10 Vapor and Combined Power Cycles

Thermodynamics: Answers 10 Vapor and Combined Power Cycles
10 Vapor and Combined Power Cycles

10.1 Rankine cycles
10.1a The four processes that make up an ideal Rankine cycle are isentropic compression (in an ideal
pump), isobaric heat addition (in a boiler), isentropic expansion (in an ideal turbine) and isobaric
heat rejection (in a condenser).
10.1b In actual vapor power cycles, the compression and expansion of the fluid is not isentropic.
Instead, entropy is created during these processes, such that the processes are irreversible and hence
not ideal.
10.1c See figures 10.1.1 and 10.1.2 below.
Figure 10.1.1: T -s-diagram of an ideal Rank- Figure 10.1.2: h-s-diagram of an ideal Rank-
ine cycle ine cycle
10.1d See figures 10.1.3 and 10.1.4 below.
Figure 10.1.3: T -s-diagram of an actual Rank-

Figure 10.1.4: h-s-diagram of an actual Rank-
ine cycle
ine cycle
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10.1e The temperature of 10 ◦ C is the lowest temperature that can be reached with this condenser.
In the tables, we find that this is the saturation temperature belonging to 1.2281 kPa.
10.1f In the summer, the lowest reachable temperature is 20 ◦ C, which is the saturation temperature
belonging to 2.3388 kPa. In the winter, the operating pressure is 0.8726 kPa (saturation temperature
of 5 ◦ C).
10.1g Lowering the condenser pressure will have the following effects:
- Pump work input is increased
- Turbine work output is increased
- No effect on supplied heat
- Heat rejected is increased
- Cycle efficiency is increased
- Moisture content at the turbine exit is increased (i.e. quality of the saturated mixture is decreased)
10.1h Increasing the boiler pressure will have the following effects:
- Pump work input is increased
- Turbine work output remains the same (approximately)
- Supplied heat remains the same (approximately), although it takes place at a higher temperature
- Rejected heat is decreased
- Moisture content at the turbine exit is increased (i.e. quality of the saturated mixture is decreased)
10.1i Increasing the steam temperature before the turbine will have the following effects:
- Pump work input remains the same
- Turbine work output is increased
- Supplied heat is increased
- Rejected heat is increased
- Moisture content at the turbine exit is decreased (i.e. quality of the saturated mixture is increased)
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10.2 Power plant on a simple ideal Rankine cycle 1

10.2a See figure 10.2.1.
Figure 10.2.1: Overview of exercise 10.2
10.2b See figures 10.2.2 and 10.2.3.
Figure 10.2.2: T-s diagram of exercise 10.2 Figure 10.2.3: h-s diagram of exercise 10.2
10.2c The known variables are the underlined values in the table below.
P (kPa) T (◦ C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) phase
1 50 81.32 340.54 1.0912 sat. liq.
2 3000 343.58 s2 = s1 compr. liq.
3 3000 400 3231.7 6.9235 superheated
4 50 81.32 2407.8 s4 = s3 mix, x = 0.9
10.2d From the first law, it follows that the power delivered by the (adiabatic) turbine is calculated
as Ẇturb = ṁ(h3 − h4 ), the power needed for the (adiabatic) pump is Ẇpump = ṁ(h2 − h1 ) and the
heat input for the combustion chamber is Q̇in = ṁ(h3 − h2 ). So, all h-values need to be determined.
In point 1, we have a saturated liquid at P1 = 50 kPa. In table A-5 (at the correct pressure), we
find h1 = 340.54 kJ/kg, T1 = 81.32 ◦ C and s1 = 1.0912 kJ/(kgK). For point 2, we use the relation
dh = T ds+vdP . For an isentropic pump, this reduces to dh = vdP , which gives h2 = h1 +v(P2 −P1 ) for
constant v. v = v1 = 0.001029 m3 /kg (from table A-5 as well), so h2 = 340.54 + 0.001029(3000 − 50) =
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343.576 kJ/kg. h3 and s3 can be found in table A-6, for superheated vapour: h3 = 3231.7 kJ/kg
and s3 = 6.9235 kJ/(kgK). For point 4, we now need to find the phase. The entropy s4 is known
to equal the entropy in point 3, so s3 = s4 = 6.9235 kJ/(kgK). From table A-5, we can find that
sf,50 kPa = 1.0912 kJ/(kgK) and sg,50 kPa = 7.5931 kJ/(kgK). Since sf < s4 < sg , we have a mixture,
s −s 6.9235−1.0912
so we need to determine the vapour fraction: x = sg4 −sff = 7.5931−1.0912 = 0.897. We can now determine
h4 using hf , hg and x. From the table we find hf = 340.54 kJ/kg and hg = 2645.2 kJ/kg. Therefore,
h4 = hf + x(hg − hf ) = 340.54 + 0.9(2645.2 − 340.54) = 2407.82 kJ/kg.
Now we have all h-values, we can calculated what was asked:
Ẇturb = ṁ(h3 − h4 ) = 60(3231.7 − 2407.8) = 49434 kW = 49.4 MW
Ẇpump = ṁ(h2 − h1 ) = 60(343.58 − 340.54) = 182 kW = 0.18 MW

Q̇in = ṁ(h3 − h2 ) = 60(3231.7 − 343.50) = 173292 kW = 173.3 MW
10.2e The net power output of the plant is Ẇnet = Ẇturb − Ẇpump = ṁ(h3 − h4 − (h2 − h1 )) =
49.22 MW.
Ẇnet ṁ(h3 −h4 −(h2 −h1 ))

10.2f ηth = Q̇in
= ṁ(h3 −h2 = 0.28.
10.3 Power plant on a simple ideal Rankine cycle 2

