrate and generates runoff.
• Lower rainfall intensities

Infiltration Excess is represented by infiltration models.


Saturation Excess is represented when using infiltration
models in conjunction with a defined ground water level.
Whole Catchment Approach
Direct Rainfall
Direct Rainfall
Runoff Generation Processes with Soil and GW Level
Infiltration Excess (RFR>IR) Saturation Excess (RFC>SC)

But what
happens to
the infiltrated
flow?
Direct Rainfall
Infiltrated Flow

• Infiltrated flow can:


• Be lost via evapotranspiration
• Percolate down into the bedrock
• Travel laterally through the soil or rock

• In temperate environments, a lot of water


reaches a river by throughflow, through the
soil layers or bedrock.

• Return Flow – Lead to further saturation


excess

• Contributes to storm response via


piston/displacement flow
• Slower response
Direct Rainfall
Piston Flow

• Previously infiltrated flow is stored within the


sub-surface.
• During a storm event, event infiltrated flow
displaces the stored volume acting like a
piston.
• Displaced flow enters the river system
providing a slower storm response.
• Can occur with the soils (Interflow) and
bedrock (Groundwater Flow).
Direct Rainfall
Interflow and Groundwater Flow
Interflow in
TUFLOW
Interflow/Groundwater
TUFLOW Implementation
Based on a 2D implementation of Darcy’s law
• 𝑸𝒛 = −𝒌𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒆 Top of layer
• 𝑸𝒉 = −𝒌𝒉 𝒉𝒑 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝑸𝒛 Top of layer
k = vertical hydraulic conductivity (mm/hr) 𝑸𝒛
kh = horizontal conductivity (mm/hr)
p = porosity
𝒅𝒆
h = depth of water in layer = ci/p 𝒉 𝒅𝒙
e = ground water pressure elevation
𝑸𝒛 Bottom of layer 𝑸𝒉

𝑸𝒛
Bottom of layer

Unsaturated
Interflow/Groundwater
Sub-Surface Flows
Soil Infiltration Layer: Consistent with
existing soil layer. Controls Infiltration.

Set Soil == i ! Assumes Z layer 1


for backward compatibility

Set Soil Layer 1 == i ! Sets soil


for top soil layer
Interflow/Groundwater
Sub-Surface Flows
Interflow Layer: First layer below the
ground surface. In literature this layer
is often referred to as either the
unsaturated or vadose zone.
Interflow/Groundwater
Sub-Surface Flows
Interflow Layer: First layer below the
ground surface. In literature this layer
is often referred to as either the
unsaturated or vadose zone.

Groundwater: layer(s) below interflow


Interflow/Groundwater
Sub-Surface Flows
Interflow Layer: First layer below the
ground surface. In literature this layer
is often referred to as either the
unsaturated or vadose zone.

Groundwater: layer(s) below interflow

Deep groundwater / Aquifer


recharge loss: (Optional) Assumed to Aquifer Recharge /
Deep Groundwater
be unlimited capacity and no horizontal Flow

movement. This layer only modelled


to track the amount of water that has
moved out of the model.
Interflow/Groundwater
Spatially Distributed
Interflow Layer: First layer below the
ground surface. In literature this layer
is often referred to as either the
unsaturated or vadose zone.

Groundwater: layer(s) below interflow

Deep groundwater / Aquifer


recharge loss: (Optional) Assumed to
be unlimited capacity and no horizontal
movement. This layer only modelled
to track the amount of water that has
moved out of the model.
Data from Soils Grid
Interflow/Groundwater
TGC Commands

Set Soil == i ! Assumes Z layer 1 for


backward compatibility. This is the
infiltration layer

Set Soil Layer N == i ! Sets soil for a given


soil Z layer

Set Soil Layer 1,2,3,…N == i ! Setting soil


for multiple layers

Read GIS Soil Layer 1,2,3,…N == gis\2d_soil.shp

Read GRID Soil Layer 1,2,3,…N == grid\soil.asc


Interflow/Groundwater
TGC Commands

Sets the maximum thickness of the interflow layer

Set GWL/GWD Layer N == 39.5

Read GIS GWL/GWD Layer N == gis\2d_gwl.shp

Read GRID GWL/GWD Layer N == grid\gwl.asc


Interflow/Groundwater
Spatial Variable Soils

Spatially varied soil characteristics


• Surface to control infiltration
• Sub Surface Soil Layers (up to 10)
• Soil Layer can vary spatially
Interflow/Groundwater
TGC Commands

Set IGW Level Layer N == elevation [m /


ft] ! will take maximum of elevation and
top of groundwater layer

Set IGW Depth Layer N == depth [m / IGW Depth


ft] ! will take minimum of depth and Layer N
groundwater layer depth

Read GIS IGW == gis\2d_soil_igw.shp

Read GRID IGW == grid\soil_igw.asc


Interflow/Groundwater
Sub-Surface Flows – TSOILF
Existing Soils for Infiltration

• Can be any existing soil infiltration


model (ILCL/Green Ampt/Horton)

• Additional Horizontal Conductivity


parameter (mm/hr) - Controls
Horizontal Flow within Layer

• Soil Porosity cannot be 0. Note: in previous releases initial moisture treated as a reduced
porosity. New approach causes slightly different results with
Green-Ampt infiltration method.
• Soil initial moisture converted to
initial cumulative infiltration within
layer provided IGW not set,
otherwise ignored.
Interflow/Groundwater
Sub-Surface Flows – TSOILF
New Soil ‘Infiltration’ Method

‘CO’ Convective hydraulic conductivity

• Hydraulic Conductivity (mm/hr) – Controls the percolation of


flow into the Soil Layer. Drains soil layer above and adds to
current soil layer.

