Modulation Q & A

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1. Having an information signal change some a.

m = 0
characteristic of a carrier signal is called b. m = 1
a. Multiplexing c. m < 1
b. Modulation d. m > 1
c. Duplexing
d. Linear mixing 9. The outline of the peaks of a carrier has the
shape of the modulating signal and is called the
2. Which of the following is not true about AM? a. trace
a. the carrier amplitude varies b. waveshape
b. the carrier frequency remains constant c. envelope
c. the carrier frequency changes d. carrier variation
d. the information signal amplitude changes the
carrier amplitude 10. Overmodulation occurs when
a. Vm > Vc
3. The opposite of modulation is b. Vm < Vc
a. reverse modulation c. Vm = Vc
b. downward modulation d. Vm = Vc = 0
c. unmodulation
d. demodulation 11. The values of Vmax and Vmin as read from an
AM wave on an oscilloscope are 2.8 and 0.3. The
4. The circuit used to produced modulation is percentage of modulation is
called a a. 10.7 percent
a. Modulator b. 41.4 percent
b. Demodulator c. 80.6 percent
c. Variable Gain amplifier d. 93.3 percent
d. Multiplexer
12. The new signals produced by modulation are
5. A modulator circuit performs what called
mathematical operation on its two inputs? a. spurious emissions.
a. addition b. harmonics
b. multiplication c. intermodulation products
c. division d. sidebands
d. square root
13. A carrier of 880 kHz is modulated by a 3.5
6. The ratio of the peak modulating signal voltage kHz sine wave. The LSB and USB are,
to the peak carrier voltage is referred to as respectively,
a. the voltage ratio a. 873 and 887 kHz
b. decibels b. 876.5 and 883.5 kHz
c. modulation index c. 883.5 and 876.5 kHz
d. mix factor d. 887 and 873 kHz

7. If m is greater than 1, what happens? 14. A display of signal amplitude versus frequency
a. normal operation is called the
b. carrier frequency shifts a. time domain
c. carrier drops to zero b. frequency spectrum
d. information signal is distorted c. amplitude spectrum
d. frequency domain
8. For ideal AM, which of the following is true?
COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS c. sidebands
2nd Edition by LOUIS E. FRENZEL d. envelope
Chapter 2: AM and SSB Modulation
15. Most of the power in an AM signal is the 22. An AM signal without the carrier is called a(n)
a. carrier a. SSB
b. upper sideband b. vestigial sideband
c. lower sideband c. FM signal
d. modulating signal d. DSB