Figure 10.3.1: Schematic overview of the cycle
10.3b See figures 10.3.2 and 10.3.3.
10.3c See table 10.3.1.
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Table 10.3.1: Table of exercise 10.3. The two known variables are underlined.
P (kPa) T (◦ C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) phase v (m3 /kg)
1 10 45.81 191.83 sat. liq. 0.001010
2 10000 201.92 s2 = s1 compr. liq.
3 10000 500 3373.7 6.6576 superheated
4 10 45.81 2108.54 s4 = s3 mix
s −s
10.3d The vapor mass fraction at the turbine exit can be calculated as x = sg4 −sff . Since an isentropic
turbine is used (ideal cycle), s4 = s3 . The value for s3 can be found in table A-6 at P3 = 10 MPa
and T3 = 500 ◦ C: s3 = 6.6576 kJ/kgK. In table A-5, we now find that, for point 4 (P4 = 10 kPa),
sf = 0.6493 and sg = 8.1502 kJ/(kgK). So, x = 6.6576−0.6493
8.1502−0.6493 = 0.80.
10.3e To determine the work and the heat input, we need to determine all h-values. h1 can be found
in table A-5 for a saturated liquid at P1 = 10 kPa: h1 = 191.83 kJ/kg. h2 is calculated using dh =
T ds+vdP , which reduces to h2 −h1 = v(P2 −P1 ) since the pump is isentropic. Since the specific volume
is constant at v1 = 0.001010 m3 /kg (table A-5), we find that h2 = h1 +v(P2 −P1 ) = 201.92 kJ/kg. h3 is
determined from table A-6 at P3 = 10 MPa and T3 = 500 ◦ C: h3 = 3373.7 kJ/kg. h4 is calculated using
table A-5 and the vapor mass fraction from d: h4 = hf + x(hg − hf ) = 191.83 + 0.8(2584.7 − 191.83) =
2108.54 kJ/kg.
Using this, we can calculate the work delivered by the turbine, the work required by the pump
and the heat input to the boiler:
wturb = h3 − h4 = 3373.7 − 2108.54 = 1265.2 kJ/kg
wpump = h2 − h1 = 201.92 − 191.83 = 10.09 kJ/kg

qin = h3 − h2 = 3373.7 − 201.92 = 3171.8 kJ/kg
10.3f We can determine the mass flow using the given net power output (Ẇnet = 210 MW): Ẇnet =
Ẇnet
Ẇturb − Ẇpump = ṁ((h3 − h4 ) − (h2 − h1 )) → ṁ = (h3 −h4 )−(h2 −h1 ) = 167.3 kg/s.
Ẇnet ṁ((h3 −h4 )−(h2 −h1 )) h3 −h4 −(h2 −h1 )

10.3g ηth = Q̇in
= ṁ(h3 −h2 ) = h3 −h2 = 0.396.
Above the cycle is analysed using the enthalpy and entropy values from the tables and by calcu-
lating the mixture fraction for point 4 in the saturated mixture region. Alternatively the enthalpy
value in the mixture region can be read from the Mollier diagram. This method is less accurate but
much faster and gives a better overview of the process. Specially for cycles with more devices that
have reheating and/or feed water heating and where more points are located in the mixture region.
See figure 10.4.3 for the Mollier diagram. The vertical line between point 3 and 4s represents the
ideal proces. For point 3 is found from the diagram: h3 = 3375 kJ/kg, and for point 4: h4 = 2100 kJ/kg
and x4 = 0.80. These values are close to the calculated values.
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10.4 Power plant on an actual Rankine cycle

10.4b See figures 10.4.1 and 10.4.2.
10.4c See table 10.4.1.
Table 10.4.1: Table of exercise 10.4. The two known variables at each point are underlined.
P (kPa) T (◦ C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) phase v (m3 /kg) other
1 10 45.81 191.83 sat. liq. 0.001010
2s 10000 201.92 s2 = s1 compr. liq.
2 10000 203.7 comp. liq. ηsp = 0.85
3 10000 500 3373.7 6.6576 superheated
4s 10 45.81 2108.54 s4 = s3 mix
4 10 45.81 2298.3 mix ηst = 0.85
10.4d Point 2 and 4 from 10.3 are now point 2s and 4s. The h-values of point 2 and 4 can be
−h1 −h1
calculated with the isentropic efficiency: ηsp = hh2s2 −h1
→ h2 = h1 + h2sηsp = 203.7 kJ/kg and
h3 −h4 h4 −hf
ηst = h3 −h4s → h4 = h3 − ηst (h3 − h4s ) = 2298.3 kJ/kg. The new quality is then x = hg −hf = 0.88.
10.4e wturb = h3 − h4 = 3373.7 − 2298.3 = 1075.4 kJ/kg

wpump = h2 − h1 = 203.7 − 191.83 = 11.87 kJ/kg
qin = h3 − h2 = 3373.7 − 203.7 = 3170.0 kJ/kg
10.4f We can determine the mass flow using the given net power output (Ẇnet = 210 MW): Ẇnet =
Ẇnet
Ẇturb − Ẇpump = ṁ((h3 − h4 ) − (h2 − h1 )) → ṁ = (h3 −h4 )−(h2 −h1 ) = 197.5 kg/s.
148
Ẇnet ṁ((h3 −h4 )−(h2 −h1 )) h3 −h4 −(h2 −h1 )

10.4g ηth = Q̇in
= ṁ(h3 −h2 ) = h3 −h2 = 0.335.
Figure 10.4.3: Mollier diagram of the Rankine cycle of assignment 10.3 and 10.4. The dashed line
between point 3 and 4s represents the isentropic proces of the ideal cycle.
Above the cycle is analysed using the enthalpy and entropy values from the tables and by calculating
the mixture fraction for points in the saturated mixture region. Alternatively the enthalpy values in
the mixture region can be read from the Mollier diagram, see figure 10.4.3. This method is less accurate
but much faster and gives a better overview of the process. Specially for cycles with more devices that
149
have reheating and/or feed water heating and where more points are located in the mixture region.
The dashed vertical line between point 3 and 4s represents the ideal proces. For point 3 is found
from the diagram: h3 = 3375 kJ/kg, for point 4s: h4s = 2100 kJ/kg and x4s = 0.80 and for point 4:
h4 = 2291 kJ/kg and x4s = 0.88. These values are close to the calculated values and fine to use in the
analysis.
10.5 Coal fired steam power plant