• Porosity (fraction) – 0 to 1

• Initial Moisture (fraction of total volume) – lower than the


porosity fraction.

• Horizontal Conductivity (mm/hr) – Controls horizontal flow


within the layer
Interflow/Groundwater
Boundary conditions
Currently two boundary conditions available:
• Sealed boundary
• Water table (elevation) boundary
Interflow/Groundwater
Check Files
Grid Check File

• GW_Z_Ln - Bottom of the


nth groundwater layer

• IGW_Lvl_Ln - Initial
water level in the nth
groundwater layer
Interflow/Groundwater
Results - Updated

IR (infiltration rate) unchanged and


only reports top layer, ie
infiltration into the soil 1 layer.

CI (cumulative infiltration) to output


for each groundwater layer

dGW (depth to groundwater) to output


for each groundwater layer (all
relative to surface)
Interflow/Groundwater
Results - New

GWd (groundwater depth) – will


output for each groundwater layer
GWh (groundwater level) – will
output for each groundwater level
GWm (groundwater moisture) – reports
saturation as a fraction (0 = dry, 1
= fully saturated)
GWq (groundwater unit flow) – will
output for each groundwater layer

• Mapped Output
• Time Series
• Profiles
Interflow/Groundwater
Plot Output (PO) Results - New

PO Points
• Cumulative Infiltration - CI (mm) - output for each groundwater layer
• Groundwater Depth - GWd (m) - output for each groundwater layer
• Groundwater Level - GWH (m AD) - output for each groundwater layer
• Groundwater Capacity Fraction – GWm - output for each groundwater layer
• Groundwater Unit Flow - GWQ (mm2/h) - output for each groundwater layer

PO Lines
• Groundwater Flow- GWQ (mm3/hr) - output for each groundwater layer

PO Regions
• Groundwater Volume - GWV (m3) - output for each groundwater layer
Simple
Interflow
Example
Interflow/Groundwater
Simple Example
350m model made up of two flat regions
separated by embankment

Region 1 - 10m AD

Region 2 - 9.4m AD

Embankment - 11m AD
Interflow/Groundwater
Simple Example
8 hours of 100mm/hr Rainfall on higher of
the two areas.

• Without interflow

Infiltration based on IL/CL Model

• With interflow

Infiltration based on IL/CL Model

1 additional soil layer with high hydraulic


conductivity
Interflow/Groundwater
Simple Example-No Interflow
Standard
Interflow/Groundwater
Simple Example-Interflow
Interflow
Real World
Example
River Camel
River Camel in South-West England
274km2 catchment

• SAAR = 1395
• SPR = 35.19
• BFI Host 19=0.463
• FARL = 0.982
Interflow/Groundwater
Without Interflow
Interflow/Groundwater
With Interflow
Evaporation
Drying of Soils
Negative Rainfall
TUFLOW now allows for soil moisture to be reduced when applying a negative rainfall boundary.

Soil Negative Rainfall Approach == {NONE} | FACTOR

Soil Negative Rainfall Factor == {1.0}

• If cell is Wet, then evaporation of surface water based on negative rainfall value
• If cell is dry and Soil Negative Rainfall Factor == is set to 0.5 then the groundwater volume removed is
50% of the rate of that applied to a wet cell.
• Only pulls water from topmost (interflow) soil layer

Provides mechanism to dry soils/groundwater during dry spells, reducing response from subsequent
events.
Drying of Soils

4 Rainfall Events
• Event 1
• Identical Infiltration
• Event 2
• With soil evaporation, dryer soils so
increased infiltration to begin with which
drains the surface water quicker
• Event 3
• Without soil evaporation, soil becomes
saturated so infiltration ends sooner.
• Event 4
• Without soil evaporation, soil is
saturated so no infiltration whatsoever
Drying of Soils
Advection-Dispersion
Advection Dispersion
HPC and Quadtree now support multiple AD tracers
HPC and Quadtree now support multiple AD tracers

Tracers also tracked as they soak into interflow and


ground water layers

Example:
• TUFLOW tutorial model and add one soil layer 0.1 m thick,
starting dry
• Water with tracer added with SA polygon below first road
embankment, and entirely soaks in.
• Apply global rainfall sufficient to get run off into stream
Advection Dispersion
Tracers tracked through soil layers
Applications
Applications

Continue to blur boundaries between


hydraulic modelling and hydrological
modelling
Particular Benefits for:-
• Continuous Simulations
• Natural Flood Management Assessments
• SuDS Assessment
• Live Flood Forecasting?
Questions?

You might also like