16. An AM signal has a carrier power of 5 W. The 23. What is the minimum AM signal needed to
percentage of modulation is 80 percent. The total transmit information?
sideband power is a. carrier plus sidebands
a. 0.8 W b. carrier only
b. 1.6 W c. one sideband
c. 2.5 W d. both isdeband
d. 4.0 W
24. The main advantage of SSB over standard AM
17. For 100 percent modulation, what percentage or DSB is
of power is in each sideband? a. less spectrum space is used
a. 25 percent b. simpler equipment is used
b. 33.3 percent c. less power is consumed
c. 50 percent d. a higher modulation percentage
d. 100 percent
25. In SSB, which sideband is the best to use?
18. An AM transmitter has a percentage of a. upper
modulation of 88. The carrier power is 440 W. b. lower
The power in one sideband is c. neither
a. 85 W d. depends upon use
b. 110 W
c. 170 W 26. The typical audio modulating frequency range
d. 610 W used in radio and telephone communications is
a. 50 Hz to 5KHz
19. An AM transmitter antenna current is b. 50 Hz to 15 Khz
measured with no modulation and found to be c. 100 Hz to 10kHz
2.6 A. With modulation, the current rises to 2.9 d. 300hz to 3khz
A. The percentage of modulation is
a. 35 percent 27. An AM signal with a maximum modulating
b. 70 percent signal frequency of 4.5 kHz has a total bandwidth
c. 42 percent of
d. 89 percent a. 4.5 kHz
b. 6.75 kHz
20. What is the carrier power in the problem c. 9 Khz
above if the antenna resistance is 75 ohms? d. 18 kHz
a. 195 W
b. 631 W 28. Distortion of the modulating signal produces
c. 507 W harmonics which cause an increase in the signal
d. 792 W a. carrier power
b. bandwidth
21. In an AM signal, the transmitted information c. sideband power
is contained within the d. envelope voltage
a. carrier
b. modulating signal
COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS
2nd Edition by LOUIS E. FRENZEL
Chapter 2: AM and SSB Modulation
29. The process of translating a signal, with or b. a 3.85 Mhz sine wave
without modulation, to a higher or lower frequency c. a 3.85, 3.8485, and 3.8515 Mhz sine wave
for processing is called d. 3848.5 and 3851.5 MHz sine wave
a. frequency multiplication
b. frequency division 33. An SSB transmitter produces a 400 V peak-
c. frequency shift to-peak signal across a 52 ohms antenna load.
d. frequency conversion The PEP output is
a. 192.2 W
30. Frequency translation is carried out by a b. 384.5 W
circuit called a c. 769.2 W
a. translator d. 3077 W
b. converter
c. balanced modulator 34. The output power of an SSB transmitter is
d. local oscillator usually expressed in terms of
a. average power
31. An input signal of 1.8 MHz is mixed with a b. RMS power
local oscillation of 5 MHz. A filter selects the c. peak to peak power
difference signal. The output is d. peak envelope power
a. 1.8 MHz
b. 3.2 MHz 35. An SSB transmitter has a PEP rating of 1 kW.
c. 5 MHz The average output power is in the range of
d. 6.8 MHz a. 150 to 450 W
b. 100 to 300 W
32. The output of an SSB transmitter with a 3.85 c. 250 to 333 W
MHz carrier and a 1.5 kHz sine wave modulating d. 3 to 4 kW
tone is
a. a 3.8485 MHz sine wave
COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS c. Cavity resonator
2nd Edition by LOUIS E. FRENZEL d. PIN diode
Chapter 3: Amplitude Modulation Circuits
1. Amplitude modulation is the same as 7. Amplitude modulation generated at a very low
a. Linear Mixing voltage or power amplitude is known as
b. Analog Multiplication a. High-level Modulation
c. Signal Summation b. Low-level Modulation
d. Multiplexing c. Collector Modulation
d. Minimum Modulation
2. In a diode modulator, the negative half of the
AM wave is supplied by a(n) 8. A collector modulator has a supply voltage of
a. Tuned Circuit 48 V. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the
b. Transformer modulating signal for 100 percent modulation is
c. Capacitor a. 24 V
d. Inductor b. 48 V
c. 96 V
3. Amplitude modulation can be produced by d. 120 V
a. Having the carrier vary a resistance
b. Having the modulating signal vary a 9. A collector-modulated transmitted has a supply
capacitance voltage of 24 V and a collector current of 0.5A.
c. Varying the carrier frequency The modulator power for 100 percent modulation
d. Varying the gain of an amplifier is
a. 6 W
4. Amplitude modulators that vary the carrier b. 12 W
amplitude with the modulating signal by passing c. 18 W
it through an attenuator work on the principle of d. 24 W
a. Rectification
b. Resonance 10. The circuit that recovers the original
c. Variable resistance modulating information from an AM signal is
d. Absorption known as a
a. Modulator
5. In Fig. 3-4, D1 is a b. Demodulator
a. Variable resistor c. Mixer
b. Mixer d. Crystal set
c. Clipper
d. Rexctifier 11. The most commonly used amplitude
demodulator is the
6. The component used to produce AM at very a. Diode Mixer
high frequencies is a b. Balanced Modulator
a. Varactor c. Envelope Detector
b. Thermistor d. Crystal Filter
COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS a. 2 kHz
2nd Edition by LOUIS E. FRENZEL b. 3 kHz
Chapter 3: Amplitude Modulation Circuits c. 27.501 MHz
12. A circuit that generates the upper and lower d. 55.502 MHz
sidebands but no carriers is called a(n)
a. Amplitude Modulator 21. An SSB generator has a sideband filter
b. Diode Detector centered at 3.0 MHz. The modulating signal is 3
c. Class C Amplifier kHz. To produce both upper and lower sidebands,
d. Balanced Modulator the following carrier frequencies must be
produced:
13. The inputs to a balanced modulator are 1 a. 2.7 and 3.3 MHz
Mhz and a carrier of 1.5 Mhz. The outputs are b. 3.3 and 3.6 MHz
a. 500 kHz c. 2997 and 3003 kHz
b. 2.5 MHz d. 3000 and 3003 kHz
c. 1.5 MHz
d. All of the above 22. In the phasing method of SSB generation, one
e. a and b sideband is canceled out due to
a. Phase Shift
14. A widely used balanced modulator is called b. Sharp Selectivity
the c. Carrier Suppression
a. Diode Bridge Circuit d. Phase Inversion
b. Full-wave Bridge Rectifier
c. Lattice Modulator 23. A balanced modulator used to demodulate a
d. Balanced Bridge Modulator SSB signal is called a(n)
a. Transponder
15. In a diode ring modulator, the diodes act like b. Product Detector
a. Variable Resistors c. Converter
b. Switches d. Modulator
c. Rectifiers
d. Variable capacitors 24. Frequency translation is done with circuit
called a
16. The output of a balanced modulator is a. Summer
a. AM b. Multiplier
b. FM c. Filter
c. SSB d. Mixer
d. DSB