10.5b See figures 10.5.2 and 10.5.3.
Figure 10.5.3: h-s diagram of exercise 10.5

Figure 10.5.2: T-s diagram of exercise 10.5
10.5c See table 10.5.1. The known variables are underlined.
P (kPa) T (◦ C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) phase v (m3 /kg)

1 25 64.97 272 sat. liquid 0.001020
2 5000 277 s2 = s1 comp. liq
3 5000 450 3320 superh. vap.
4 25 64.97 2275 s4 = s3 mixture
150
10.5d In order to determine the work delivered by the turbine, the work required by the pump
and the heat input into the boiler, we need to determine the values of h. Reading in table A-5
(saturated liquid, P1 = 25 kPa) gives h1 = 272 kJ/kg. For the isentropic pump, dh = vdP holds, so
h2 = h1 + v(P2 − P1 ) = 272 + 0.001020(5000 − 25) = 277 kJ/kg. h3 can be determined using either
the Mollier diagram or the table for superheated vapor: h3 = 3320 kJ/kg. Using the Mollier diagram,
going down vertically (∆s = 0) to P = 25 kPa gives h4 = 2275 kJ/kg. Alternatively, one can look in
the table for saturated water at P4 = 25 kPa and s4 = s3 .
Now we can answer the question:
woutt urb = h3 − h4 = 3320 − 2275 = 1045 kJ/kg
win,pump = h2 − h1 = 277 − 272 = 5 kJ/kg

qin,boiler = h3 − h2 = 3320 − 277 = 3043 kJ/kg
10.5e
Ẇnet ṁ((h3 − h4 ) − (h2 − h1 )) (3320 − 2275) − (277 − 272)

ηth = = = = 0.342
Q̇in,boiler ṁ(h3 − h2 ) 3320 − 277
10.5f
Ẇout ṁηgen wnet ηgen ((h3 − h4 ) − (h2 − h1 )) 1045 − 5

ηtotal = = qin = h −h
= 0.75 · 0.96 · = 0.246
Q̇in,coal ṁ ηboiler 3 2
ηboiler
3043
Ẇout Ẇout 300000

10.5g ṁsteam = ηgen wnet = ηgen ((h3 −h4 )−(h2 −h1 )) = 0.96·(1045−5) = 300.5 kg/s.
10.5h Let cc denote the heating value of the coal (so cc = 30 MJ/kg), then Q̇in,coal = ṁcoal cc . We
qin,boiler
can find ṁcoal using ṁcoal = ṁsteam
cc
300.5 3320−277
ηboiler = 30000 0.75 = 40.6 kg/s = 146.3 ton/h.
10.6 Solar-pond power plant

151
10.6b See figures 10.6.2 and 10.6.3.

10.6c See table 10.6.1.
Table 10.6.1: Table of exercise 10.6. The 2 known variables at each point are underlined.
P (MPa) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) Phase
1 0.7 86.78 sat. liq.
2 1.6 87.53 s2 = s1 comp. liq.
3 1.6 275.33 0.8982 sat. vapor
4 0.7 258.91 s4 = s3 mixture
10.6d First the h-values need to be determined. h1 = hf @0.7M P a = 86.78 kJ/kg, which can be read
directly from table A-12 (and using the fact that at the exit of the condenser we have saturated liquid).
h3 = [email protected] MPa = 275.33 kJ/kg, also following directly from table A-12 (and the given fact that the
refrigerant enters the turbine as saturated vapor). For the isentropic pump, dh = vdP , such that
h2 = h1 + v(P2 − P1 ) = 86.78 + 0.0008328(1600 − 700) = 87.53 kJ/kg (where v = vf @0.7 MPa ). From
table A-12, we can also find that s3 = 0.8982 kJ/(kgK). Since the turbine is isentropic and hence
s −sf @0.7 MPa 0.8982−0.3242
s4 = s3 , we can now calculate x: x = [email protected] MPa −sf @0.7 MPa = 0.9080−0.3242 = 0.98, so now h4 can be
determined: h4 = hf @0.7 MPa + x([email protected] MPa − hf @0.7 MPa ) = 258.91 kJ/kg. With the given mass flow
of ṁ = 6 kg/s follows:
Ẇturb = ṁ(h3 − h4 ) = 98.52 kW

Ẇpump = ṁ(h2 − h1 ) = 4.5 kW
Q̇in = ṁ(h3 − h2 ) = 1126.8 kW
10.6e Ẇnet = Ẇturb − Ẇpump = 98.52 − 4.5 = 94.02 kW.
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10.6f ηth = Ẇ net

Q̇in
94.02
= 1126.8 = 0.083 → 8.3%. Note: this is a very bad installation. This is due to
the fact that the refrigerant enters the turbine as saturated vapor (instead of superheated) and can
therefore not expand much.
10.7 Ideal power plant cooled by a lake 1

10.7b See figures 10.7.2 and 10.7.3.
10.7c See table 10.7.1.
Table 10.7.1: Characteristics of exercise 10.7. The two known variables at each point are underlined.
P (kPa) T (◦ C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) Phase
1 10 45.81 191.81 sat. liq.
2 7000 198.87 s2 = s1 compr. liq.
3 7000 500 3410.3 6.7975 superh. vap.
4 10 45.81 2153.2 s4 = s3 mixture
153
10.7d We first need to determine the values of h. The flow out of the condenser is saturated liquid,
so h1 = hf @10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg (from table A-5). dh = T ds + vdP = vdP (isentropic), so
h2 = h1 + v(P2 − P1 ) = 191.81 + 0.001010(7000 − 10) = 198.87 kJ/kg. Table A-6 gives us the value of
h3 : h3 = 3410.3 kJ/kg. Using s4 = s3 = 6.7975, we can determine the vapor mass fraction in point 4:
s −s
x = sg4 −sff = 6.7975−0.6493
8.1502−0.6493 = 0.82, such that h4 = hf + x(hg − hf ) = 2153.2 kJ/kg.
wturb = h3 − h4 = 1257.1 kJ/kg

