Competency - Based Learning Material: Tourism Bread and Pastry Production Ncii

COMPETENCY - BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
Sector
TOURISM
Qualification Title
BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NCII
Unit of Competency
PREPARE AND PRODUCE PASTRY PRODUCTS
Module Title
PREPARING AND PRODUCING PASTRY PRODUCTS
INTERNACIONAL COLEGIO DE TECNOLOGIA

A College of Three Way Education System
Datu Panas, Buug, Zamboanga Sibugay
HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
Welcome to the module in BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NCII
QUALIFICATION. This module contains training materials and activities for you to
complete.
The unit of competency “Prepare and Produce Pastry Products” contains

knowledge, skills and attitude required for TRAINEES.
You are required to go through, a series of learning activities in order to complete

each learning outcome of the module. In each learning outcome are Information Sheet,
Self-Checks, Task Sheets and Job Sheets. The follow these activities on your own. If you
have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.
The goal of this course is the development of practical skills in supervising work-
based training. Tools in planning, monitoring and evaluation of work-based training shall be
prepared during the workshop to support in the implementation of the training program.
This module is prepared to help you achieve the required competency, in “BREAD
AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NCII”.
This will be the source of information for you to acquire knowledge and skills in this
particular competency independently and at your own pace, with minimum supervision or
help from your facilitator.
Remember to:
 Work through all the information and complete the activities in each section.
 Read information sheets and complete the self-check. Answer keys are included in
this package to allow immediate feedback. Answering the self-check will help you
acquire the knowledge content of this competency.
 Perform the task sheets and job sheets until you are confident that your output con-
forms to the performance criteria checklist that follows the sheets.
 Submit outputs of the task sheets and job sheets to your facilitator for evaluation and
recording in the Accomplishment Chart. Outputs shall serve as your portfolio during
the institutional competency evaluation.
A certificate of achievement will be awarded to you after passing the evaluation. You
must pass the institutional competency evaluation for this competency before moving to
another competency.
2 Date Developed: Document No. BPPNCII - 001

CBLM Date Revised: Issued by:
Bread and Pastry Production NCII
Developed by:
“Prepare and Produce Pastry Products” ERNESTO M. OGARIO JR. REVISION # OI
BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NCII
105 Hours
Contents of this Competency – Based Learning Materials
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
1 Prepare and Produce Bakery Preparing and Producing TRS741379

Products Bakery Products
2 Prepare and Produce Preparing and TRS512317

Pastry Products Producing Pastry
Products
3 Prepare and Present Gateaux, Preparing and Presenting TRS512318

Tortes and Cakes Gateaux, Tortes and Cakes
4 Prepare and Display Petits Preparing and Display TRS512321

Fours Petits Fours
5 Present Dessert Presenting Desserts

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MODULE CONTENT
Qualification: BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NCII
Unit of Competency: PREPARE AND PRODUCE PASTRY PRODUCTS
Module Title: Preparing and Producing Pastry Products
Introduction:
This unit deals with knowledge and skills required by bakers and pastry cooks
(patissiers) to prepare and produce a range of high-quality pastry products in commercial
food production environments and hospitality establishments.
Nominal Duration: 40 hours
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module you MUST be able to:
LO1 Prepare Pastry Products
LO2 Decorate and Present Pastry Products
LO3 Store Pastry Products

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Learning Outcome # 1 Prepare Pastry
Products
Contents:
1. Varieties and characteristics of Pastry products.
2. Historical and cultural, aspects of pastry products.
3. Underlying principles in making pastry products.
4. Knowledge commodity on including quality indicators of ingredients for pastry products, properties of
ingredients used, interaction and changes during processing to produce required characteristics.
5. Properties and requirements of yeast and control of yeast action.
6. Culinary and technical terms related to pastry products commonly used in the industry.
7. Expected taste, texture and crumb structure appropriate for particular pastry products.
8. Ratio of ingredients required to produce a balanced formula.
9. The influence of correct portion control, yields, weights and sizes on the profitability of an
establishment.
Assessment Criteria:
1. Required ingredients are selected, measured and weighed according to recipe or
production requirements and established standards and procedures.
2. A variety of pastry products are prepared according to standard mixing
procedures/formulation/ recipes and desired product characteristics
3. Appropriate equipment are used according to required pastry products and standard
operating procedures.
4. Pastry products are baked according to techniques and appropriate conditions; and
enterprise requirement and standards.
5. Required oven temperature are selected to bake goods in accordance with the desired
characteristics, standards recipe specifications and enterprise practices
Conditions:
Students/trainees must be provided with the following:
 Personal protective equipment
 Bake ware
 Small hand tools
 Large equipment
Methodology:
 Lecture/Discussion
 Demonstration/Application
 Actual Presentation
Assessment Method:
 Oral –recitation
 Written examination

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 Direct observation
Learning Experiences / Activities
Learning Outcome # 1
Prepare Pastry Products

Learning Activities Special Instructions
This Learning Outcome deals with the development

Definition of Terms
of the Institutional Competency Evaluation Tool
PREPARE AND PRODUCE PASTRIES AND which trainers use in evaluating their trainees after
finishing a competency of the qualification.
FILLINGS
Read: Information Sheet 2.1-1 Go through the learning activities outlined for you
Pastries
on the left column to gain the necessary information
or knowledge before doing the tasks to practice on
Short pastry
performing the requirements of the evaluation tool.
Puff pastry The output of this LO is a complete Institutional
Savoury short pastry Competency Evaluation Package for one
Competency of BREAD AND PASTRY
1. Select required commodities according to recipe and
PRODUCTION NCII. Your output shall serve as
production requirements one of your portfolio for your Institutional
2. Prepare a variety of pastries Competency Evaluation for Preparing and
 Sweet short pastry Producing Pastry Products.
 Short pastry
Feel free to show your outputs to your trainer as
 Puff pastry (English & French Method) you accomplish them for guidance and evaluation.
 Choux pastry
This Learning Outcome deals with the development
 Strudel pastry 1
of the Institutional Competency Evaluation Tool
which trainers use in evaluating their trainees after
3. Produce a variety of pastries according to standard recipes finishing a competency of the qualification.
and enterprise standards
Go through the learning activities outlined for you on
the left column to gain the necessary information or
Perform: Task Sheet 2.1-1 knowledge before doing the tasks to practice on
performing the requirements of the evaluation tool.
After doing all the activities for this LO1: Prepare

Pastry Products; you are ready to proceed to the
next LO2: Decorate and Prepare Pastry
Products.

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Definition of Terms
Term Explanation
Aeration The rendering of bakery products more appetising, palatable and digestible by the
incorporation of air and/or gas, in one or more of the stages of production before
baking. Air is introduced by the production of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) from yeast
or baking powder. The internal expansion of air and gas and the pressure of steam
during baking, all make a contribution to total aeration.
Albumen One of the many proteins. Where the term is used in the bakery, it is generally
accepted to mean the white of eggs.
All-in Process All the ingredients are mixed together without any preliminary stages.
Bake Off A term used by bakers to describe the operation of baking cakes after they have
been prepared for the oven.
Baking To render bakery products suitable for human consumption and digestion by
cooking in an oven at correctly controlled temperatures.
Baking Powder Any chemical or mixture of chemicals which, when moistened and heated,
generates gas (usually CO2) which will aerate bread and cakes. Ideally the residual
salts of reaction should be tasteless and without odour. The baking powder must
comply with the Food and Drugs Act of the country in which it is used.
Baking Sheet A metal plate on which buns, cakes, pastries and biscuits are baked. Generally they
have three upturned sides and an open end. The open end will facilitate cleaning.
Basin A round earthenware or plastic container used for making small quantities of icing.
Batch The entire mixing of bread or cakes; the contents of the oven.
Batter A soft, completed cake mixture. A very soft fermented mixture as for crumpets.
Bay A well, made in a heap of flour and other dry materials to receive the liquid
ingredients preparatory to mixing.
Beat The aeration of fat, sugar, eggs and other materials by beating together. This can be
done by hand or by machine.
Beater A hand-shaped implement which, when fixed to a machine, beats ingredients such
as fat, sugar and eggs.
Blanch A term used to describe bringing anything to boiling point quickly. Used with
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Term Explanation
vegetables prior to freezing to slow microbial activity. Also used to enable easy
removal of skins such as from almond kernels.
Bowl A rounded metal container used in the bakery for mixing, beating or whipping by
hand. A bowl specially made for a machine is known as a machine bowl.
Bun A small yeast fermented or chemically aerated, sweetened cake.
Cake Refers generally to a baked mixture of fat, sugar, eggs and flour, with or without
milk, baking powder, A cake can be of any shape or size.
Cake Hoop A metal ring which supports a cake during baking.
Cake Tins Small or large metal shapes in which cakes are baked. They may be plain or fluted.
Centigrade Divided into 100 degrees, as the centigrade thermometer (first constructed by
Celsius, 1701-44), in which the freezing point is zero and boiling point is one
hundred.
Coat To cover a cake or biscuit with almond paste and/or icing, fondant, cream or
chocolate.
Constituent A component part of the whole; one ingredient in a formula.
Cream To beat fat and sugar or fat and flour together until light and fluffy.
To add cream as a decoration of filling to a baked cake.
A common term used to describe all kinds of creams such as dairy cream,
buttercream, marshmallow cream, custard cream, etc.
Cup Cakes Small cakes baked in crimped paper cups or cases.
Curdle When fat, sugar and eggs are beaten together carefully, an emulsion is formed. If
during the beating, the eggs are added too quickly, or are too cold, or the initial
creaming of the fat and sugar is not complete, then the mixture will separate and
lose its smooth consistency. Some aeration is lost when a mixture curdles.
Decorate To add fruits, nuts, sugar, etc. to cakes before baking for the purpose of decorating.
This is known as being oven-decorated or oven-finished.
To add such decorating materials as the above, almond paste, chocolate, cream or
icing after baking, generally to make a pattern or a design. The word is given special
significance in describing artistic work in royal icing.
Deposit The act of putting cake batter into hoops, pans, tins, etc., either by hand or by
machine. The machine used is known as a depositor.

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Term Explanation
Emulsion An intimate mixture of two fluids that normally would not mix, such as oil and water.
This is done by means of an emulsifier, a machine that will break down the oil and
water to minute particles while under pressure, for example, homogenised milk. If an
emulsifying agent is used then the emulsion may become permanent. Fat, sugar
and eggs correctly beaten together form an emulsion, the lecithin in egg yolks being
a good emulsifying agent.
Essences Aromatic compounds used for flavouring confectionery. They can be natural or
synthetic or blends of both.
Fingers Small finger-shaped rolls, biscuits, meringues, sponge cakes.
Fondant A form of icing made by boiling sugar, water, glucose or a weak acid to 115¼C
(140¼F), then agitating when it is cool until it forms a mass of minute crystals. It is
the reflection of light on the tiny crystals that explains the gloss on correctly prepared
fondant.
Glycerine Colourless, odourless syrup with a sweet taste. It is soluble in water and alcohol.
Because it is highly hygroscopic it is used in cake mixings to delay staling.
Grease To brush fat into cake tins or to smear fat over baking sheets.
High-Ratio Cakes The name hi-ratio is registered in the USA. The term is used to describe cakes
containing high percentages of sugar and liquids based on the weight of flour.
Special flour and super glycerinated fats are used for this type of cake.
Hygroscopic The power of attracting moisture. For instance, glycerine is hygroscopic. Other
examples are icing sugar and bi-carb soda.
Icing The coating and decoration of a cake with royal or plastic icing. The term is also
used to describe the decoration of cakes with fondant, water icing, or fudge icing.
Lecithin A phosphorised fatty substance which has a great power as an emulsion stabiliser.
Egg yolks and soya beans are both rich in lecithin.
Palette Knife A thin, flat knife with a rounded end used for spreading icing and cake batter. An
offset or crank-handled palette knife has the blade at a lower level than the handle. It
is used for spreading cake or sponge mixtures on to baking sheets.
Pan A broad, shallow baking tin.
Pound Cakes A term used at one time to describe cakes made from 1 lb (500 gm) each of butter,
sugar, eggs and flour. The term is now often used for cakes baked in a round hoop
or oblong tin such as Madeira, Genoa and cherry.
Pre-gelatinised Pre-gelatinised or soluble starch is produced commercially by blowing a starch

Starch suspension onto stem heated rotating rollers. Gelatinisation and drying take place
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Term Explanation
and the dried material is then flaked or ground to make a powder. The process
ruptures the starch granules, without completely distorting them, so that they swell in
cold water to form a viscous paste.
Recipe An exact formula which will include the weights of the materials to be used for a
particular type of bread or confectionery. All other details such as temperature,
times, yields, etc., will also be recorded.
Sandwich Tins Round shallow metal tins in which sponge sandwiches are baked.
Savoy Bag A triangular shaped bag made of cloth or a plastic material into which a tube is
inserted. It is used for piping meringue, sponge fingers and drops, soft biscuits,
choux paste, etc., onto baking sheets. It is also used to pipe cream on, or in, cakes
and pastries.
Scraper A small oblong piece of plastic material, with two corners rounded for scraping down
mixing bowls. The straight edge of the scraper can be used to smooth the side of a
cake when coating with cream or butter cream. The straight edge can also cut in
many ways so that a pattern can be made in the coating, for example, a comb
scraper.
A metal blade in a wooden handle that is used to scrape the surface of a bench, or
for cleaning metal baking trays.
Sieve Utensil with a wire or nylon mesh through which dry materials are passed. Sieving
removes coarse particles, extraneous materials and also is a means of blending.
Coarse sieves are used for the cleaning and draining of fruit. A sieve can also be
used for fluids or semifluids.
Slab Cake/Block Plain or fruited cake baked in rectangular tins or frames. The slabs generally weigh
Cake about 11/2 to 31/2 kg each according to whether they are plain or fruited.
Sodium The constituent of baking powder that liberates C02. The maximum is liberated
Bicarbonate when the correct amount of acid is present.
Soft Flour Flour containing weak gluten.
Strong Flour Flour containing strong stable gluten.
Wash To brush with egg, milk, water, before baking.