17. The principal circuit in the popular


1496/1596 IC balanced modulator is a
a. Differential Amplifier
b. Rectifier
c. Bridge
d. Constant Current Source

18. The most commonly used filter in SSB


generators uses
a. LC networks
b. Mechanical Resonators
c. Crystals
d. RC Networks and Op amps

19. The equivalent circuit of a quartz crystal is a


a. Series Resonant Circuit
b. Parallel Resonant Circuit
c. Neither a nor b
d. Both a and b

20. A crystal lattice filter has crystal frequencies


of 27.5 and 27.502 MHz. The bandwidth is
approximately
COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS a. fo
2nd Edition by LOUIS E. FRENZEL b. fm
Chapter 3: Amplitude Modulation Circuits c. fo - fm
25. The inputs to a mixer are fo and fm. In down d. fo + fm
conversion, which of the following mixer output
signals is selected?
26. Mixing for frequency conversion is the same as
a. Rectification
b. AM
c. Linear Summing
d. Filtering

27. Which of the following can be used as a mixer


a. Balanced Modulator
b. FET
c. Diode Modulator
d. All of the above

28. The desired output from a mixer is usually selected with a


a. Phase-shift circuit
b. Crystal Filter
c. Resonant Circuit
d. Transformer

29. The two inputs to a mixer are the signal to be translated and a signal from a(n)
a. Modulator
b. Filter
c. Antenna
d. Local Oscillator

30. An NE602 mixer IC has a difference output of 10.7 MHz. The input is 146.8 MHz. The local
oscillator frequency is
a. 101.9 MHz
b. 125.4 MHz
c. 131.6 MHz
d. 157.5 MHz
COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS
2nd Edition by LOUIS E. FRENZEL 8. To compensate for increases in carrier
Chapter 4: Frequency Modulation frequency deviation with an increase in
1. The amount of frequency deviation from the modulating signal frequency, what circuit is used
carrier center frequency in an FM transmitter is between the modulating signal and the phase
proportional to what characteristic of the modulator?
modulating signal? a. Low-pass filter
a. Amplitude b. High-pass filter
b. Frequency c. Phase shifter
c. Phase d. Bandpass filter
d. Shape
9. The FM produced by PM is called
2. Both FM and PM are types of kind of a. FM
modulation? b. PM
a. Amplitude c. Indirect FM
b. Phase d. Indirect PM
c. Angle
d. Duty Cycle 10. If the amplitude of the modulating signal
applied to a phase modulator is constant, the
3. If the amplitude of the modulating signal output signal will be
decreases, the carrier deviation a. Zero
a. Increases b. The carrier frequency
b. Decreases c. Above the carrier frequency
c. remains constant d. Below the carrier frequency
d. goes to zero
11. A 100 MHz carrier is deviated 50 kHz by a 4
4. On an FM signal, maximum deviation occurs at kHz signal. The modulation index is
what point on the modulating signal? a. 5
a. Zero-signaling points b. 8
b. Peak positive peak amplitude c. 12.5
c. Peak negative peak amplitude d. 20
d. Both b and c
12. The maximum deviation of an FM carrier is 2
5. In PM, a frequency shift occurs while what kHz by a maximum modulating signal of 400 Hz.
characteristic of the modulating signal is The deviation ratio is
changing? a. 0.2
a. Shape b. 5
b. Phase c. 8
c. Frequency d. 40
d. Amplitude
13. A 70 kHz carrier has a frequency deviation of
6. Maximum frequency deviation of a PM signal 4 kHz with a 1000 Hz signal. How many
occurs at significant sideband pairs are produced?
a. Zero crossing points a. 4
b. Peak positive peak amplitude b. 5
c. Peak negative peak amplitude c. 6
d. Peak positive or negative peak amplitude d. 7

7. In PM, carrier frequency deviation is not 14. What is the bandwidth of the FM signal
proportional to: described in question 13 above?
a. Modulating signal amplitude a. 4 kHz
b. Carrier amplitude and frequency b. 7 kHz
c. Modulating signal frequency c. 14 kHz
d. Modulator phase shift d. 28 kHz
COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS c. 10 kHz
2nd Edition by LOUIS E. FRENZEL
Chapter 4: Frequency Modulation
15. What is the relative amplitude of the third pair
of sidebands of an FM signal with m = 6
a. 0.11
b. 0.17
c. 0.24
d. 0.36