wpump = h2 − h1 = 7.06 kJ/kg
qin = h3 − h2 = 3211.43 kJ/kg
Ẇnet Ẇturb −Ẇpump ṁ((h3 −h4 )−(h2 −h1 )) (h3 −h4 )−(h2 −h1 )
10.7e ηth = Q̇in
= Q̇in
= ṁ(h3 −h2 ) = (h3 −h2 ) = 0.389.
Ẇnet 45000
10.7f Ẇnet = ṁsteam ((h3 − h4 ) − (h2 − h1 )) → ṁsteam = (h3 −h4 )−(h2 −h1 ) = 1257.1−7.06 = 35.998 kg/s.
10.7g Energy must be conserved, so ∆U̇water,lake = Q̇out and furthermore du = cdT → ∆U̇ =
c∆T ṁlake and Q̇out = ṁsteam (h4 − h1 ). c = 4.18 kJ/(kgK), which is the specific heat of water.
(h4 −h1 )
Combining gives c∆T ṁlake = ṁsteam (h4 − h1 ) → ∆T = ṁṁsteam
lake c = 8.45 ◦ C.
10.8 Actual power plant cooled by a lake

10.8a See exercise 10.7.
10.8b See figure 10.8.1 and 10.8.2.

10.8c See table 10.8.1.
10.8d The old values (from 10.7) for point 2 and 4 are now the values for point 2s and 4s. We
−h1 −h1
can calculate the new h-values using the isentropic efficiency: ηsp = hh2s2 −h1
→ h2 = h1 + h2sηsp =
h3 −h4
199.92 kJ/kg and ηst = h3 −h4s → h4 = h3 − ηst (h3 − h4s ) = 2316.6 kJ/kg.
wturb = h3 − h4 = 1093.7 kJ/kg
154
P (kPa) T (◦ C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) Phase other
1 10 45.81 191.81 sat. liq.
2s 7000 198.87 s2 = s1 compr. liq.
2 7000 199.92 compr. liq. ηsp = 0.87
3 7000 500 3410.3 6.7975 superh. vap.
4s 10 45.81 2153.2 s4s = s3 mixture
4 10 2316.6 mixture ηst = 0.87
wpump = h2 − h1 = 8.11 kJ/kg

qin = h3 − h2 = 3210.4 kJ/kg
Ẇnet Ẇturb −Ẇpump ṁ((h3 −h4 )−(h2 −h1 )) (h3 −h4 )−(h2 −h1 )
10.8e ηth = Q̇in
= Q̇in
= ṁ(h3 −h2 ) = h3 −h2 = 0.338.
Ẇnet 45000
10.8f Ẇnet = ṁsteam (h3 − h4 ) − (h2 − h1 )) → ṁsteam = (h3 −h4 )−(h2 −h1 ) = 1093.7−8.11 = 41.45 kg/s.
10.8g Energy must be conserved, so ∆U̇water,lake = Q̇out and furthermore du = cdT → ∆U̇ =
c∆T ṁlake and Q̇out = ṁsteam (h4 − h1 ). c = 4.18 kJ/(kgK), which is the specific heat of water.
(h4 −h1 )
Combining gives c∆T ṁlake = ṁsteam (h4 − h1 ) → ∆T = ṁṁsteam
lake c = 10.53 ◦ C.
10.9 Reheat Rankine cycle

10.9b See figures 10.9.2 and 10.9.3. Note that point 6 can also be in the mixture region, but that
this is not known on beforehand.
10.9c See table 10.9.1.
155

P (bar) T (◦ C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) Phase other
1 0.1 46 191.83 sat. liq.
2s 100 201.92 s2 = s1 compr. liq.
2 100 202.45 compr. liq. ηsp = 0.95
3 100 500 3370 superh. vap.
4s 10 180 2780 s4s = s3 superh. vap.
4 10 230 2898 superh. vap. ηst = 0.8
5 10 500 3500 superh. vap.
6s 0.1 46 2460 s6s = s5 mix, x = 0.95
6 0.1 90 2668 superh. vap. ηst = 0.8
10.9d In order to determine the vapor mass fraction or temperature at the exit of the LPT, we need
to determine h5 , h6s and h6 . h5 can be found in the Mollier diagram in figure 10.9.4: h5 = 3500 kJ/kg.
By going down vertically (∆s = 0) to P6s = 0.1 bar we find h6s = 2460 kJ/kg. Using the isentropic
efficiency, we find h6 = h5 − ηst (h5 − h6s ) = 2668 kJ/kg. In the diagram we can see that this is in the
superheated region and the steam has a temperature of T6 = 90 ◦ C.
10.9e In order to determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle, we need to determine the other h-
values as well. h1 can be read in table A-5: h1 = 191.83 kJ/kg. For the isentropic pump, we find
h2s = h1 + v(P2 − P1 ) = 191.83 + 0.001010(10000 − 10) = 201.92 kJ/kg. The isentropic efficiency
−h1
of the pump then gives h2 = h1 + h2sηsp = 202.45 kJ/kg. h3 can be found in the Mollier diagram
in figure 10.9.4: h3 = 3370 kJ/kg. Going down vertically gives h4s = 2780 kJ/kg, which results in
h4 = h3 − ηst (h3 − h4s ) = 2898 kJ/kg.
Now we can calculate the thermal efficiency:
wnet (h3 − h4 ) + (h5 − h6 ) − (h2 − h1 ) 1294

ηth = = = = 0.34
qin (h3 − h2 ) + (h5 − h4 ) 3770
156
Ẇnet 150000
10.9f Ẇnet = ṁwnet → ṁ = wnet = 1294 = 115.9 kg/s.
ηth ηth 0.34