To brush with a glaze after baking.
Water Brush A soft-haired brush for washing cakes or pastries with water or other liquids before
baking, or for glazing after baking.
Whip To rapidly aerate a sponge, meringue or cream by means of a hand or machine

whisk.
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Term Explanation
Whisk An implement made of wire used to whip sponges, meringues and cream by hand. A
similar implement is specially made to fix to a machine.
Yield The calculated units from the total baked weight of a particular formula.
INFORMATION SHEET 2.1-1

PREPARE AND PRODUCE PASTRIES AND FILLINGS
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Pastries
Pastry by definition is a mixture of wheat flour, fats, salt and water.
Pastry comes available in several forms or types.
Types of Pastry
Several distinct varieties and mostly of European origin:
 Short Pastry: Savoury and Sweet Pastry or Shortbread
 Puff or Flaky Pastry
 Choux Pastry.
Varieties of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern origin:
 Phyllo
 Brik
 Kataifi.
These can all be classed in the short paste category.
Short Pastry
Short pastry doughs will have a short texture. Meaning that when they are mixed the dough
can be pulled apart easily rather than stretched until it broke.
Short pastry can be savoury or sweet.
Savoury short pastry will contain fat up to 50% of the flour weight, salt and water. Some
enriched doughs can contain eggs that replace water content.
Sweet short pastry (traditionally shortbread) can be made from 2 separate formulas.
 2:1:1–2 Flour: 1 Sugar: 1 Fat
 3:2:1–3 Flour: 2 Sugar: 1 Fat.
Both of these formulas will use egg or water as a binding agent in the closing stages of
mixing.
Both formulas can have an aeration agent added to give a lighter eating texture.
Refer to recipes in Appendices in back of manual.
Puff Pastry

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Classical European style pastry that is dough of flour salt and water that has had fat
incorporated in layers; this process is referred to as lamination.
Lamination is also used in sweet yeast dough production; Danish, croissant.
Ingredients
Flour
Flour should be smooth, soft, and rich in starch with low gluten content. A part of the flour
can be replaced by cornflour. It should be well sieved with the flour and baking powder (if
used).
If the flour protein level is too high, then the gluten which inevitably forms will reduce
shortness to a greater degree than when low protein flour is used.
If the protein level is too low, then flow-out is possible, as some structural properties are still
required.
Rice flour
Shortbread made with rice flour, or short pastry dipped into rice flour increases crispness,
e.g. Scotch Shortbread.
Sugar
As a general rule, the sugar must be fully dissolved during the mixing process. Undissolved
sugar can have undesirable effects on the product. It can produce a crust with a gritty
texture and it can cause the appearance of dark spots of caramelised sugar on the surface
of the baked product.
Dissolved sugar also has an influence on the moisture level in the dough. Another function
of sugar in the dough is that it has a gluten softening effect, which prevents the over
toughening of any gluten which is formed. Because sugar can only do this when in solution,
the dissolving of the sugar is vital.
The general rule for ensuring that sugar is fully dissolved is to relate crystal size to mixing
times. For instance, most shortbread dough has a relatively short mixing cycle and do not
contain a significant level of moisture. Therefore, a small crystal size sugar such as caster
sugar is required. Scotch Shortbread, which has an even shorter mixing cycle, and contains
no added moisture, requires the use of icing sugar, to ensure that it dissolves rapidly.
Fat
The fat is the ingredient with the major influence on both flavour and consistency.
Shortbread can be made with margarine or butter, or a mixture of both.

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With regard to consistency: Short pastry with a low fat content easily becomes doughy and
tough, as it has to have more milk or water to bind the flour. After baking it may shrink and
get hard quickly. Short pastry with too much fat, becomes very soft and oily, making it
difficult to work with. Soft, warm and oily fats are also unsuitable.
If the fat is too cold, a longer mixing time may be required. This is to prevent the possibility
that inadequate dispersion of the fat will allow formation of gluten from the uncoated flour
particles.
If the fat is too warm and soft, oiliness could result, allowing the escape of the fat from the
dough both before and during baking. This would result in a dry and tough product.
Although Butter shortbread has the better flavour, sometimes it is advisable to replace some
of the butter with margarine to extend the working time with the pastry, especially in warmer
climates or in production areas with high room temperatures.
This is to handle the dough more successfully and to avoid excessive flour in the pastry.
Replacing fats
When replacing margarine or shortening with butter it is vital to reformulate the recipe, to
produce the similar textured shortbread.
The fat content of butter differs mostly to shortenings, which have a higher fat content. It is
recommended to check the fat content of a shortening prior to reformatting recipes.
Substituting Butter to Shortening:
Multiply weight of the butter by 0.8: = total shortening
Multiply weight of the butter by 0.15 = total addition of liquid (water or egg)
E.g. 1000 gm butter x 0.8 = 800 gm shortening
E.g. 1000 gm butter x 0.15 = 150 gm liquid addition
Substituting Shortening to Butter
Multiply weight of the shortening by 1.20: = total butter
Multiply weight of the shortening by 0.15 = total liquid subtracted from other liquid (water or
egg)
E.g. 1000 gm Shortening x 1.2 = 1200 gm butter
E.g. 1000 gm Shortening x 0.15 = 150 gm liquid subtracted
Eggs

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Egg yolks assist the blending and binding of the ingredients. If
used in larger quantities they can soften the dough to piping
consistency.
If the egg is too cold, then a longer mixing time may be
required to bring the dough to a workable consistency. Care
must be taken so that the longer mixing time does not result in
excessive gluten formation and development as the barrier is
forced or broken down.
The stability provided by the egg white does not cause toughness or shrinkage, as opposed
to gluten, which would have an adverse effect.
Baking powder
Baking powder is an optional ingredient and is used to open the
texture of the pastry.
Water
Eggs can be substituted with water but this will produce a less rich pastry.
Flavourings
Flavourings which may be used include salt, vanilla, lemon and cinnamon, the choice
depends on the desired end product. Ground nuts and almond or cocoa can also be used.
NOTE
There are a variety of short pastry types, and their consistency and handling characteristics
are governed mainly by the amount of fat in the mix, the grade of sugar used, the
replacement of flour with nuts or crumbs, and the way in which the ingredients are
processed to incorporate the fat. Varying levels of moisture can affect consistency. Higher
amounts will inevitably produce toughness, as the flour is more likely to come into contact
with the moisture and form gluten.
Prevention of gluten formation during mixing and processing is a very important factor in
short pastry production.
Many of the problems attributed to poor quality products are directly associated with
incorrect handling and processing techniques.
Temperature of ingredients should be held at 16 to 21 oC, which will assist in the mixing
process and consistency of the pastry and avoids fat lumps.
Pastry made with butter should be produced the day prior to usage.
Key points for Short pastry

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 Do not over mix or over handle
 Avoid excessive flour dusting
 Addition of scrap pastry up to maximum of 10% to virgin pastry.
Methods of production
The basic method for short pastry has some variations, each designed to prevent moisture
coming into direct contact with the flour, therefore producing a “short” pastry.
Rub-in method
With this method, the fat is rubbed into the flour, coating the flour grains, and preventing
them from taking up moisture thus preventing the formation of gluten.
The liquids, sugar, etc. are then carefully incorporated to form soft dough.
Too much mixing, or the use of too much pressure at this stage, could result in the
breakdown of the fat barrier allowing moisture penetration.
Blending or creaming method
This method has variations in the way in which the fat is incorporated, but in each case the
objective remains unchanged.
The fat and sugar are either creamed or blended to a paste. Then the liquids are added
carefully so that they become suspended and evenly dispersed.
This dispersion enables the balance of the flour to be added without coming into direct
contact with them.
Highly physically aerated formulae, such as Viennese or biscuit dough, are capable of being
piped or extruded, whereas a similar ratio of ingredients, made up using the rub-in method,
produces a dough which is capable of being rolled with a pin.
Other influences which dictate the final shortness of the product include the solvent or
softening effect of sugar on gluten.
It must also be remembered that dissolving sugar creates liquid, and therefore
sugar/moisture additions must be controlled, and in the correct sequence.
Flour batter method

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This method is the only method ensuring the complete dissolving of the sugar. Cream fat
and half the quantity of flour, mix all the sugar and liquid and clear through. Add remainder
of flour and clear.
Puff pastry
Definition
Puff pastry is made up of hundreds of alternating layers of fat
and dough.
As the name implies, puff pastry will puff up in the oven to produce a light flaky crisp type of
product, it does not contain any leavening agent or baking powder, but can rise up to eight
times of its original size. The pastry is suitable for sweet and savoury products, as it does
not contain any sugar.
Lamination aeration
Lamination aeration is the rolling and folding of pastry so that individual layers of fat and
dough are formed.
The fat turns into oil when the pastry enters the oven; it keeps the layers of dough separate.
The water in the dough turns to steam and forces the layers of fat apart by its pressure.
Ingredients
Flour
It is necessary to use medium strength flour, which will give a gluten structure of reasonable
elasticity.
Flour with a high gluten protein level will produce a tough pastry, which is prone to
breakdown of dough layers during rolling and folding.
This factor is of extreme importance when power rollers are used, as this process tends to
increase toughness.
Fat
There is little doubt that the best quality puff pastry is made using butter, due to the melt in
the mouth quality, as butter has a low melting point.
This, however, causes many handling problems due mainly to the low melting point of
butter, and its rather unstable consistency.

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The use of weaker flour, resulting in dough of softer consistency may overcome this
problem, but mostly tight temperature control of the butter will adjust the consistency to be
the same as the flour mixture.
The flavour of pastry made by this method may well justify the trouble taken. In some
instances, a small percentage of flour is combined with the butter, to increase its handling
capability.
Pastry fats and margarine which are made especially for puff pastry are produced from high
melting point oils and fats. They have good spreading and moulding characteristics (i.e. they
plasticise).
The high melting point slows down its absorption into the dough layers until they have
begun to set. The use of these fats enables the baker to produce pastries of attractive
appearance, and good volume. The only detrimental effect is that there is often a waxy taste
left in the cooked pastry (palate cling).
This is due to the fact that the body temperature in the mouth is not high enough to melt the
fat in the crumb.
There are a number of different products available to the baker for puff pastry manufacture.
Some of these are margarines and emulsions containing up to 20% water, whilst others are
100% fat.
The quality of fat used in puff pastry can vary from method to method and is not critical
provided that there is enough present to insulate the dough layers.
The amount used can vary from 50% to 100% of the flour weight. For the best results when
using lower quantities, fewer turns may be given, but will result in a slightly reduced and
more irregular lift.
The type of pastry is usually defined by the amount of fat used, for instance:
Full pastry: 100% of fat based upon flour weight
 Used for very light and flaky products, like Vol au vents or Bouchees.
Three-quarter pastry: 75% of fat based upon flour weight
 Used mostly for all general puff pastry items, products like cream horns, turnovers or fruit
bandes.
Half pastry: 50% of fat based upon flour weight
 Used mostly for products where little lift and flake are required pies, pasties, palmiers or
slices.
Margarine
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As already explained, the margarine separates the layers of puff pastry dough. Therefore it
must be a margarine that is extremely extendable, so that the layers can be reduced
sufficiently in thickness to permit rapid expansion of the gluten. The margarine must also be
a non-sticky type that doesn’t penetrate the dough layers.
If the margarine penetrated the dough, the layers would be “shortened” and the puffing
effect restricted. Puff pastry margarine must also act as a frying medium. Because each
dough layer is separated by a margarine layer, the heat of the oven causes the dough
layers to fry. This helps to produce the ideal crisp, flaky texture.
During this same process, the expanded gluten becomes shortened by the margarine, and
this further improves the flavour and texture of the finished pastry.
As the flour starch gelatinises, it takes in melted fat, which stays in the crumbs, producing
soft eating quality.
Salt
Salt is mainly added to enhance the flavour and taste. It works stabilising on the gluten
structure and it increases the shelf life, as it suppresses bacteria activity. If the fat is already
salted, further addition is usually unnecessary.
Water
Water is added to the pastry at the rate of approximately 50% the flour weight. This is
variable, according to the water absorption rate of the flour.
Water binds the dry ingredients together and enables the development of the gluten in the
flour. It provides a source of steam during baking to help make the pastry rise.
Colour
Yellow food colouring is sometimes used to improve the colour of the pastry; some recipes
are also made with eggs to enrich the pastry.
Puff pastry is usually made without any colouring, as the pastry is usually egg washed prior
to baking.
Lemon Juice, Vinegar or Cream of Tartar
Acids have a toughening affect on gluten and are sometimes used for this reason, it also
prevents natural discolouration of the dough during storage.
Temperatures and equal consistency of dough and fat; if butter is used to produce high
quality puff pastry, refrigeration is necessary to keep the pastry cool and prevent the butter
from softening. This is to ensure that the fat and dough layers are even.
If the fat is too cold or too hard, breakage of the fat layer occurs during rolling of the pastry.
This would result in a detrimental effect upon the volume of the product. If the fat is too soft,