16. A 200 kHz carrier is modulated by a 2.5 kHz


signal. The fourth pair of sidebands are spaced
from the carrier by
a. 2.5 kHz

d. 15 kHz

17. An FM transmitter has a maximum deviation


of 12 kHz and a maximum modulating frequency
of 12 kHz. The bandwidth by Carson’s rule is
a. 24 kHz
b. 33.6 kHz
c. 36.8 kHz
d. 48 kHz

18. The maximum allowed deviation of the FM


sound signal in TV is 25 kHz. If the actual
deviation is 18 kHz, the percent modulation is
b. 5 kHz a. 43%
b. 72%
c. 96% a. High frequencies
d. 139% b. Mid-range frequencies
c. Low frequencies
19. Which of the following is not a major benefit of d. All of the above
FM over AM?
a. Greater efficiency 28. A pre-emphasis circuit is a
b. Noise Immunity a. Low-pass filter
c. Capture Effect b. High-pass filter
d. Lower complexity and cost c. Phase shifter
d. Bandpass filter
20. The primary disadvantage of FM is its
a. Higher cost and complexity
b. Excessive use of spectrum space
c. Noise susceptibility
d. Lower efficiency

21. Noise is primarily


a. High frequency spikes
b. Low-frequency variations
c. Random level shifts
d. Random frequency variations

22. The receiver circuit that rids FM of noise is the


a. Modulator
b. Demodulator
c. Limiter
d. Low-pass filter

23. The phenomenon of a strong FM signal


dominating a weaker signa on a common frequency
is referred to as the
a. Capture effect
b. Blot out
c. Quieting factor
d. Domination syndrome

24. The AM signals generated at a low level may


only be amplified by what type of amplifier?
a. Op Amp
b. Linear
c. Class C
d. Push-pull

25. Frequency modulation transmitters are more


efficient because their power is increased by what
type of amplifier
a. Class A
b. Class B
c. Class C
d. All of the above

26. Noise interferes mainly with modulating signals


that are
a. Sinusoidal
b. Nonsinusoidal
c. Low Frequency
d. High frequencies

27.Pre-emphasis circuits boost what modulating


frequencies before modulation?
COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS Chapter 4: Frequency Modulation
2nd Edition by LOUIS E. FRENZEL
29. Pre-emphasis is compensated for at the receiver by
a. Phase Inverter
b. Bandpass filter
c. High-pass filter
d. Low-pass filter

30. The cut-off frequency of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits is


a. 1 kHz
b. 2.122 kHz
c. 5 kHz
d. 75 kHz
COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS d. RFC, C3
2nd Edition by LOUIS E. FRENZEL
Chapter 5: Frequency Modulation Circuits 6. In Fig. 5-3, if the reverse bias on D1 is reduced,
1. Another name for a VVC is the resonant frequency of C1
a. PIN diode a. Increase
b. Varactor diode b. Decreases
c. Snap diode c. Remains the same
d. Hot-carrier diode d. Cannot be determined

2. The depletion region in a junction diode forms 7. The frequency change of a crystal oscillator
what part of a capacitor produced by a varactor diode is
a. Plates a. Zero
b. Leads b. Small
c. Package c. Medium
d. Dielectric d. Large

3. Increasing the reverse bias on a varactor diode 8. A phase modulator varies the phase shift of the
will cause its capacitance a. Carrier
a. Decrease b. Modulating Signal
b. Increase c. Both a and b
c. Remain the same d. Neither a nor b
d. Drop to zero
9. The widest phase variation is obtained with a(n)
4. The capacitance of a varactor diode is in what a. RC low-pass filter
general range b. RC high-pass filter
a. pF c. LR low-pass filter
b. nF d. LC resonant circuit
c. μF
d. F 10. In Fig. 5-7, R4 is the
a. Pre-emphasis circuit
5. In Fig. 5-3, the varactor diode is biased by b. De-emphasis circuit
which components? c. Deviation control
a. R1, R2 d. Frequency determining component in the tuned
b. R1, C2 circuit
c. L1, C1
COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS
2nd Edition by LOUIS E. FRENZEL
Chapter 5: Frequency Modulation Circuits
11. The small frequency change produced by a phase modulator can be increased by using a(n)
a. Amplifier
b. Mixer
c. Frequency multiplier
d. Frequency Divider