10.9g η2nd law = ηcarnot = T = 46+273
1− 500+273
= 0.59
1− T1
3
Figure 10.9.4: Mollier diagram of the rehaet Rankine cycle of assignment 10.9.
157
10.10 Ideal reheat Rankine cycle

10.10a See figure 10.10.1.
Figure 10.10.1: Schematic overview of exercise 10.10
10.10b See figures 10.10.2 and 10.10.3.
10.10c See table 10.10.1.
P (kPa) T (◦ C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) Phase other
1 10 45.81 191.8 sat. liq. vf = 0.001010 m3 /kg
2 9000 200.9 s2 = s1 compr. liq.
3 9000 500 3380 superh. vap.
4 P4 = P5 287 2990 s4s = s3 superh. vap.
5 2200 500 3460 s5 = s6 superh. vap.
6 10 45.81 2350 mix, x = 0.9
158
10.10d We determine the pressure at which reheating takes place with the Mollier diagram, see
figure 10.10.4. Looking up point 6 (P = 10 kPa, x = 0.9) and going up vertically (∆s = 0) to
T5 = 500 ◦ C gives us point 5. We can now read out the enthalpy and the pressure in this point:
h5 = 3460 kJ/kg and P5 = 2200 kPa (= 22 bar). So the pressure at which reheating takes place is
22 bar.
Figure 10.10.4: Mollier diagram of the ideal reheat Rankine cycle of assignment 10.10.
159
10.10e The heat input in the boiler is calculated as Q̇in = ṁ(h3 − h2 + h5 − h4 ), so we need to
determine the h-values in point 2, 3, 4 and 5. For an isentropic pump, h2 = h1 + v(P2 − P1 ).
Looking up h1 in table 10 gives h1 = 191.8 kJ/kg and v = vf @10 kPa = 0.001010 m3 /kg. So, h2 =
191.8 + 0.001010(9000 − 10) = 200.88 kJ/kg. Using the Mollier diagram we find h3 = 3380 kJ/kg.
Going down vertically to P4 = 22 bar (determined in b) we find h4 = 2990 kJ/kg. In d, we already
found that h5 = 3460 kJ/kg. So, Q̇in = ṁ(h3 −h2 +h5 −h4 ) = 25(3380−201+3460−2990) = 91225 kW
= 91.2 MW.
10.10f To determine the thermal efficiency we need to read out h6 in the Mollier diagram: h6 =
Ẇnet ẆHP T +ẆLP T −Ẇpump ṁ(h3 −h4 )+(h5 −h6 )−(h2 −h1 )) 35.23 MW
2350 kJ/kg. Now ηth = Q̇in
= Q̇in
= ṁ((h3 −h2 )+(h5 −h3 )) = 91.2 MW = 0.386.
ηth ηth ηth 0.386

10.10g The second law efficiency is given as η2nd law = ηcarnot = T = 46+273
1− 500+273
= 0.59 = 0.65.
1− T L
H
10.11 Reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle with open feedwater heater

10.11a See figure 10.11.1.
10.11b See figures 10.11.2 and 10.11.3.

160
10.11c See table 10.11.1.
P (kPa) T (◦ C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) phase ṁ other
1 10 45.81 191.81 sat. liq. ṁ1
2s 800 192.61 s2s = s1 comp. liq. ṁ1
2 800 192.81 comp. liq. ṁ1 ηs = 0.8
3 800 170.41 720.87 2.0457 sat. liq. ṁ3
4s 10000 731.13 s4s = s3 comp. liq. ṁ3
4 10000 733.69 2.0515 comp. liq. ṁ3 ηs = 0.8
5 10000 550 3500 6.65 superh. ṁ3
6s 800 2800 s6s = s5 superh. ṁ1
6 800 240 2940 7.0 superh. ṁ1 ηs = 0.8
7 800 500 3480 7.85 superh. ṁ1
8s 10 45.81 2500 s8s = s7 mix ṁ1
8 10 105 2696 superh. ṁ1 ηs = 0.8
9 800 h9 = h6 =2940 superh. ṁ9
10.11d In this assignment there are three different unknown mass flows ṁ1 , ṁ3 and ṁ9 . In ta-
ble 10.11.1 is denoted which mass flows are the same (column ṁ). In addition there are 9 different h
values. The h values can be found using the two known variables per h value given in table 10.11.1.
In order to find the three mass flows three equations are needed (3 unkowns → 3 equations).
The net power output of the cycle Ẇnet = 80 MW, is given and leads to the first equation that is
needed to determine the mass flow rates:
Ẇnet = ẆHP T + ẆLP T − Ẇpumps = ṁ3 (h5 − h6 ) + ṁ1 (h7 − h8 ) − ṁ1 (h2 − h1 ) − ṁ3 (h4 − h3 ).
The other two equations are the mass balance and the energy balance for the feed water heater:
ṁ3 = ṁ2 + ṁ9 , ṁ2 = ṁ1 → ṁ3 = ṁ1 + ṁ9
ṁ3 h3 = ṁ2 h2 + ṁ9 h9 , ṁ2 = ṁ1 → ṁ3 h3 = ṁ1 h2 + ṁ9 h9