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it will be squeezed out during rolling and a formation of even layers impossible. Ideal
temperature for fat is 15oC – 20oC, but this also depends upon the temperature of the
production area and the time taken rolling the pastry.
For successful lamination it is important that the following precautions are taken:
 Do not roll pastry out too thinly when folding as the dough may be over-extended, caus-
ing it to fracture
 Give sufficient rest periods between folds to allow the gluten to fully relax
 Use medium strength flour for dusting purposes, brush off any flour during the lamination
process, prior to folding
 Keep the addition of trimmings to a minimum. Use relaxed trimmings to a maximum of
10% of virgin pastry.
If using a dough-brake, reduce the block to the required thickness very gradually, as forcing
through the rollers will quickly break down the structure.
Methods of making puff pastry

All production processes have one important factor in common–they depend for success on
the separation of dough layers by fat layers. The same recipe is used for each method. The
main processes for making puff pastry are distinguished by the means by which the fat is
incorporated. These processes are:
 French and English roll-in method -flour/water dough are made and the fat is layered
and rolled in, following a specific process. This method is producing a pastry that is fine
and even, it is mostly used for products like Chaussons, vol au vents and Pithiviers
 Scotchchop-in method - the fat is incorporated during the dough mixing process and is
dispersed roughly through the dough. This method produces a more flaky pastry, as
compared to the above method. It is only suitable where scrap pastry would normally be
used, especially for pies, cream puffs or fleurons.
English method
 Mix the dough ingredients until smooth
 Mould into a ball, cover and rest for 20 - 30 min (relaxes the dough – Proteolytic Enzyme
action)
 Prepare the fat to the same consistency as the dough
 Pin out the fat to a rectangle
 Pin out the dough to a rectangle 1/2 as long again as the fat and 3 - 4 cm wider, brush
off any flour
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 Place the butter or pastry margarine on top of the dough, as in diagram 1.
Diagram 1
Brush any flour of the dough which has no fat on it and fold it over onto the portion which is
covered with the fat, as in diagram 2, then fold the dough with the fat uppermost over
(diagram 3 shows the side view at this stage.
Diagra
m2 Diagram 3
Pin the dough out to +/- 5mm thickness and give the required number of half turns or book
folds with the appropriate rests in between turns.
French method
Mix the dough ingredients until smooth.
Mould into a ball, cut a cross on top, cover and rest for 20 - 30 Min (relaxes the dough -
Proteolytic Enzyme action).
Prepare the fat to the same consistency as the dough and shape it to a square.
Pull down the points forming the cross and pin out the dough to form a star or square, brush
off any flour.
Place the fat on top of the dough, as in diagram 2.
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Diagram 2
Brush off any flour of the dough flaps and fold them over onto the fat making sure to
envelope the fat in well.
Using a rolling pin carefully, with even pressure, roll out the dough into a rectangle.
Pin the dough out to +/- 5mm thickness and give the required number of half turns or book
folds with the appropriate rest in between turns.
Scotch (Blitz) method
 Cut the pastry margarine into cubes and add to the dry ingredients
 Add the water and mix the dough until it has just cleared (it should still have lumps of fat
showing) Do not develop
 Form into a rectangle or square and brush off any flour
 Pin the dough out to +/- 5mm thickness and give the required number of half turns or
book folds with the appropriate rests in between turns.
Alternate Method
 Cut the pastry margarine into cubes
 Mix the dough ingredients until smooth
 Add the pastry margarine cubes and mix the dough until it has just cleared (it should still
have lumps of fat showing)
 Form into a rectangle or square and brush off any flour
 Pin the dough out to +/- 5mm thickness and give the required number of half turns or
book folds with the appropriate rests in between turns
 Resting, rolling and cutting out of pastry.

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Whatever method of rolling and folding is used, the pastry block is subjected to a large
degree of stretching, which builds up tensions in the block. For this reason, it is important
that with each rolling and folding operation, the pastry is rolled in the opposite direction. This
will result in an even tension in the pastry with more even shrinkage in the oven, reducing
the possibility of misshaped and distorted products.
The number of folds is also important for the following reasons:
 Too few folds will result in irregular and uneven lift, and the loss of fat during baking
 Too many folds will cause the layers to merge, resulting in a breakdown of lamination
and a shortening of the structure.
Provided that proper resting periods have been given during processing, it is not necessary
to rest the cut out pieces prior to baking.
Puff Pastry Turns

There are two types of turns given to Puff Pastry.
 Half Turns (Single)
 Book folds (Double).
Note:
The production method is irrelevant to the lamination process.
The number of turns given to puff pastry is determined by the desired lift and eating quality
of the final product.
Final turned puff pastry should achieve 100 to 2500 layers of fat in the dough. These layers
can be achieved by using half turns, book folds, or a combination of the two.
Half Turns
Puff pastry made with ½ turns requires 6 half turns.
The pastry is first pinned out to 5mm thick and kept as a rectangle, this is very important for
even layering.
Fold 1/3 of the pastry over, as in the folding in of the fat for the English Method of
incorporating the pastry margarine (diagram 1).

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Diagram 1 Diagram 2
Repeat this again having turned the pastry around so that the two open ends are towards
and away from you (the ends should look as in diagram 2.
Cover and rest in the fridge for 20 - 30 mins.
Repeat the whole procedure another two times to give six half turns, with the correct resting
times after every two half turns.
Book Folds
Puff pastry made with Book folds requires 3 book folds
The pastry is first pinned out to 5mm thickness and kept as a rectangle, this is very
important for even layering.
The two opposite ends are folded into the centre.
Diagram 1 Diagram 2
Repeat this again having turned the pastry around so that the two open ends are towards
and away from you.
Cover and rest in the fridge for 20 - 30 mins.
Note:
If Puff pastry is to be refrigerated over a period of time, it should receive the last turn, prior
to making it into units.
Puff Pastry with a combination of half and book turns require 2 half turns and 2 book folds.

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How puff pastry aerates
The expanding property of gluten is important in the baking of puff pastry. In the paste,
before baking, there is a laminated structure consisting of thin layers of dough separated by
thin layers of margarine.
In a very hot oven, these dough layers or a very large number of them “blow up” or “blister”.
As each layer is separated from its neighbour by a margarine layer, the cumulative effect of
the layers expanding and the pressure of steam results in the puff paste growing in size,
until eventually the gluten sets and holds the pastry article in the expanded state.
It is essential to have the dough layers very thin and the oven temperature high so that the
water can be converted quickly into steam before the gluten coagulates or sets.
The English method
1/2 Butter Dough
Turns Layers Layers
At Start 2 3
1 6 7
2 18 19
3 54 55
4 162 163
5 486 487
6 1458 1459
Total Layers 2917

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The French method
1/2 Butter Dough
Turns Layers Layers
At Start 1 2
1 3 4
2 9 10
3 27 28
4 81 82
5 243 244
6 729 730
Total Layers 1459

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Activity
Observe a demonstration of the production process for Puff Pastry.
Produce Puff Pastry using the English and French method.
Puff Pastry 3/4 puff
Item Ingredients Weight (gm) Method
A Plain Flour 1500

Salt 20
Water 750
Lemon Juice (optional) 20
Margarine (soft) 125
B Puff shortening 1000

Or Butter
Total 3395
If using butter to produce this dough it is advisable to make the dough and chill in cool room
overnight.
This will help to keep the butter cool while the ‘turning process’ takes place.
Especially in warm climates the dough needs to be chilled.
If this is not possible then use only ‘Puff Pastry shortening’. This has been specially
developed to have a high melting point of 45°C.
Recommended that students do both styles:
 French
 English.
Both have different characteristics.

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English method
 Mix "A" to a smooth dough and rest covered for 15 minutes

 Ensure that fat and dough are of the same consistency
 Shape the butter to a rectangle (30x40 cm)
 Roll the dough out to 30x 60 cm and place the fat onto it, leaving the dough 1/3 un -
covered
 As shown on previous page
 Fold the remaining pastry onto the fat and fold in half again, so that there are 2 layers of
fat and three layers of pastry (Half turn)
 Repeat the half turn another five times, while changing the rolling direction after each
turn. (Keep the open ends towards and away from you when rolling out, ensuring ex-
cessive flour is removed after each turn)
 Rest for 30 minutes after every 2 half turns
 After 6 half turns Puff Pastry is completed
 Rest for 30 minutes before use.
French method
 Shape the butter to a square (30x30 cm)
 Roll the dough out to 45x 45 cm and place the butter diagonally in the centre of the
dough
 As shown on previous page
 Fold over each corner of the dough to meet in the centre completely enveloping the fat
 Roll the dough out to 30x 60 cm. Give half turn
 Proceed as for English Method.

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Docking
This is placing lots of holes into the puff pastry dough with a special hand machine or using
a fork.
Pastry items are docked to:
 Reduce volume, as in puff pastry
 Allow air to escape from under blind baked pastry cases, e.g. flans.
Do not dock pastry cases if liquids are going to be the filling, e.g. Egg Custard, as it will
leak out through the holes.
Storage of puff pastry
When pastry is made up on the day before use, it is a good policy to
leave the final fold until ready to use.
The stored pastry should be covered to prevent skinning, and stored in
a cool place.
The best material for this is plastic sheet, which is impervious to air
and can be washed frequently, and is more hygienic than other
coverings.
Puff pastry can be kept indefinitely in a deep freeze.
To defrost, it can be removed from the freezer and left in the bakery for
at least six hours.
It may also be placed in a refrigerator overnight
where it will keep in a useable state for up to two
days.
If refrigerated or frozen, the pastry will require
bringing to certain temperature before rolling;
depending on the fat which was used.
When it is brought back to required temperature,
it should be used as soon as possible.
If the raw pastry is kept at above refrigeration
temperature, production of acids formed by bacteria
will cause sourness to develop and make the pastry
unsuitable for use.

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Choux Pastry
Definition
The word ‘Choux’ is of French origin and its literal meaning is ‘Cabbage-like.’ Visually,
a cream puff has a cabbage-like appearance due to the typical rough surface texture.
High quality items of good volume and fine internal walls prepared from a base panada that,
when sufficiently cooled, has the addition of whole egg which is responsible for produc ing
aeration during the baking process.
Choux pastry, also known as ‘Cream Puff Pastry, has a wide
application range, it can be deposited as; fancy fine scroll,
lattice, bulbs, fingers and a range of decorative units. It is used
as a basis for confections, gateaux, ornaments, as savoury
cases for fish, meat and other fillings.
Due to the bland flavour characteristic of choux paste it can be
used for containing an extensive range of plain, fancy or decorative savoury and sweet
fillings finished as single or multi-grouped units.
Choux paste also readily blends with a range of finishing materials, examples being:
fondant, glace icing, chocolate, ganache icing sugar, slightly caramelised sugar syrup, prior
to bake grated cheese, herbs and spices may be used to enhance end product qualities.
Cheese is often added into the mix for savoury products, to enhance the flavour.
The production process for choux pastry is unique as in no other product, with the exception
of boiled short pastry, is the flour starch gelatinised prior to baking.
Ingredients
Choux pastry is made from four simple basic ingredients – water, fat, flour and egg.
Flour
Medium strength flour is most suitable, due to the protein content. Although the flour
proteins are denatured in the preparation of the panada, a reasonably high level of this
coagulated protein must intermingle with the egg protein to provide the structure necessary
for expansion during baking.
Fat
Butter is often recommended as the ideal fat for choux pastry; however, many choices are
available.