12. A crystal oscillator whose frequency can be changed by an input voltage is called a(n)
a. VCO
b. VXO
c. VFO
d. VHF

13. Which oscillators are preferred for carrier generators because of their good frequency stability?
a. LC
b. RC
c. LR
d. Crystal

14. Which of the following frequency demodulators requires an input limiter?


a. Foster-Seeley discriminator
b. Pulse-averaging discriminator
c. Quadrature discriminator
d. PLL

15. Which discriminator averages pulses in a low-pass filter?


a. Radio detector
b. PLL
c. Quadrature detector
d. Foster-Seeley discriminator

16. Which frequency demodulator is considered the best overall?


a. Radio Detector
b. PLL
c. Quadrature
d. Pulse-averaging discriminator

17. In Fig. 5-8, the voltage at point A when the input frequency is below the FM center frequency is
a. Negative
b. Positive
c. Zero
d. Indeterminant

18. In Fig. 5-8, R3 and C6 form which kind of circuit?


a. Carrier Filter
b. Pulse-averaging filter
c. Pre-emphasis
d. De-emphasis

19. In Fig. 5-10, the voltage across C6 is


a. Inversely proportional to signal amplitude
b. Directly proportional to signal amplitude
c. Directly proportional to frequency deviation
d. Constant

20. In a pulse averaging discriminator, the pulses are produced by a(n)


a. Astable multivibrator
b. Zero-crossing detector
c. One shot
d. Low-pass filter
COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS
2nd Edition by LOUIS E. FRENZEL
Chapter 5: Frequency Modulation Circuits
21. A reactance modulator looks like a capacitance of 35 pF in parallel with the oscillator-tuned circuit
whose inductance is 50 μH and capacitance is 40 pF. What is the center frequency of the oscillator
prior to FM?
a. 1.43 MHz
b. 2.6 MHz
c. 3.56 MHz
d. 3.8 MHz

22. Which of the following is true about the NE566 IC?


a. It is a VCO
b. Its output is sinusoidal
c. It is an FM demodulator
d. It uses LC-tuned circuits

23. An FM demodulator that uses a differential amplifier and tuned circuits to convert frequency
variations into voltage variations is the
a. Quadrature detector
b. Foster-Seeley discriminator
c. Differential peak detector
d. Phase-Locked Loop

24. The output amplitude of the phase detector in a quadrature detector is proportional to
a. Pulse width
b. Pulse frequency
c. Input amplitude
d. The phase shift value at center frequency

25. The input to a PLL is 2 MHz. In order for the PLL to be locked, the VCO output must be
a. 0 MHz
b. 1 MHz
c. 2 MHz
d. 4 MHz

26. Decreasing the input frequency to a locked PLL will cause the VCO output to
a. Decrease
b. Increase
c. Remain constant
d. Jump to the free-running frequency

27. The range of frequencies over which a PLL will track input signal variations is known as the
a. Circuit bandwidth
b. Capture range
c. Band of Acceptance
d. Lock range

28. The band of frequencies over which a PLL will acquire or recognize an input signal is called the
a. Circuit Bandwidth
b. Capture range
c. Band of acceptance
d. Lock range

29. Over a narrow range of frequencies, the PLL acts like a


a. Low-pass filter
b. Bandpass filter
c. Tunable oscillator
d. Frequency modulator
30. The output of a PLL frequency demodulator is taken from
a. Low-pass filter
b. VCO
c. Phase detector
d. None of the above
COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS
2nd Edition by LOUIS E. FRENZEL
Chapter 6: Radio Transmitters
1. Which of the following circuits is not typically part of every radio transmitter?
a. Driver Amplifier
b. Carrier Oscillator
c. Mixer
d. Final Power Amplifier

2. Class C amplifiers are not used in which type of transmitter?


a. AM
b. SSB
c. CW
d. FM

3. A circuit that isolates the carrier oscillator from load changes is called a
a. Final Amplifier
b. Driver Amplifier
c. Linear Amplifier
d. Buffer Amplifier

4. A class B amplifier conducts for how many degrees of an input sine wave?
a. 90 o - 150 o
b. 180 o
c. 180 o - 360 o
d. 360 o
5. Bias for a class C amplifier produced by an input RC network is known as
a. Signal Bias
b. Self Bias
c. Fixed External Bias
d. Threshold Bias

6. An FM transmitter has a 9 MHz crystal carrier oscillator and frequency multipliers of 2, 3, 4. The
output frequency is
a. 54 MHz
b. 108 MHz
c. 216 MHz
d. 288 MHz

7. The most efficient RF power amplifier is which class amplifier?


a. Class

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