In order to determine all mass flow rates, first all h-values have to be determined (see also the sum-
marizing table at c). Once these are known the mass flow rates can be determined.
Point 1: Table A-5 gives h1 = hf @10kP a = 191.81 kJ/kg.
Point 2: For an isentropic pump (point 2s) dh = vdP holds, so h2s = h1 + v1 (P2 − P1 ) =
−h1
191.81 + 0.001010(800 − 10) = 192.61 kJ/kg. We use ηsp = hh2s2 −h1
to determine h2 :
h2s −h1 192.61−191.81
h2 = h1 + ηsp = 191.81 + 0.8 = 192.81 kJ/kg.
161
Point 3: At the outlet of the OFWH, the phase of the working fluid is a saturated liquid (when
this is different, extra data would be given). The pressure in an OFWH remains constant, so
h3 = hf @800 kPa = 720.87 kJ/kg.
Point 4: The same method as for point 2 is used: h4s = h3 + v3 (P4 − P3 ) = 720.87 +
−h3
0.001115(10000 − 800) = 731.13 kJ/kg, which gives h4 = h3 + h4sηsp = 720.87 + 731.13−720.87
0.8 =
733.69 kJ/kg.
Point 5: The Mollier diagram gives for P5 = 10 MPa = 100 bar and T5 = 550 ◦ C:
h5 = 3500 kJ/kg.
Point 6: In the Mollier diagram go down vertically from point 5, which gives h6s = 2800 kJ/kg.
This would be the enthalpy for an ideal turbine, but for a not-ideal turbine we have the isentropic
h5 −h6
efficiency: ηst = ∆h
∆hs = h5 −h6s → h6 = h5 − ηst (h5 − h6s ) = 3500 − 0.8(3500 − 2800) =
rea
2940 kJ/kg.
Point 7: Read out in the Mollier diagram again with P7 = 0.8 MPa = 8 bar and T7 = 500◦ C:
h7 = 3480 kJ/kg.
Point 8: The same method as for point 6 is used, first the enthalpy is determined for an ideal
turbine using point 7 and the Mollier diagram: h8s = 2500 kJ/kg. With the isentropic efficiency
can be calculated h8 = h7 − ηst (h7 − h8s ) = 3480 − 0.8(3480 − 2500) = 2696 kJ/kg.
Point 9: Point 9 is identical to point 6 (except for the mass flow) and hence h9 = h6 = 2940 kJ/kg.
Now all h-values are known, these can be used to determine the mass flow rates using the equations
given above (Ẇnet and the mass and energy balance for the feed water heater). In the expression for
Ẇnet mass flow 1 and 3 are still unknown. It is necessary to express ṁ1 in ṁ3 (or the other way
around) using the mass and energy balance. First ṁ9 is eliminated
ṁ3 = ṁ2 + ṁ9 , ṁ2 = ṁ1 → ṁ3 = ṁ1 + ṁ9 → ṁ9 = ṁ3 − ṁ1
ṁ3 h3 = ṁ2 h2 + ṁ9 h9 → ṁ3 h3 = ṁ1 h2 + ṁ9 h9
Rewriting the mass balance to ṁ9 = ṁ3 −ṁ1 and substituting in the energy balance gives an expression
for ṁ1 in terms of ṁ3 :

h9 − h3
ṁ3 h3 = ṁ1 h2 + (ṁ3 − ṁ1 )h9 → ṁ3 (h9 − h3 ) = ṁ1 (h9 − h2 ) → ṁ1 = ṁ3
h9 − h2
Now ṁ1 is expressed in ṁ3 and known h values this expression for ṁ1 can be substituted in the
equation for Ẇnet to give an equation with only ṁ3 and known h values:

h9 − h3
Ẇnet = ṁ3 (h5 − h6 ) + ṁ3 [(h7 − h8 ) − (h2 − h1 )] − ṁ3 (h4 − h3 )
h9 − h2
Ẇnet
ṁ3 =
h9 −h3
(h5 − h6 − h4 + h3 ) + h9 −h2 [(h7 − h8 ) − (h2 − h1 )]
80 · 103
= = 67.77 kg/s
547 + 0.81 · 782
Substituting back in the relations that followed from the mass and energy balances, it is found that
ṁ1 = 54.89 kg/s and ṁ9 = 12.88 kg/s.
Ẇnet Ẇnet 80000 80000

10.11e ηth = Q̇in
= ṁ3 (h5 −h4 )+ṁ1 (h7 −h6 ) = 67.77(3500−734)+54.89(3480−2940) = 217092.4 = 0.37
ηth ηth 0.37 0.37

10.11f η2nd law = ηcarnot = T = 273+46
1− 273+550
= 0.61 = 0.607.
1− T L
H
162
Figure 10.11.4: Mollier diagram of the reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle with open feedwater heater
of assignment 10.11.
163
10.12 Reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle with closed feedwater heater

10.12a See figure 10.12.1.
10.12b See figures 10.12.2 and 10.12.3.