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There is a popular perception that the firm fats such as shortbread or pastry margarines
produce a more stable batter, which therefore results in better products, but these fats leave
a fat cling to the palette, due to their high melting points.
Therefore it is really a matter of personal choice and taste what fat to use.
Water/Whole Milk
Water/Whole Milk are both used in a particular formula to:
 Scale the flour
 Partially gelatinise flour starch
 Partially coagulate flour protein
 Act as a moistening agent
 Adjust panada consistency
 Provide moisture generation during the baking process.
Ratio of these two ingredients is most important because tests on formulae with high liquid
ratio in base panada resulted in thick tough dense walled products.
In contrast low ratio of formula liquid in the panada results in misshapen products.
Egg
Whilst egg pulp is suitable, fresh eggs are considered ideal due to the greater stability of the
albumen, essential to the aeration process for this product. If frozen egg pulp is used, it
needs to be used after thawing and at a moderate temperature, for increased stability.
Eggs are essential because they provide:
 Moistening
 Aeration adjust paste consistency
 Flavour and influence eating qualities
 Structure and determine character of product
 Unique bases for this type of trade product
 Provide moisture for steam generation during the baking process
 Base for both sweet and savoury type product.
Sugar
Sugar rarely used in most formulae; purpose for use would be to assist crust colour and
impart a negligible degree of product tenderness. Application would be for produce intended
on sweet complement finishing.
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Salt
Salt is rarely used in choux paste lines, infrequently it is contained as a formula ingredient in
produce intended for savoury complement finishing.
A general disadvantage could be seen in that it has an effect of tightening protein structure.
Chemical Aerating Agents
Chemical Aerating Agents, the use of baking powder appears well established. Its
importance is one of having a slight opening effect of produce structure.
Traditional method found that ‘Vol’ was used in common practice. This type of aerator
(Ammonium bicarbonate) works well in choux paste conditional that it is used in precise
amounts.
A disadvantage is that slight excess can cause internal discolouration, off odour, unpleasant
eating quality and distortion of goods.
Because baking powder does not require the same precise quantity and that it is more
commonly found in all trade production, its use is more widespread.
In certain formulae, additional ingredients may be required.
These materials are more generally used to complement and enhance flavour of the final
product, e.g. Vanilla, Mace.
Choux paste is versatile in setting in that it can be:
 Baked in an oven
 Deep fried
 Poached in hot water for small savoury lines.
Method
The water is brought to the boil with the fat.
The flour is sieved and added to the boiling mixture, while on the heat, and is stirred in very
quickly to prevent lumps forming, this is known as a panada.
The mixture needs to be heated until a smooth shiny mass is formed, which leaves the
sides of the saucepan. The cooking or heating of the panada is vital to gelatinise the starch,
which occurs when starch grains take up moisture; swell, burst and form a gel with the water
(thicken).
To gelatinise starch; temperatures of minimum 78 oC to 80oC are required.
Cooked panada should be removed from the stove as soon as it reaches the desired
temperature, to prevent burning.

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The mixture is now cooled to below 50oC, on a table; by spreading it out to give a larger
surface area so that it cools quickly or by stirring it on slow speed in the mixer for a few
minutes.
The correct addition of egg is important, and should not be done too quickly, as complete
incorporation at each addition is critical.
To ensure even distribution of the egg, it is necessary to repeatedly scrape down the bowl.
If the batter is too slack, it will run out on the baking sheet before and during baking, the
resulting products lacking volume, and often being difficult to dry out sufficiently in the oven.
On the other hand, if the batter is too firm, it will create too much resistance to steam
pressure, and the low moisture content will lessen the production of steam in the product.
Both of these factors result primarily in loss of aeration in the oven.
The aim is to produce stable, but smooth dough with a ‘silky’ texture. It should be firm
enough to retain its shape when piped or deposited.
Clean trays should only be very lightly greased. It is important that the base of the product
actually grips the tray.
This ‘holding down’ allows for greater expansion of the product without forming hollows in
the base, which can distort their shape, (particularly Éclairs, where an upturned banana
shape is common). Silicone paper will defeat this purpose and is not recommended.
Baking conditions vary with the product, however it is generally accepted that a moist
environment is best suited to products which require maximum expansion (e.g. Cream
Puffs), whilst a dry heat is best for Éclairs, Profiteroles etc., where a smooth surface is a
requirement.
The baking conditions are controlled with the use of the damper, or by covering the products
during baking.
It is important that the oven is not opened until the product has set or coagulated, as this
may cause the product to collapse.
Choux pastry can also be fried and at a temperature of 180°C. These items are called
beignets and are normally filled with sweet or savoury fillings and served hot with an
accompanying sauce.
Piping Choux Pastry
Choux paste is commonly piped onto very lightly greased baking trays. Only a slight smear
of fat is required to ensure good tray adhesion by the paste.
Well-greased trays cause produce to slip during piping and presents considerable difficulty
in both speed of depositing and piping efficiency. Release of the paste on well greased trays
is difficult because there is a tendency for the paste to lift and not break clean.
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Depositing should be practised with a large Savoy bag with a
half bag split to improve flow control, secure desired shape and
develop speed of depositing. (With bulbs and rounds the bag is
held vertically with the diameter of the nozzle just above the
surface of the tray).
Paste is extruded with a gradual lifting of the bag until a bold, distinctive shape and required
size is formed.
The desired shape should be retained with a clean sharp lift or cut-off being achieved. Tails
must be avoided; also, irregular volume to either side, symmetry is most essential to quality
products.
Fingers are deposited with the nozzle held in contact with the tray and at an angle of 45 to
60 degrees. Uniform pressure must be applied to secure a uniform, consistent and straight
appearance to the finger.
Cut off should be made with a slight release of pressure and slight reverse of direction of
nozzle travel with a clean lift to secure a uniform line of paste.
Spacing of items is most important to retain individual items or a distinctive shape to other
variety goods.
Regular well placed depositing will ensure best use of baking space and achieve quality
appearance to final products.
Close and irregular spacing will not give best results to items because baking will not be
either uniform or consistent.
Skill must be developed to secure optimum produce results with both speed and efficiency.
Attention must be given to:
 Required depositing technique
 Correct size of item
 Uniformity of items on the same tray
 Clean, sharp and distinctive shape
 Uniform and consistent spacing on trays
 Consistent lines of depositing (travel of nozzle).
Ensure that there are no air bubbles in the batter when piping; this could cause breakages
and inconsistency in the piped fingers. Remember that consistency of size is very important,
particularly for even baking.

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Some professionals prefer to use a star tube for piping éclairs, and whilst this will produce a
decorative surface, it does not produce the smooth surface, which when iced, has the finish
usually associated with the traditional éclair.
In English text books, éclairs piped in this fashion are called ‘Leopolds’ and are sprinkled
with coarse sugar prior to baking. They are then split and creamed when cold, requiring no
further finishing.
Baking
Traditionally choux paste was baked in enclosed containers that allowed steam to be
evaporated from the baking items and assist the baking process. This practice allowed
maximum volume with an open porous thin walled finely structured product.
Improved volume and quality characteristics of choux paste goods are attained with steam
utilisation during the initial baking stage.
Advantage to certain paste produce has been found by baking items with lines such as
sausage rolls, puff pastry goods or yeast goods.
Excessive steam must be avoided or grossly misshapen products will result. Another
practice is (where possible) oven dampers are closed for the initial baking period to allow
optimum volume to be attained.
Required oven temperature will vary according to variety of choux paste produce. In
general, high oven temperature is advised between 210 oC and 230oC.
 Low oven temperature prevents items reaching optimum volume prior to setting and
hence products have dense heavy quality with thick under baked walls
 Excessive oven temperature will also cause poor shape, lack of volume, and under
baked thick dense walls.
Baking times will vary according to a number of conditions:
 Size and shape of items
 Uniformity of depositing
 Type and distribution of oven heat
 Recovery temperature of oven
 Damper control
 Capacity of the baking chamber.
Storage
Choux pastry should be open inside with a dry outer shell. A small amount of water should
remain inside the shell to prevent brittleness and the possibility of cracking in storage.

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Baked shells can be stored in a protected cool environment for up to one week, or may be
deep frozen. Freezing is best done soon after the product is baked as it is important to
retain a percentage of moisture for satisfactory results. Products which are very dry will
crumble and break very easily when thawed. To achieve crisp products, baked frozen may
be baked again.
Factors Controlling the Volume
When choux paste is being baked, any air that has been beaten into it will expand and the
water in the paste will be converted to steam. The expanded air, as well as the steam, tries
to escape from the paste but to a large extent it is prevented from doing so because both
are trapped and retained within the paste by films of coagulated flour protein and
uncoagulated films of egg albumen.
The egg albumen is extensible and will be inflated and distended by the internal pressures –
air and steam. Thus the pastries increase in volume, and expansion only ceases when the
egg albumen films lose their extensibility and gas holding powers.
However, the moisture which is near to the surface of the paste is driven off fairly quickly,
after which the temperature of this outer layer of paste can rise well above the temperature
of boiling water.
During the latter part of this period and as the paste has already reached very considerable
volume, the egg proteins are coagulated and set. The natural sugars from the flour will soon
begin to caramelise to a rich brown colour when the moisture has been driven out of the
surface layer of paste of an éclair case or puff shell.
Whatever the strength of the flour, protein will have been coagulated during the preliminary
cooking of the water, fat and flour which occurs prior to the addition of eggs in making choux
paste. The gluten, therefore, will have lost both extensibility and gas-holding powder.
The presence of strong films of uncoagulated egg protein in the paste at the moment that it
is placed into the oven to bake is of the utmost importance for the achievement of
satisfactory volume in choux pastries.
Savoury short pastry

Savoury short pastry is mainly used for quiches, pies, biscuits, savoury tartlets and cheese
fours.
The difference between sweet short pastries is the sugar content, which is little or none in
savoury pastry. Due to the softening effect of sugar, savoury pastry tends to have increased
gluten development, which increases the possibility of shrinkage during baking.
The main ingredients of savoury short pastry are fat and flour, usually ata ratio of:

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 2 fat 3 Flour; or 1 fat 2 flour; other ingredients are eggs, salt, water or milk. Please refer
to the notes in Sweet Short Pastry for ingredient functions preparation and production.
For best flavour savoury pastry is mostly or partly made with pig lard.
Methods of savoury pastry production
Note: The same recipe can be used for all methods.
Boiled: This method produces a very brittle short pastry; traditionally it is used in the
production of Pork Pies.
Boil water with salt and lard, ensuring that the fat is melted. Pour the boiling water directly
into the sifted flour and mix to a paste. Once the pastry is cool, it is ready to use.
Note:
This method is only very rarely used, as the hot method makes a better pastry.
Hot: This method produces a shorter eating quality pastry than the boiled method. Rub the
flour and fat into a crumble. Boil water and salt. Pour boiling water mix over the flour and fat
mixture and combine, cool and use.
Cold: All methods as for sweet pastry production can be used. The method described is the
best suitable.
Rub lard and flour into a crumble, mix cold water and salt, pour onto fat and flour
mixture and mix until cleared.
This method is used for Cornish Pasties, Quiches, Tartlets and Barquettes.
Reasons for boiling water or water/fat mix
The reason is to gelatinise some of the starch, which enables the paste to take on more
crust colour.
The heat melts the fat and as the paste cooks, the fat sets more firmly than it was originally
and helps to hold the shape of the pork pie (pork pies are traditionally baked without tins or
hoops).
This prevents the pies collapsing when they are first placed in the oven. It provides sufficient
structure long enough for the crust to form during the early stages of baking.
The other advantage is that the gelatinised starch gives greater plastic properties to the
paste enabling the pies to be raised more easily.

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Strudel and Filo Pastry
Little History
Filo pastry is believed to have originated in East Asia,
but in modern times the Greeks have claimed it as
their own. A slight change by the Hungarians to the
recipe formula and in the production method
developed the strudel pastry.
Strudel was made famous by the Austrians, who
understood the production of specialty fillings and
created pastries, like no others. Even in today’s time
Viennese Strudels have worldwide reputation.
Definition and Production Method of Pastry
The basic water-pastry is made from medium to strong flour and water, with the addition of
eggs, oil and/or cornflour in some cases.
The dough is mixed to full gluten development, well rested, and then stretched out to wafer
thickness, without breaking.
Many experts in Strudel making like to demonstrate that the pastry is thin enough if it is
possible to read the print of a newspaper through the dough.
A piece of dough weighing 1.7 kg should cover an area of 1.5 to 1.8m.
Although filo and strudel pastry are not exactly the same, they are interchangeable. Both of
the pastries have the same outcome, to produce a pastry simular to puff pastry, crisp and
flaky when baked.
The difference between puff pastry and filo or strudel pastry is that the fat is brushed or
sprayed onto the stretched dough in comparison to rolling and folding the fat layers.
The principle of lamination aeration is the same as for puff pastry.
In today’s time a wide range of commercially produced filo pastry is readily available.
In commercial manufacture of filo pastry the extrusion method is used, followed by a cutting
devise.
This filo pastry comes in paper thin leaves, it is available fresh (refrigerated) or frozen, with
excellent shelf-life to several weeks in the refrigerator.