10.12c See table 10.12.1.
10.12d In comparison to assignment 10.11, the points 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10 are identical concerning
P , T , h and s (so NOT concerning the mass flows). So h-values need to be found for 5 points 1, 2,
8, 11 and 12. In addition 3 different mass flows have to be determined (ṁ1 , ṁ2 and ṁ12 ). Compared
to assignment 10.11 there are two energy balances that have to be taken into account, the energy
balance over the mixing chamber and the energy balance over the closed feed water heater. Like in
assignment 10.11 also the mass balance and the equation for the net power output (Ẇnet ) have to be
taken into account.
164
P (kPa) T (◦ C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) phase ṁ other
1 10000 T1 = T11 721.11 comp. liq. ṁ1 Energy bal. mix. cham.
2 10000 723.55 comp. liq. ṁ2
3 10000 550 3500 6.65 superh. ṁ2
4s 800 2800 s4s = s3 superh. ṁ2
4 800 240 2940 7.0 superh. ṁ2 ηs = 0.8
5 800 500 3480 7.85 superh. ṁ1
6s 10 45.81 2500 s6s = s5 mix ṁ1
6 10 105 2696 superh. ṁ1 ηs = 0.8
7 10 45.81 191.83 sat. liq. ṁ1 vf = 0.001010 m3 /kg
8s 10000 201.92 s8s = s7 comp. liq. ṁ1
8 10000 204.44 comp. liq. ṁ1 ηs = 0.8
9 800 240 2940 7.0 superh. ṁ1 ηs = 0.8
10 800 240 2940 7.0 superh. ṁ12 ηs = 0.8
11 800 170.43 721.11 sat. liq. ṁ12 vf = 0.001115 m3 /kg
12s 10000 731.37 s12s = s1 1 comp. liq. ṁ12
12 10000 733.93 comp. liq. ṁ12 ηs = 0.8
This gives four equations:
1. Energy balance over the mixing chamber: ṁ2 h2 = ṁ12 h12 + ṁ1 h1 .
2. Energy balance over the closed feed water heater: ṁ1 h8 + ṁ12 h10 = ṁ1 h1 + ṁ12 h11
3. Mass balance: ṁ2 = ṁ12 + ṁ1
4. Net power output: Ẇnet = ṁ2 (h3 − h4 ) + ṁ1 (h5 − h6 ) − ṁ1 (h8 − h7 ) − ṁ12 (h12 − h11 )
Four equations means that there are also 4 unknown variables that have to be determined using these
4 equations. These variables are the three mass flows, ṁ1 , ṁ2 and ṁ12 and the enthalpy of point 2,
h2 . The second known variable for point 2 is the energy balance over the mixing chamber (if an other
thing would be assumed for point 2 e.g. staturated liquid then the system would be over determined
and the equations cannot be solved).
To determine the mass flow rates first the missing h values have to be determined, once they are
know the four equations above are used to determine h2 and the mass flows.
Point 11: From the table: h11 = hf @800 kPa = 721.11 kJ/kg. The temperature belonging to this
point is T11 = 170.43 ◦ C.
165
Point 1: The temperature in point 1 is the same as the temperature in point 11 (given in the
exercise). It appears that for this pressure we cannot use the tables for compressed liquid, so
we use the Incompressible Liquid Approximation and look up the value of h1 at the correct
temperature (not pressure) for saturated liquid, which is then equal to h11 : h1 = 721.11 kJ/kg.
Point 12: Used is dh = vdP → h12s = h11 + v(P12 − P11 ) = 721.11 + 0.001115(10000 − 800) =
−h11
731.37 kJ/kg. Use of the isentropic efficiency gives h12 = h11 + h12sηsp = 733.93 kJ/kg.
Point 8: The same method is used as for point 12: h8s = h7 + v(P8 − P7 ) = 191.83 +
0.001010(10000 − 10) = 201.92 kJ/kg. The isentropic efficiency gives h8 = h7 + h8sη−h
s
7
=
204.44 kJ/kg.
Point 2: h2 follows from the energy balance over the mixing chamber: ṁ2 h2 = ṁ12 h12 + ṁ1 h1 →
h2 = ṁ12 h12
ṁ2
+ṁ1 h1
. However, to calculate h2 the mass flows are needed. To find them the other
equations have to be used also.
Now first the mass flows are determined:
Rewriting the mass balance ṁ2 = ṁ12 + ṁ1 gives an expression for ṁ12 → ṁ12 = ṁ2 − ṁ1 .
Substitution of the expression for ṁ12 in the energy balance over the closed feed water heater,
ṁ1 h8 + ṁ12 h10 = ṁ1 h1 + ṁ12 h11, gives an expression
for ṁ1 → ṁ1 h8 + (ṁ2 − ṁ1 )h10 =
h11 −h10
ṁ1 h1 + (ṁ2 − ṁ1 )h11 → ṁ1 = ṁ2 h8 −h10 −h1 +h11 .
Combining
this expression
with the mass balance leads to an expression for ṁ12 → ṁ12 =
h11 −h10
ṁ2 1 − h8 −h10 −h1 +h11 .
Substitution of the expressions for ṁ1 and ṁ12 in the equation for the net power output leads
to an expression for ṁ2 :

h11 − h10
Ẇnet = ṁ2 (h3 − h4 + (h5 − h6 )
h8 − h10 − h1 + h11

h11 − h10 h11 − h10
− (h8 − h7 ) − 1 − (h12 − h11 ) →
h8 − h10 − h1 + h11 h8 − h10 − h1 + h11
Ẇnet
ṁ2 = h i
h11 −h10 h11 −h10 h11 −h10
(h3 − h4 + h8 −h10 −h1 +h11 (h5 − h6 ) − h8 −h10 −h1 +h11 (h8 − h7 ) − 1 − h8 −h10 −h1 +h11 (h12 − h11 )
Filling in the h values gives the mass flow rate through the boiler: ṁ2 = 59.65 kg/s.

−h10
Hence ṁ1 = ṁ2 h8 −hh11
10 −h1 +h11
= 48.32 kg/s and ṁ12 = ṁ2 − ṁ1 = 11.33 kg/s
ṁ12 h12 +ṁ1 h1

Finally also h2 can be found h2 = ṁ2 = 723.55 kJ/kg.
Ẇnet Ẇnet 80000

10.12e ηth = Q̇in
= ṁ2 (h3 −h2 )+ṁ1 (h5 −h9 ) = 59.24(3500−721.16)+47.85(3480−2940) = 0.420.
ηth ηth 0.42 0.42

10.12f η2nd law = ηcarnot = T = 273+46
1− 273+550
= 0.61 = 0.689.
1− T L
H
166
Figure 10.12.4: Mollier diagram of the reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle with closed feedwater heater
of assignment 10.12.
167
10.13 Combined gas-steam power cycle 1

10.13a See figure 10.13.1.
Figure 10.13.2: T-s diagram of question 10.13
Figure 10.13.1: Schematic overview of