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Ingredients
Flour
Itis necessary to use medium to high strength flour, which gives a gluten structure of
reasonable elasticity.
This is important, in order to be able to pull the pastry out, without breakage.
Water
Water is added to a rate of approximately 50% of the flour weight, depending on the
strength of the protein content.
Water binds all the dry ingredients and enables the development of gluten.
Fat
The addition of fat is recommended, as it retains the moisture in the pastry, therefore the
pastry does not dry too quickly.
Fat also softens the gluten strand, which enables the pastry to be pulled out paper thin.
Eggs
The addition of eggs enhances the structure of the pastry when baked, due to the
coagulation of proteins.
It provides moisture, elasticity and colour in the dough.
Other ingredients:
Lemon Juice: May be used to strengthen the gluten of the flour.
Salt: Works stabilising on the gluten structure.
Cornflour: May be used to weaken the gluten structure for softer eating qualities. Cornflour
is also added to weaken the structure to ease the pulling out of the pastry.
Strudel Pastry Handling Techniques
To stretch the pastry without tearing the following points should be followed:
The ideal pastry should be soft, covered with oil (prevents skinning) and lukewarm for the
ease of stretching.
Use lightly floured hands and surfaces to prevent sticking.
The pastry is usually rolled out first, and then stretched by laying it over the back of the
hands (circulating it in a horizontal motion).
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When the paste is too large to handle it is placed onto a floured table cloth and anchored to
a corner of the table to ease the stretching.
It is now again stretched carefully using the back of the hands until it is wafer thin.
The thicker ends are cut off, prior to adding the filling. The scrap pastry could be used for
dumplings in soups.
Splitting or tearing is prevented by using lightly floured hands and by working the paste
quickly, to avoid drying out.
All rings should be removed from the fingers to reduce the possibility of snagging the paste.
1. Select required commodities according to recipe and

production requirements
Ingredients for recipes
All Pastry has base ingredients of flour and water.
Better quality pastry also has a fat added to give eating qualities. Salt can be added to give
strength to gluten structure and adds to the flavour
Sweet pastry has an addition of sugar but this has
effects on the gluten that needs to be controlled by
altering recipe ratio
All these pastries have a closed consistency and
after they are baked are very heavy in the eating
qualities.
Addition of aeration to the pastry achieves better
eating quality so giving a more pleasant sensation
from consumption.
Aeration can be achieved by the addition of chemical compound (baking powder) or by the
addition of fat and different methods of incorporating these fats into the dough give a
different result.
The addition of fat also adds to the food value to the dough or batter.
Flour
Strong flour is needed for the production of puff pastry, choux and strudel pastry items while
medium or weaker flour is required for the production of sweet short pastry, shortbread and
savoury pastry items.
Sugar
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Caster or finer grain sugar is preferred for pastry making due to its capacity to dissolve more
easily during the baking process.
Salt
Sodium Chloride is used to give flavour and it also has a strengthening effect on the protein
structure of the flours making the dough more readily able to be stretched over great
distance without tearing.
Fats
Butter is the fat of choice for flavour when making pastries but alternatives are available due
to the fact that butter is hard to handle in warmer climates due to its low melting point.
Margarines and shortenings that have a higher melting point can be adapted to all recipes
and flavours can be added to give a more pleasant eating sensation.
Eggs
Eggs added to pastries add food value but also add to the cost. Eggs add colour but
colouring agents can be used to overcome this issue. Eggs can be fresh or powdered.
Aerating agents
Baking powder is the most common. Adding baking powder will give a more open texture to
the pastry and make it easier to eat.
Addition of fats into dough can have an aerating effect on the pastry such as Puff Pastry.
Flavouring Agents
Spices, essences and intensely aromatic liquids can be added to pastry to enhance the
eating sensation.
The compulsory standard is that it must be fit for human consumption and give no harmful
side effects.
Nuts
All nuts can be used in pastries. Some can be added raw while some have their flavour
enhanced by roasting nuts before use.
Milk
Milk can be used. It is can be fresh or powdered. Most commercial bakeries will use it as a
dry ingredient, due to convenience of storage and handling.
Ingredients for Fillings in Pastries

Any food can be used as a filling in pastry
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The base ingredient in the filling is normally cooked before it is place into the pastry.
 This is due to the fact that the pastry may cook before the filling and that can be danger-
ous to public health.
If the filling is cooked, the moisture must be stabilised before it is placed into the pastry.
 Filling is stabilised by adding a starch based ingredient that will absorb the moisture and
hold it in suspension during the baking process.
Pastries with filling that contain high moisture content need to be
cooked quickly so the filling does not boil inside the pastry. If it
boils it creates too much steam and breaks the pastry open
spoiling the visual affect of the finished product.
Savoury fillings
Vegetables need to be cooked before being placed into pastries due to their high water
content.
Meat needs to be small enough pieces to be cooked by the penetrating heat before the
pastry is cooked.
Cheese can be used as it is, but the cooking process will have an effect on the eating
quality of the cheese.
Sweet Fillings
Fruits need to be cooked before being used in fillings as the water content would spoil the
pastry my making it soggy or water logged.
Sugar need to be in a starch gel mix because as it is exposed to any moisture it will dissolve
and add extra moisture to the filling and also make pastry soggy.
2. Prepare a variety of Pastries

Activity
Observe a demonstration of the production process for Sweet Short pastry.
Produce Sweet Short pastry as directed.
Sweet Short Pastry

(Flour - batter method)

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A Shortbread Margarine 320

Cake Flour 240
Caster Sugar 160
B Egg #1 60
Lemon, Vanilla, Salt
C Medium Flour 240
Total 1020
Method:
 Mix "A" to a crumb only
 Add "B" and mix to a clear dough, creaming lightly
 Add "C" and mix until clear (do not over mix).
(Creaming Method)
Ite Ingredients Weight (gm) Method

m
A Butter 350
Caster Sugar 200
B Egg 50
Lemon & Vanilla to taste
C Medium Flour 500
Total 1100
Method:
 Cream "A" together (do not over cream)

 Mix "B", adjust temperature and add slowly to "A"
 If added too quickly, mixture will curdle
 Add "C" and mix to a smooth short paste (do not over mix)
 Store dough in Refrigerator until set.

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Activity
Produce a range of savoury short pastry products, as directed.
Short Pastry
Yield 3x 22cm fluted mould:
A Medium Flour .600

Salt .005
Milk Powder .035
B Butter .150
Lard .150
C Water .120
Total 1.060
Method:
 Sieve “A”
 Rub "B" into "A" to a crumbly consistency
 Mix in "C" to a light smooth paste (do not over mix)
 Rest for 30 min before use.
Note:
Medium flour may be replaced with soft flour and baking powder may be added to lighten
the texture of the pastry.
This pastry is also used for sweet flans and pies (Apple Flan) If used for sweet pastry, Lard
needs to be replaced with butter or shortening.

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Activity
Observe a demonstration of the production process for Puff Pastry.
Produce Puff Pastry using the English and French method.
Puff Pastry - 3/4 puff
A Plain Flour 1500

Salt 20
Water 750
Lemon Juice (optional) 20
Margarine (soft) 125
B Puff shortening 1000

Or Butter
Totals 3395
English method
 Shape the butter to a rectangle (30x40 cm)
 Roll the dough out to 30x 60 cm and place the fat onto it, leaving the dough 1/3 un -
covered
 Fold the remaining pastry onto the fat and fold in half again, so that there are 2 layers of
fat and three layers of pastry (Half turn)
 Repeat the half turn another five times, while changing the rolling direction after each
turn. (Keep the open ends towards and away from you when rolling out, ensuring ex-
cessive flour is removed after each turn)
 Rest for 30 minutes after every 2 half turns
 After 6 half turns Puff Pastry is completed
 Rest for 30 minutes before use.
French method

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 Shape the butter to a square (30x30 cm)
 Roll the dough out to 45x 45 cm and place the butter diagonally in the centre of the
dough, fold over each corner of the dough to meet in the centre completely enveloping
the fat
 Roll the dough out to 30x 60 cm. Give half turn
 Proceed as for English Method.
Choux Pastry
Using the recipe below, produce Choux Pastry
A Butter 200
Water 500
Salt pinch
Sugar pinch
B Flour, hard 350
C Eggs + / - 550
Total 1510
Method:
 Boil "A"
 Add sifted "B" into "A" while stirring
 Cook on low heat until the fat /flour mixture loosens from the bottom of the pan. The mix-
ture has to reach 80ºC, for the proteins of the flour to coagulate. Cool down the mixture
 When cool add the eggs slowly, clear mixture after each addition of egg
 Scrap bowl down occasionally
 Mixture has to have piping consistency, it should be soft, but has to be able to hold its
shape
 Depending on products most choux pastry goods are
 Baked at 220ºC until golden brown in colour
 Place onto cooling wires on removal from oven.
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Activity
Using the recipe below, produce Strudel Pastry as directed
Strudel Pastry 1
Ite Ingredients Weight (gm) Method
m
A Flour, hard 300

Oil, vegetable 50
B Eggs #1
C Water 100
Total 500
Method:
 Mix “A” into a crumble, using sifted flour

 Mix "B" and "C" and add to the flour
 Mix dough until clear and well developed
 Mould round and cover with oil and plastic to prevent skinning
 Rest dough 30 minutes before use.
Tin/tray preparation
Tins and trays used for baking sweet short pastries should be clean and free from foreign matter.
The nature of this pastry does not require the use of a releasing agent to prevent sticking.
Greasing of tins can lead to shrinkage during baking, being more obvious in the deeper style pans.
Rolling out or pinning out of short pastry
Shortbread should be blocked into a shape suitable for rolling, and should not be folded, layered or
moulded.
Roll carefully with smooth, even pressure on the pin.
Do not hit or bash down with the pin.
 Move the dough piece frequently to ensure adequate dust between it and the table surface

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 Do not attempt to move large rolled pieces with the hands, but rather, roll tightly around
the pin and move as necessary.
If the dough piece sticks to the table surface during rolling, then continued rolling will only
stretch out the top surface, the under surface being held firmly in place.
When hand rolling for a tray sized piece, check progress by placing the tray over the rolled
surface to ensure that suitable size has been reached.
Check
Before processing the Sweet Short pastry, further check that:
 The bench surface is level, smooth and clean
 The rolling pin is not damaged or pitted, is dry, and has no dry dough adhering to it, and
the pin has the correct rolling capacity
 An adequate supply of clean flour is available, and conveniently placed
 Tray, tins etc. are prepared.
Cutting Pastry
When using metal cutters to produce discs from a rolled sheet of pastry, firm pressure on
the cutter or a chopping motion may be used.
A slight twist of the cutter will usually cause the
disc to stick in the cutter, which allows it to be
moved clear of the scrap pastry.
Cut discs should be stacked evenly and not too
high to maintain shape and reduce the possibility
of distortion.
Large discs, such as those for plate pies should
be handled carefully, and not be picked up by the
edge, when cracking or breaking is possible.

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Activity
Observe a demonstration of the rolling out of sweet short pastry.
Using a manual rolling pin, roll out 150 gm of pastry to an even thickness of 4mm for
Shortbread Fingers. Cut the fingers 1.0cm x 5.0 cm. Place them on a clean tray and bake
them at 190oC until golden brown in colour (Straw).
The fingers are used to evaluate the different short pastries in texture, flavour and handling
properties. Please use the evaluation sheet to compare.
Scrap retrieval
Scrap pastry should always be incorporated into unused dough and not used alone to
produce similar products. It will have toughened considerably during rolling and reshaping.
When incorporating into fresh dough, this should be done with a minimum of mixing or
pressure. Only incorporate a maximum of 10% scrap into virgin pastry.
Lining into tins/foils/trays
The importance of consistency in this operation cannot be over-emphasised.
When discs of a particular shape and size are cut out, it is intended that these pieces will fit
neatly into the containers without trimming.
This can be achieved by careful manipulation of the dough piece without distorting it,
cracking, or leaving thumb and finger marks on the surface.
Air must not be trapped between the container and the dough, as this will expand during
baking and cause distortion. It also reduces the interior volume of the pie or tart.
Fluted edges require very careful handling as they are easily damaged during the lining
process.
Floor time prior to baking
Resting time prior to baking is recommended, but under ideal circumstances, a lengthy
floor-time would not be necessary except where an excessive amount of scrap pastry has
been used.
If a prepared product has been refrigerated or frozen, then it is advisable to bring it back to
room temperature before baking, as under-baking, and/or some shrinkage could occur.
Baking
Due to the sugar content, caramelization is rapid once the crust temperature reaches about
148ºC. For this reason, this type of pastry is baked at a reasonably moderate temperature.

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As a general guide the baking temperature for sweet short pastry is 190ºC to 215ºC,
furthermore the baking temperature depends on: size and shape, density, the sugar content
and product characteristic.
The baking temperature for savoury goods is 200ºC – 230ºC. Savoury pastry can be baked
at higher temperatures because of the low sugar content; this also ensures that the pastry is
cooked before the filling boils.
Pre-bake finishes: Sweet Short Pastry can be left plain, Egg-washed or washed and
sprinkled with sugar to enhance the appearance.
Blind-or Pre-baking of shortbread
When pre-cooked fillings or cold fillings are used, it is necessary to pre-bake the pastry
shells.
The main problem with this process is the shrinkage or distortion of the pastry during
baking. The absence of a filling provides nothing to hold the pastry in shape.
There are various methods employed to overcome these problems. The more common are
as follows:
 Bake on upturned foils or tins
 Sandwich between two foils or tins
 Dock dough pieces well and place in open tins or foils
 Line into tins or foils, cover with foil or greaseproof paper and fill cavity with split peas,
rice, beans or similar product.
At a later stage of baking, these second foils or fillings are removed to allow for completion
of baking process.
For some shortbread products like slices it is important to pre-bake the bases, which
guarantees that it will be properly cooked through, this also shortens the baking time and
lessens the possibility of the filling boiling prematurely. The main problem with pre-baking is
that there is a possibility of shrinkage at this time, which creates difficulties should the filling
overlap the edges of the base.
For pre-baked bases, the pastry should be docked to prevent build-up of gasses under the
sheet during baking, which could result in distortion of the base.
Remember
Docking of dough pieces is not satisfactory where a very liquid filling such as jelly or baked
custard is used, due to seepage through the crust.

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Post Bake Handling
It is important not to damage the product at this very vulnerable stage. Because of the soft
nature of the product at this time, careless handling could easily damage it.
Products can be finished with caster sugar, which is sprinkled onto the hot product on
removal from oven, or dusted with icing sugar when cold.
Packaging and Presentation
Most short pastry articles in hotels or restaurants are presented on mirrors, plates and/or
platters using doyleys and/or petit pans. For articles to take away, it is mostly wrapped in
cellophane wrap or bags, as this packaging allows the product to “breathe”. This also
retains the quality of the product and increases its shelf-life.
When serving shortbread tarts or pies hot, it is recommended to warm it on the serving dish,
as the transfer may distort the product.
Shelf-Life
Unbaked Short pastry has an excellent shelf-life, due to the high sugar and fat content. It
freezes very well, but must be protected to avoid freezer burn.
Baked short pastry articles are unsuitable for freezing
Ideally short pastry is baked freshly every day, but it can be stored for longer periods of time
if protected from moisture.
3. Produce a variety of pastries according to standard recipes

and enterprise standards
Product characteristics that customers look for come from the following:
Colour of the product when it is finally removed from the oven is important to the visual
appeal of the product. Colour stimulates the senses and encourages the customer to
purchase.
Appearance is about form and shape. It is important that all pieces have the same
appearance.
Consistency and texture is about how it feels in the mouth when the customer is
consuming the product.
Moisture content adds to the shelf life and mouth feel of the product.
Mouth feel and eating properties
This is achieved by maintaining consistency of production. Nobody is allowed to move away
from the given formula, shape design.

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Recipes need to be followed and each recipe should state the yield from each production
run, defining weights and number of units.
To achieve this each product must be moulded the same and must all look the same.
Enterprise standards can be determined by:
 Expectations of customers
 Skill of the artisan pastry cook
 Quality of ingredients used
 Market penetration point established by the enterprise.
Activity
Produce a variety of Sweet Short pastry, using the one of production methods from the
recipes provided.
Observe the formula variations of the recipes, the usage of the different pastries and their
eating qualities.
Activity
Observe a demonstration of the production process for Sweet Short pastry.
Produce Sweet Short pastry as directed.

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Activity
Observe a demonstration of the rolling out of sweet short pastry.
Using a manual rolling pin, roll out 150gm of sweet short pastry to an even thickness of
4mm for Shortbread Fingers.
Cut the fingers 1cm x 5cm.
Place them on a clean tray and bake them at 190 oC until golden brown in colour (Straw
colour).
The fingers are used to evaluate the different short pastries in texture, flavour and handling
properties. Please use the evaluation sheet to compare.
Activity
Using portion the Sweet Short Pastry you have produced.
Produce the following:
Frangipane Tartlets
Yield: 10
Item Ingredients Weigh (gm)t Ratio
A Sweet Short Pastry .200
B Raspberry jam .050
C Frangipane .500
D Almonds, flaked .005
F Apricot Jam .050
Total .800
Method:
 Roll out sweet paste to 3mm thickness
 Line out tartlet or brioche mould
 Pipe raspberry jam into each base (only very little)
 Fill 2/3 with frangipane
 Sprinkle flaked almonds on top
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 Bake at 180°C until golden brown
 Brush with boiled apricot jam, while tarts are still warm, or dust with icing sugar when
cold.
Frangipane
For 4 students
Ite Ingredients Weigh (gm)t Ratio

m
A Butter .300
Caster Sugar .300
Lemons Zest 1 each
Vanilla to taste
B Eggs .300
C Ground Almonds .300

Soft Flour .040
Total 1.250
Method:
 Finely grate the zest of the lemon
 Cream "A" until light
 Add half the quantity of "B" gradually
 Mix "C" and add half to "A" and "B"
 Add remainder of “B” gradually
 Add the remaining flour and almonds and mix until smooth.
Note:
By topping the tart with poached fruit, different flavours and textures are achieved.
This formula for frangipane is also used for the base of upside down cakes.

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Fruit Flan
Yield: 10 small
Item Ingredients Quantity Ratio
(gm)
A Almond Short Pastry .300
B Chocolate, white .080
C Crème patisserie .600
Fruit As required
D
any fresh and/or poached (600)
E Flan Gel 100g
TOTALS 1.580
Method:
 Roll out sweet paste to 3mm thickness
 Line out Flan Moulds
 Following resting time “blind bake” bases at 200°C
 When cold, brush bases with melted chocolate and 3/4 fill with crème patisserie
 Wash, peel and cut fruit
 Arrange neatly on top of the crème
 Glace with flan gel. Sample recipe follows.
Note:
Toasted nuts may be used to decorate the sides of the flan.
Equipment needed for this exercise:
 Rolling pin
 Pastry cutters
 Metal or aluminium foil moulds 2 – 3cm width
 Baking trays

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 Pots hand balloon whisk
 Mixing bowls.
Crème Patissiere (Vanilla Custard)

Ite Ingredients Weigh Ratio
m (gm)t
A Milk 1.000
Vanilla Essence .010
Caster Sugar .100
B Eggs .200
Caster Sugar .100
C Cake flour .050

Corn flour .050
Total 1.460
Method:
 Slit the vanilla bean lengthwise, scrape out the seeds and add into a saucepan with
sugar 1; Bring to the boil
 Whisk egg-yolk with sugar and add sifted “C”
 Add half of the boiling milk into the flour mix whilst stirring
 Place all the flour-mix back into the remainder of the boiling milk and bring back to the
boil, until it thickens
 Strain crème patissiere through a strainer, sprinkle with caster sugar and plastic wrap, to
prevent a crust from forming.
Note:
In some formulae for crème patissiere the cornflour is replaced with custard powder.
Custard powder is cornflour with yellow food colour and vanilla flavour.

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Flan Gel
Ingredients:
100 gm Flan Gel

75 ml Water
Method:
 Mix together and bring to the boil

 Glace Fruit Flan with “hot” mixture
 Water can be replaced with fruit juice (E.g. apricot brine from tinned apricot).

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4. Use appropriate equipment to prepare and bake pastries
Equipment may include:
Baking Ovens
Measuring Scales

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5.

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Spreading sponge batter on papered tray Sprinkle sugar on baked sponge sheet
Removing baked sponge sheet from tray Rolled Swiss roll

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5. Use correct techniques to produce pastries to enterprise
standards
When a customer purchases a product from bakery it is based on 2 reasons;
 They like the look of the product; visual stimulation
 They purchased before and want the same thing again.
If the product is not consistent then the customer will not be satisfied and will then complain.
Consistency in product manufacture is achieved by the following.
 Correct weighing of Ingredients
 Formula balance
 Bakery products are consistent when formula balance is maintained
 Scaling weights accurately
 Mixing the dough/batter the same every time
 Cutting or weighing to correct size
 Moulding to correct shape
 Baking the same every time.
These are the skills and technique that will return a consistent bakery product everytime.
After baking the product might need to be cut again into portions.

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Everything must look the same
Then when all is ready for sale then all must be sold the same way. Either:
 By portion, each
 By weight, kg or gm.
Skills required by the technician: pastry cook/cook/patissier includes the following:
 Beating can be vigorous combing of butter and sugar to aerate the batter before adding eggs
 Blending is slowly combining ingredients so as to not lose volume or break up ingredients. This
can be done with a spoon or spatula
 Whisking is using a whisk to aerate; many types on a whisk passing through the cream intro-
duces air into the cream and so aerates the cream
 Folding is layering over the product again and again
 Rolling is done with rolling pin or stick. Roll pastry or dough to make thinner
 Laminating is done to Puff pastry, Danish and Croissants dough. It is layering dough and fats,
rolling and turning. The layered fats in dough cause the dough to split during baking and it helps
to aerate the product leading to more gentle texture and easier eating
 Creaming is blending of fat and sugar or just fats to incorporate air to lighten the texture
 Kneading is working dough to increase gluten development in bread dough.

Recipe of good baking
 Weigh all ingredients. Do not measure them.
What is the difference?
 Weight is measured by scaling ingredients on the same set of weighing scales
 Measuring is done with cups and is by volume. Weigh is inconsistent each time.
Example
 1 kilo weighs 1 kilo
 200gm weighs 200gm
 1 cup of water measures 250ml, it weighs 250 gm.
But
1 cup of flour measures 250 ml; it weighs 120gm-150gm depending on several factors.
Let’s deal with the weight difference

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Volume measuring by cup is good but the density of each ingredient is different so you get a
different weight from each ingredient.
Water weight is same as volume; 1 kilo measures 1 litre; 1 litre weighs 1 kilo.
Dry ingredients all have a different density so therefore the weight of the same volume is different.
For example: 1 cup of weighs?
Sugar 225gm Flour 150gm Almonds Whole 120gm
Rice, uncooked 220gm Honey 375gm Almonds, ground 125gm
Standard for measure I cup volume: level to top of cup, not packed.
Consistency of results in baking comes with consistent measurements: WEIGH.
6. Bake pastries to enterprise requirements and standards
Product characteristics that customers look for come from the following:
 Colour of the product when it is finally removed from the oven is important to the visual appeal of
the product. Colour stimulates the senses and encourages the customer to purchase
 Appearance is about form and shape. It is im- port-
ant that all pieces have the same appearance
 Consistency and texture is about how it feels in the

mouth when the customer is consuming the
product
 Moisture content adds to the shelf life and

mouth feel of the product
 Mouth feel and eating properties.

This is achieved by maintaining consistency of production. Nobody is allowed to move away from
the given formula, shape design.
7. Select correct oven conditions for baking pastries
Pastries
Savoury short pastry and puff pastry need a solid heat in the high temperature range:
 180°C – 230°C.

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When pastry is used on bottom of pies and quiche a higher heat is recommended to be able to
penetrate the multiple layers of metal or foil and baking tray.
Shortbread or sweet pastry it is recommended that a lower heat setting is used because of the sugar
used in the dough:
 160°C- 210°C.
Gentler heat will result in less shrinkage during the baking process.

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Task Sheet 2.2-1
Title:
WORK PROJECT
Performance Objectives:
It is a requirement of this Unit you complete Work Projects as advised by your Trainer. You
must submit documentation, suitable evidence or other relevant proof of completion of the
project by the agreed date.
The student will need to produce a report on three types of pastries that they will be completing:
Supplies:
Equipment:
NONE
Steps/Procedure:
1. A brief history of the style will need to be presented

2. Define the ethnic origin of the pastry
3. Does it have any significance about it? Special occasions, festival time.
Assessment Mthod:
Use the Performance Criteria Checklist

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Performance Criteria Checklist for
Task Sheet 2.1-1
Criteria YES NO
1. Produce a list of 3 different types of pastries that will be produced.
 Puff pastry
 Shortbread
 Savoury short pastry.
2. Complete a list of all ingredients to complete selection.
 Different types of flour
 Different types of sugar
 Milk fresh or powdered?
3. Complete list of ALL equipment needed, both large and small.
 Describe the listing of large equipment
 Small hand tools
 Consumables required.

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Learning Outcome # 2 Decorate and Present Pastry
Products
Contents:
1. Decorative techniques and rules for garnishing
2. The tools in decorating
3. Tips how to present finished baked products
4. Standard and procedure in pastry and yeast goods
1. Presented pastries products according to specified techniques involved and proper garnishing.
2. Required and appropriate filling of pastry and yeast goods in accordance with standard recipes and/or
enterprise standards and customer preferences.
3. Finished pastry items according to desired product characteristics
4. presented pastry according to standard and procedures established
Conditions:
Students/Trainees must be provided with the following:
 decorative tools:
 spatula parchment paper
 piping bag
 pastry brush
 turntable
 serrated knife
 grater
Methodology:
 Lecture/Demonstration
 Demonstration /Application
 Actual Presentation
Assessment Method:
 Oral –recitation
 Observation checklist

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Decorate and present pastry products

This Learning Outcome deals with the

Read: Information Sheet 2.2-1
development of the Institutional Competency
Evaluation Tool which trainers use in evaluating
DECORATE AND PRESENT PASTRIES
their trainees after finishing a competency of the
qualification.
1. Prepare a variety of fillings coating, icing, glazes and
decorations for pastries Go through the learning activities outlined for you
 Fruit slice filling on the left column to gain the necessary
information or knowledge before doing the tasks
 Pie apricot filling
to practice on performing the requirements of the
 Pie apple filling evaluation tool.
 Streusel / crumble topping The output of this LO is a complete Institutional
 Fruit pies
Competency Evaluation Package for one
 Half puff pastry PRODUCTION NCII. Your output shall serve as
 Sausage roll filling one of your portfolio for your Institutional
 English Cornish pastie filling mix
Competency Evaluation for Preparing and
Producing Bakery Products.
 Meat pie fillings
 Austrian apple strudel fillings Feel free to show your outputs to your trainer as
 Spanakopita filling you accomplish them for guidance and evaluation.
2. Decorate pastries using coating, icing and decorations
according to standards recipes and/or enterprise development of the Institutional Competency
standards and/or customer requests Evaluation Tool which trainers use in evaluating
3. Present/display pastries to enterprise standards using
qualification.
appropriate service equipment
Go through the learning activities outlined for you
Perform: Task Sheet 2.2-1 on the left column to gain the necessary
information or knowledge before doing the tasks to
practice on performing the requirements of the
evaluation tool.
After doing all the activities for this LO2: Decorate

and Present Pastry products; you are ready to
proceed to the next LO3: store Pastry
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Products.
DECORATE AND PRESENT PASTRIES
1. Prepare a variety of fillings coating, icing, glazes and

decorations for pastries
Fillings can be savoury or sweet.

Savoury fillings for pies, samosas, curry puffs, meat based or vegetarian.
It is only limited by the imagination of the Patissier.
Requirements for fillings:
 Must be cooked
 Must have moisture content controlled.

Pastry must cook before filling boils out during the baking process.
The variety of pastry possible is immense.
There are standard European style recipes that are produced around the world in leading hotels.
As these universal pastries encroach on local ethnic cuisines they will take on characteristics of the
local ingredients.
As cuisines from all countries are now embraced by many countries variations will creep into the
style.
It is in the interest of the Student to study styles and recipes from other countries and try to
reproduce the product as faithfully as possible to the original style.

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Activity
Produce a variety of fruit fillings suitable for use in a fruit slices.
Item Ingredient Weight (gm) Method
1 Mixed Peel .100 Mix together until fully

combined.
Sultanas .600
Spread evenly onto the
Currants .200
shortbread base.
Diced Apples .300
Brown Sugar .300
Mixed Spice .020
Cake Margarine .100
Total weight 1.620
Fruit slice filling (may be used in place of commercial fruit mince)
Pie Apricot Filling

Item Ingredient Weight (gm)t Method
1 Caster Sugar .250 Mix together thoroughly.

Instant Starch .100
2 Pie Apricot 2.200 Fold apricot through

starch and sugar mix
Total weight 2.575

Developed by:
Pie Apple Filling
1 Pie Apple 2.200 Mix apples.

Cinnamon .003
2 Caster Sugar .250 Blend 2 together

thoroughly.
Instant Starch .050
Vigorously fold 1 & 2
together.
Total weight 2.503
Remember–‘The pastry should be baked before the filling boils.’
Streusel/crumble topping
1 Butter .160 Mix Group 1 together

Caster Sugar .130 and cream only
slightly.
2 Plain Flour .220 Sieve 2 and rub into 1

Cinnamon .003 until crumbly
Total weight .513
Top the filling with the mixture and bake at 200ºC for 20 – 25minutes.

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Activity
Basic fruit mince recipe
1 Suet, finely chopped .250 Peel apples, process

Apples, finely .250 and add to suet.
chopped
2 Raisins .250 Chop raisins and citrus

Chopped citrus peel .125 peel. Mix with the
sultanas, currants,
Sultanas .250 lemon juice and zest.
Currants .250 Add to group 1
Lemon .100
3 Sugar .250 Stir in the sugar. Add

Mixed Spice .008 the mixed spice and
ground almonds to the
Ground Almonds .035 above
4 Brandy .150 Finally stir in the

brandy and mix groups
together thoroughly.
Keep for at least 2
days before
transferring to smaller
storage containers.
Seal well.
Store in a cool, dry
place until required.
TOTAL WEIGHT 1.918
Fruit pies
Fillings for pies
Apple, plum, blackberry, gooseberry, cherry, red currant,
blackcurrant, rhubarb and dates are examples of fruit which
may be used in pies.
The fruit filling should be 500g of which not more than 60g is
juice. Alternatively, 250g of solid fruit and 120g of juice
thickened with pre-gelatinised starch could be used.
Additional ingredients may be added to enhance the flavour of the filling. These may include fruit
such as apple and rhubarb, dried fruit such as sultanas or use of spices such as ginger.

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Pre-gelatinised starch
Canned apple is unsweetened, and the addition of sugar
alone results in a very wet and sloppy filling which is not
suitably stable as a pie or slice filling.
The excessive moisture created by the dissolving sugar slows
baking of the bottom crust, induces premature boiling of the
filling during baking, and shortens the shelf-life of the product.
The addition of pre-gelatinised "instant" starch will produce a
filling which remains stable under a wide range of conditions
and temperatures, and is more economical as it allows the
addition of extra liquid to the mix.
Pre-gelatinised or soluble starch is produced commercially by
blowing a starch suspension onto steam-heated rotating
rollers.
Gelatinisation and drying take place and the dried material is then flaked or ground to make a
powder.
The process ruptures the starch granules, without completely distorting them, so that they swell in
cold water to form a viscous paste. Because of this "instant" characteristic, great care is needed to
prevent lumping as moisture and starch come together.
Ideally the starch should be dispersed into the sugar before moisture is added.
Activity
Using the apple filling for apple pie or an alternative filling, liberally top with the crumble mixture.
Bake at 200°C until the mixture is golden brown and has formed a crust.

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Product evaluation
When evaluating covered sweet pies here are some features to look for:
Texture
 A crisp but not tough pastry shell
 Pastry and filling should hold their shape when cut. Apple or other fruit should not fall away from
the pastry
 Crumble should be crisp on top.

Colour
 Pastry and crumble should have a golden brown finish
 Fruit mince should be dark brown in colour.

Taste
 Pastries should be sweet but not overpowering
 Fruit mince should be rich with a complex fruity, spicy flavour
 Pie fillings should reflect the major fruit used and not be overpowered by additional flavourings.

Developed by:
Activity
Produce Australian Sausage rolls
After observing a demonstration, alter the following recipe and produce half puff pastry, scotch
method from 2kg of flour. Allow to rest. Alternate folding, using rolling pin and dough brake.
Half puff pastry

Item Ingredient Weigh (gm)t
1 Bakers flour 1.200

Salt .010
Water .600
2 Pastry Margarine .600
Total weight 2.410
 Mix water, salt and flour until nearly dough stage
 Add margarine pieces to Group1 and finish mixing
 Lumps of margarine should still be showing at finish
 Rest dough 15 minutes before use
 Block up the dough and roll out so that it is three times as long as it wide, and approximately lcm
thick
 Give a three-fold by half tum and immediately repeat this operation. Cover and let rest for 10 –
15minutes
 Give two more three-fold by half turn, give a further rest and repeat until 6 x 3 folds have been
completed.
Remember
 Safety and hygiene requirements when using hand dough-brake
 Correct resting periods between folds
 Minimum use of dusting flour.

Developed by:
Sausage Roll Filling
1 Minced meat .550 Chop the onions very finely

and mix all of group 1
Sausage Mince .250
together.
Egg .100
Onions .150
Pepper .005
Beef Booster .005
Salt .010
Worcestershire sauce .005
Chicken Booster .005
2 Bread Crumbs .250 Add breadcrumbs and mix

through group 1.
Water to piping .250
consistency Pipe onto prepared strips of
puff paste.
Total Weight 1.200
Make up procedure
 Produce 1
 Pin the finished paste out 2.5mm in thickness and cut into strips 110mm wide
 Using a large plain tube, pipe the meat filling along the top edge of the strips
 Wash the bottom edge of the strips with water and roll over to enclose the filling. Ensure that the
seam is directly underneath
 Bring all the rolls close together and mark into 100mrn lengths
 Cut, egg wash and place onto prepared baking sheets
 Bake at 220°C for 15 – 20minutes
 Remove from baking tray onto a cooling wire.

Developed by:
Activity
English Cornish Pastie filling mix
1 Potatoes .450 Peel wash and chop

vegetables.
Carrots .250
Mix meat and vegetables
Onions .050
together thoroughly.
Frozen peas .050
Minced Beef, raw .150
2 Salt .010 Add seasoning to group 1.

Pepper .005 Mix thoroughly.
Total Weight .965
Make up procedures
 Roll out puff pastry to a thickness of 5mm
 Cut 12 discs at 18cm in diameter
 Wash half of each disc with water
 Divide the filling mixture between the discs
 Fold over and seal edges
 Egg wash and snip with scissors
 Place onto lightly greased baking tray—care should be taken not to have them too dose together
 Bake at 220°C for approximately 20 minutes
 Remove from baking tray onto a cooling wire.

Student needs to produce 500gm of flour into a savoury short pastry or 500gm ¾ puff pastry using
English method to complete these English pasties

Developed by:
Meat Pie Fillings
Yield: 35 units
Ite Price
% Weight (gm) Method Price Unit
m (KG)
1 1.250 Minced beef

1.250 Water
.010 Salt
.004 Black pepper
.030 Beef Booster
.010 Chicken booster
.010 Worcestershire sauce
2 .500 Water
.250 Flour
to colour Blackjack, Parisienne
Essence
Total Weight
The student will need to produce
 Savoury short pastry for the pie bottom
 Puff pastry for the top (half puff).

Developed by:
Austrian Apple Strudel filling:
Price
Group Weight (gm) Method Price Unit
(KG)
1 1.000 Apples, fresh

.005 Cinnamon, ground
.125 Caster sugar
.080 Cake crumbs
.050 Almonds, flaked
.100 Sultanas
.050 Butter, Clarified
1.510 Total Weight
Activity
Produce a quantity of spinach filling
Process into spinach triangles using commercially produced filo pastry, bake and finish as directed.
Yield: 16 pieces.
Required:
Filo pastry 4 sheets

Clarified butter 100gm

Developed by:
Spanakopita Filling
Price
Group Weight (gm) Method Price Unit
(KG)
1 .700 Spinach or silver beet

.100 Olive oil
1 Onion, finely diced, sautéed
pinch Nutmeg, ground
.005 Dried parsley
.175 Fetta cheese, crumbled
.050 Cheese, parmesan, grated
.005 Salt
.002 Nutmeg
Total Weight
 Wash spinach, blanch in boiling water for 30 – 60seconds
 Remove and drain, remove all water by squeezing tightly
 Place all ingredients in bowl and mix together thoroughly.

Developed by:
Spanakopita make up procedure
Take four sheets of filo pastry. Brush bottom three sheets with melted butter. Top sheet brush lightly
with water:
 Cut pastry in half for large pastries
 Cut pastry into thirds for medium pastries
 Cut pastry into quarters for small party pastries.
Spinach filling
 Fold pastry to form an elongated rectangle approximately 10.5cm x 23.5 cm
 Place 40-50 grams filling on both bottom right corner of sheet
 Fold corner over to form a triangle
 Repeat till all pastry is used up
 It will result in a filling which is enclosed in a laminated pastry.

Final Shape

Developed by:
Brush over with a light coating of olive oil.
Place triangles on silicone papered trays

and bake in solid 220°C for 15-20 minutes.

Developed by:
2. Decorate pastries using coating, icing and decorations
according to standard recipes and/or enterprise standards
and/or customer requests
Fondant Icing
Is applied to many puff pastry items; it can be applied thick or very thinly.
The end result should be that it has a shine and is touch dry when it cools to room temperature. This
is achieved by correct tempering.
Glazes
Glaze is a term used to describe a covering that highlight a product to catch the eye of the consumer
and entice them to consume the product.
A glaze should protect the product from things like migrating moisture from inside the product and
from outside air making the product soft.
It will also add flavour and eye appeal to the product.
Gum Arabic that is used on gingerbreads and heavy honey breads like Basel leckerli will on add
shine. There is no flavour added.
Decorations
Decorations can be many things:
 Roasted nuts
 Items made of another ingredient like sugar and col-

oured; non-pariels
 Smaller baked pastry added to product after main

product is baked.
Icing sugar
Icing sugar sifted over baked pastries after they have been
removed from the oven can be used as a glaze.
Icing sugar applied before baking will caramelise in the high
baking temperature and leave an appealing shine to the
cooled product.

Developed by:
3. Present/display pastries to enterprise standards using
appropriate service equipment
Presentation of product is dependent on where and how it is to be sold.

From the bakery
Presented on tray laying flat showing filling if any; the filling will have eye appeal
 Apple Danish should have lots of apple pieces
 Apricots need to be visible
 Nut Danish: need to see the nuts.

At times they may be stacked to show abundance but this can cause product on the bottom to be
squashed.
Display in bakery
Most are displayed on trays that contain up to 12
portions. Service is taken from the back of the
tray.
Larger pieces might be presented individually on
doyley and cardboard bases.
Doyleys are used extensively in presentation as t
is a barrier between the product and service
ware.
From the restaurant show case or buffet
trolley
When purchasing your morning coffee a selection of bakery goods will be displayed for customer
selection.
At the café they will be behind a safety barrier.
In fine dining hotel it can be displayed on a trolley that is wheeled up to the table for the customer to
choose.
This is an old practice and is not used in many places in the modern age.
Service ware
These are the platters trays and plates that are used to display and serve product in cafes and
dining rooms.
These can also be used with doyleys between product and service ware.
Developed by:
Task Sheet 2.2-1
Title:
WORK PROJECT
project to your Trainer by the agreed date.
Supplies:
Equipment:
NONE
Steps/Procedure:

Assessment Mthod:

Developed by:
Task Sheet 2.2-1
Criteria YES NO
1. The student will need to produce a diagram of a pastry that they will
be decorating.
 A brief history of the style will need to be presented
 Define the ethnic origin of the pastry
 Does it have any significance about it? Special occasions, festival

time.
2. Describe the filling that may be used in the cake
 Does the pastry have a filling
 What is the role of the filling?
3. Describe the process of glazing the pastry
 What type of glaze will be used?
 Fondant
 Ganache
4. State how the pastry is going to be presented
 Is it going to be sold whole?
 Is the pastry going to be sliced and sold in pieces?
 Will the customer take the pastry home?
 Will the pastry be consumed on the premises?

Developed by:
Learning Outcome # 3 Store Pastry
Products
Contents:
1. Different kinds of packaging materials to be used
2. Shelf-life of pastries and other baked products based on the standard and procedure
3. Standard and procedures of pastry products
4. Operational Health safety (OHS)
1. Used packaging materials according to types, kinds and classification of pastry and
other bake products
2. Determined shelf-life of pastries and other baked products
3. Stored pastry products according to established standards and procedures
4. Selected packaging are used for the appropriate preservation of product freshness
and eating characteristics
Conditions:
Students/trainees must be provided with the following:

 Storage area
 Packaging materials
 Pastries and baked product
Methodology:
 Lecture/Discussion
 Demonstration/application
 Actual presentation
Assessment:
 Oral-recitation
 Direct observation

Developed by:
Store pastry products


Read: Information Sheet 2.3-1
STORE PASTRIES
qualification.
1. Store at correct temperature and conditions of storage
2. Maintain maximum eating quality, appearance and Go through the learning activities outlined for you
freshness on the left column to gain the necessary
information or knowledge before doing the tasks
to practice on performing the requirements of the
Perform: Task Sheet 2.3-1 evaluation tool.
The output of this LO is a complete Institutional
Competency Evaluation Package for one
PRODUCTION NCII. Your output shall serve as
one of your portfolio for your Institutional
Competency Evaluation for Preparing and
Producing Bakery Products.
Feel free to show your outputs to your trainer as

you accomplish them for guidance and evaluation.

qualification.
Go through the learning activities outlined for you

on the left column to gain the necessary
information or knowledge before doing the tasks to
practice on performing the requirements of the
evaluation tool.
After doing all the activities for this LO2: Decorate

Developed by:
and Present Pastry products; you are ready to
proceed to the next LO3: store Pastry
Products.
STORE PASTRIES
1. Store at correct temperature and conditions of storage

Bakery products tend to be stable at room temperature. No special storage requirements
need to be applied for daily use.
Any product that is to be served after the day of manufacture the product will need to be
covered and protected from outside contamination.
 Products with cream filling will need to be kept chilled
 Cream patisserie can stand at room temperature for the day but must be discarded and
not.
Most bakery products are sold or used the same day that they are produced.
If they are to be stored at room temperature:
Store at Room Temperature
Festive product may be stored for a couple of days. Longer storage is best to freeze
If the baked product does not contain dairy products then it can be stored at room
temperature.
 Protected from the environment by being covered.
When food is chilled it can lose essential parts of the flavour.
When storing it is always important to make sure product is labelled and it is stored away
from strong odours like onion or cleaning chemicals.
Freezing
If freezing baked bakery products care must be taken not to
squash them when wrapping.
This will cause them to be deformed when thawed out. When
freezing be sure to label with the date of freezing and use the
FIFO rule.
Storing in Cool room
Product with dairy ingredients like cream and crème patisserie need to be kept chilled to
stop bacterial activity rising above acceptable limits.

Developed by:
Never store for too long in cool room:-fresh cream, same day only.
Product degradation will be too great and eating quality diminishes.
2. Maintain maximum eating quality, appearance and freshness
All bakery products will stale.
Staling is the process where the optimum eating fades.
Staling can be in several forms.
 Air passes through the product and dries the product out
 Moisture from the air enters the product so it loses some of the eating quality
 Crisp product goes soft.
To maintain the eating quality of bakery items
 Use as soon as possible
 Cover to protect from environment
 Keep chilled
 Keep dry.
Different methods for different product
Bread: keep in plastic bags to prevent staling. Bread should not be kept in plastic bags at
room temperature too long as mould can grow with warmth and moisture.
If bread is to be stored for long periods it is best to freeze. Bread stales fastest when in the
cool room for extended periods. Freezing is best
Croissants will be considered stale the next day when they lose crispness. After baking it
is best to freeze if you wish to store them for any period of time.
 Thawing is quick as they product is light
 Thaw best at room temperature.
Danish pastry is best consumed on the day that it was produced.
 Can be stored and re heated at later time, but eating quality is reduced.
Muffins
 American style are best consumed on the day that they were produced
 English style is like bread.
Any yeast product is best consumed on the day that it was produced.

Developed by:
Gingerbreads can be stored for periods if they are protected from the moisture in the air.It
makes the product go soft.
Task Sheet 2.3-1

Title:
WORK PROJECT
project to your Trainer by the agreed date.
The student will need to present a report on the following points
Supplies:
Equipment:
NONE
Steps/Procedure:

Assessment Mthod:

Developed by:
Task Sheet 2.3-1
Criteria YES NO
1. What temperature are you going to store your finished pastries and
cake product?
 You need to cite standards and explain why these standards are
being implemented
 Students can use photographic evidence to demonstrate how this

will be implemented

Developed by:
Recommended reading
Beranbaum, Rose Levy: 2009; Rose's Heavenly Cakes; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt;
Boyle, Tish; 2006; The Cake Book; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Bullock-Prado, Gesine; 2013; Bake It Like You Mean It: Gorgeous Cakes from Inside Out; Stewart,
Tabori and Chang
Editors of Martha Stewart Living ; 2013; Martha Stewart's Cakes: Our First-Ever Book of Bundts,
Loaves, Layers, Coffee Cakes; Clarkson Potter
Kasne, Karen; 2011; Extraordinary Cakes: Recipes for Bold and Sophisticated Desserts; Rizzoli
Maree, Aaron; 1995; Cakes, Tortes and Gateaux of the World: Exotic and Delightful Recipes, Icings,
Toppings and Decorations; Cassell Illustrated
Mörwald, Toni; Austrian Desserts: Over 400 Cakes, Pastries, Strudels, Tortes, and Candies;
Skyhorse Publishing
Rowe, Anna; 2013; TOP 30 Easy And Delicious Cake Recipes; Amazon Digital Services
Rettke, Amanda; 2014; Surprise-Inside Cakes: Amazing Cakes for Every Occasion; William Morrow
Cookbooks
Richardson, Julie; 2012; Vintage Cakes: Timeless Recipes for Cupcakes, Flips, Rolls, Layer, Angel,
Bundt, Chiffon, and Icebox Cakes for Today's Sweet Tooth; Ten Speed Press

Developed by:
Trainee evaluation sheet
Error: Reference source not found

The following statements are about the competency you have just completed.
Don’t Do Not Does Not

Please tick the appropriate box Agree
Know Agree Apply
There was too much in this competency to

cover without rushing.
Most of the competency seemed relevant to

me.
The competency was at the right level for me.
I got enough help from my trainer.
The amount of activities was sufficient.
The competency allowed me to use my own

initiative.
My training was well-organised.
My trainer had time to answer my questions.
I understood how I was going to be assessed.
I was given enough time to practice.
My trainer feedback was useful.
Enough equipment was available and it

worked well.
The activities were too hard for me.

Developed by:
Developed by:
The best things about this unit were:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The worst things about this unit were:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
The things you should change in this unit are:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

Developed by:
Trainee Self-Assessment Checklist
PREPARE AND PRODUCEPASTRY PRODUCTS Yes No*

Prepare and bake cakes and filings
1.1 Select required commodities according to recipe and production

requirements.
1.2 Prepare variety of cakes to dsire product characteristics.
1.3 Produce a variety of cakes according to standard recipes and enterprise

standards.
1.4 Use appropriate equipment to prepare and bake cakes
1.5 Use correct techniques to produce cakes to enterprise standards
1.6 Bake cakes to enterprise requirements and standards
1.7 Select correct oven condition for baking cakes
Decorate and present/display cakes
2.1 Prepare a variety of fillings and coating/icing, glaces and decorations for
cakes.
2.2 Decorate cakes using filings and coating/icing and decorations

according to standard recipes and/or enterprise standards and/or
customer requests
2.3 Present /display cakes to enterprise standards using appropriate service

equipment.
Error: Reference source not found prepare and produce pastries and fillings
3.1 Select required commodities according to recipe and production

requirements.
3.2 Prepare a variety of pastries
3.3 Produce a variety of pastries according to standard recipes and

enterprise standards.
3.4 Use appropriate equipment to prepare and bake pastries
3.5 Use correct techniques to produce pastries to enterprise standards

Developed by:
PREPARE AND PRODUCEPASTRY PRODUCTS Yes No*
3.6 Bake pastries to enterprise requirements and standards
3.7 Select correct oven conditions for baking pastries
Error: Reference source not found Decorate and present pastries
4.1 Prepare a variety of filings coating, icing, glazes, amd decorations for
pastries
4.2 Decorate pastries using coating, icing and decorations according to

standard recipes and/or enterprise standards and/or customer requests
4.3 Present/display pastries to enterprise standards using appropriate

service equipment
Store cakes and pastries
5.1 Store at correct temperature and conditions of storage
5.2 Maintain maximum eating quality, apperance and freshness
The trainee’s underpinning knowledge was:

Satisfactory o Not Satisfactory o
Feedback to trainee:
The trainee’s overall performance was:

Satisfactory o Not Satisfactory o
Assessor’s signature: Date:

Developed by:
Demonstration with Questioning Checklist
Trainee name:
Trainer name:
Qualification: BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II
Unit of competency: Prepare and Produce Pastry Products
Date of assessment:
Time of assessment:
Instructions for demonstration
Given the necessary tools, the candidate will be able to demonstrate, Preparing and Producing
Pastry Products following standard procedures within 15 minutes.
 to show if evidence is
DEMONSTRATION demonstrated
Yes No N/A
During the demonstration of skills, did the candidate:
 Demonstrated ability to produce a range of specialist bakery products,
both sweet and savory according to establishment standards and proce-   
dures.
 Demonstrated ability to produce a quantity of bakery products according

to establishment standards and procedures.   
 Demonstrated ability to store and package bakery products according to
establishment standards and procedures.   
 Demonstrated application of hygiene and safety principles according to
established standards and procedures.
The candidate’s demonstration was:
Satisfactory  Not Satisfactory 
THIRD PARTY REPORT

Developed by:
Candidate name:
Name of third party: Contact no.
Position:
Relationship with □ employer □ supervisor □ colleague □ other
candidate:
Please specify
________________________________________________
Please do not complete the form if you are a relative, close friend or
have a conflict of interest]
Dates the candidate worked with you From: To:
Competency Standards: BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NCII
Unit of Competency: Prepare and Produce Pastry Products
The candidate is being assessed against the competency standards for
We are seeking your support in the judgment of this candidate’s competence. Please answer these
questions honestly as a record of the candidate’s performance while working with you. Thank you for
your time.
Comments regarding candidate performance and experience
I can verify the candidate’s ability to: Yes No Not Comments to support my re-
sure
(tick the correct response] sponses:
 Check the availability of all resources re-
quired for training.
□ □ □
 Identify alternative resources for contin-
gency measures.
□ □ □
 Identify and arrange appropriate training
locations according to training needs.
□ □ □
 □ □ □
 □ □ □
Third party signature: Date:
Send to:

Developed by:
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COMPETENCY - BASED

BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NCII

INTERNACIONAL COLEGIO DE TECNOLOGIA

The unit of competency “Prepare and Produce Pastry Products” contains

You are required to go through, a series of learning activities in order to complete

2 Date Developed: Document No. BPPNCII - 001

Contents of this Competency – Based Learning Materials

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

1 Prepare and Produce Bakery Preparing and Producing TRS741379

2 Prepare and Produce Preparing and TRS512317

3 Prepare and Present Gateaux, Preparing and Presenting TRS512318

4 Prepare and Display Petits Preparing and Display TRS512321

5 Present Dessert Presenting Desserts

3 Date Developed: Document No. BPPNCII - 001

Qualification: BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NCII

Unit of Competency: PREPARE AND PRODUCE PASTRY PRODUCTS

Module Title: Preparing and Producing Pastry Products

Nominal Duration: 40 hours

4 Date Developed: Document No. BPPNCII - 001

5 Date Developed: Document No. BPPNCII - 001

Learning Experiences / Activities

Prepare Pastry Products

This Learning Outcome deals with the development

After doing all the activities for this LO1: Prepare

6 Date Developed: Document No. BPPNCII - 001

Bun A small yeast fermented or chemically aerated, sweetened cake.

Cake Hoop A metal ring which supports a cake during baking.

Constituent A component part of the whole; one ingredient in a formula.

Cup Cakes Small cakes baked in crimped paper cups or cases.

8 Date Developed: Document No. BPPNCII - 001

Fingers Small finger-shaped rolls, biscuits, meringues, sponge cakes.

Pan A broad, shallow baking tin.

Pre-gelatinised Pre-gelatinised or soluble starch is produced commercially by blowing a starch

Soft Flour Flour containing weak gluten.

Strong Flour Flour containing strong stable gluten.

Wash To brush with egg, milk, water, before baking.

Whip To rapidly aerate a sponge, meringue or cream by means of a hand or machine

INFORMATION SHEET 2.1-1

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Key points for Short pastry

Flour batter method

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Methods of making puff pastry

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Puff Pastry Turns

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The English method

1/2 Butter Dough

Turns Layers Layers

Total Layers 2917

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1/2 Butter Dough

Turns Layers Layers

Total Layers 1459