question 10.13
10.13b See table 10.13.1. The two known variables at each point are underlined.
Table 10.13.1: Table with parameters of question 10.13
P (kPa) T (K) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) phase other
1 100 300 305 air
2s 800 560 s2s = s1 air
2 800 624 air ηsc = 0.8
3 800 1300 1400 air
4s 100 795 s4s = s3 air
4 100 886 air ηst = 0.85
5 100 450 450 air
6 5 137.82 sat. liq. vf = 0.001005 m3 /kg
7 7000 144.85 s7 = s6 comp. liq.
8 7000 773 3410.3 6.7975 superh.
9 5 2071.9 s9 = s8 mix
168
10.13c See figure 10.13.2.
Figure 10.13.3: Mollier diagram of the gas turbine cycle of the combined cycle of assignment 10.13.
The Mollier diagram of the steam turbine cycle is given at the upper left.
10.13d To determine the ratio of the mass flows of the air, ṁg , and of the water/steam, ṁs , we need
to determine the energy balance over the heat exchanger:
ṁs h4 − h5
Q̇in = Q̇out ⇒ ṁg h4 + ṁs h7 = ṁg h5 + ṁs h8 ⇒ ṁg (h4 − h5 ) = ṁs (h8 − h7 ) ⇒ =
ṁg h8 − h7
169
So, the h-values need to be determined. For point 1, we use the Mollier diagram, see figure 10.13.3:
h1 = 305 kJ/kg. Going vertically (∆s = 0) up we find h2s = 560 kJ/kg, such that h2 = h2sη−h sc
1
+
h1 = 624 kJ/kg. Point 3 can be read from the Mollier diagram: h3 = 1400 kJ/kg, and going
down vertically we find h4s = 795 kJ/kg. Using the isentropic efficiency of the turbine we then get
h4 = h3 − ηst (h3 − h4s ) = 886 kJ/kg. Point 5 is again read from the Mollier diagram: h5 = 450 kJ/kg.
Point 6 is determined from the tables for water: h6 = hf @5 kPa = 137.82 kJ/kg. For a pump, we
then use that dh = T ds + vdP , such that, for an isentropic pump (ds = 0) h7 = h6 + v(P7 − P6 ) =
144.85 kJ/kg. For point 8 we look in the tables for superheated vapor: h8 = 3410.3 kJ/kg and
s8 = 6.7975 kJ/(kgK). For point 9, we now look in the tables at 5 kPa, and we see that sf < s9 < sg ,
s −s 6.7975−0.4764
and hence we have a mixture. Determining x gives x = sg9 −sff = 8.3951−0.4764 = 0.798, such that
h9 = hf + x(hg − hf ) = 137.82 + 0.798(2561.5 − 137.82) = 2071.9 kJ/kg. Points 8 and 9 can also be
found using the Mollier diagram of water given in figure 10.13.3.
Substituting the values in the expression for the mass ratio gives: ṁṁs
g
= hh48 −h 886−450
−h7 = 3410.3−144.85 =
5
0.13. So, with 1 kg exhaust gases we can heat up only 0.13 kg steam.
10.13e The thermal efficiency of the combined cycle is given as:
Ẇout,gas + Ẇout,steam − Ẇin,gas − Ẇin,steam

ηth =
Q̇in
ṁg (h3 − h4 ) + ṁs (h8 − h9 ) − ṁg (h2 − h1 ) − ṁs (h7 − h6 )
=
ṁg (h3 − h2 )
ṁs
(h3 − h4 ) − (h2 − h1 ) + ṁg (h8 − h9 − (h7 − h6 ))
= = 0.47
h3 − h2
ηth ηth 0.47 0.47

10.13f η2nd law = ηcarnot = T = 300
1− 1300
= 0.77 = 0.61
1− T low
high
10.14 Combined gas-steam power cycle 2

10.14a See figure 10.14.1

Figure 10.14.1: Schematic overview
of exercise 10.14
170
Table 10.14.1: Table with parameters of exercise 10.14
P (kPa) T (◦ C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) phase other
1 100 27 305 air
2 1600 390 670 s2 = s1 air
3 1600 1227 1620 air
4 100 480 770 s4 = s3 air
5 100 147 430 air
6 15 53.97 225.94 sat. liq. vf = 0.001014 m3 /kg
7 10000 236.06 s7 = s6 comp. liq.
8 10000 400 3096.5 6.2120 superh.
9 15 2005.8 s9 = s8 mix, x = 0.75
10.14b See table 10.14.1. The two known variables at each point are underlined.
10.14c See figure 10.14.2.
10.14d The mass flow of the steam follows from the energy balance over the heat exchanger:
h4 − h5
Q̇in = Q̇out ⇒ ṁg h4 + ṁs h7 = ṁg h5 + ṁs h8 ⇒ ṁg (h4 − h5 ) = ṁs (h8 − h7 ) ⇒ ṁs = ṁg
h8 − h7
So, the enthalpies need to be determined. For point 1, we read in the Mollier diagram for air, given
in figure 10.14.3, at P1 = 1 bar and T1 = 27 ◦ C, giving h1 = 305 kJ/kg. Going vertically (∆s = 0)
up to P2 = 16 bar gives h2 = 670 kJ/kg. Point 3 is found by going to T3 = 1227 ◦ C at P3 = 16 bar:
h3 = 1620 kJ/kg. Going down vertically (∆s = 0) to P4 = 1 bar then gives h4 = 770 kJ/kg, and going
to T5 = 147 ◦ C at the same pressure gives h5 = 430 kJ/kg.
For point 6, the tables for water are used: h6 = hf @15 kPa = 225.94 kJ/kg, and v6 = 0.001014 m3 /kg.
For a pump, we use that dh = T ds + vdP . Since the pump is isentropic, ds = 0 and hence
h7 = h6 + v(P7 − P6 ) = 225.94 + 0.001014(10000 − 15) = 236.06 kJ/kg. Point 8 is found in the table for
superheated vapor: P8 = 10 MPa, T8 = 400 ◦ C, giving h8 = 3096.5 kJ/kg and s8 = 6.2120 kJ/(kgK).
For point 9, we make use of the fact that the turbine is isentropic, and hence s9 = s8 . At P9 = 15 kPa it
s −s 6.2120−0.7549
is found that, for this entropy, we must have a mixture, so we calculate x: x = sg9 −sff = 8.0085−0.7549 =
0.75, such that h9 = hf + x(hg − hf ) = 225.94 + 0.75(2599.1 − 225.94) = 2005.81 kJ/kg. Points 8 and
9 can also be found using the Mollier diagram of water given in figure 10.14.3.
Filling in the values in the equation for the mass flow of the steam gives: ṁs = ṁg hh48 −h −h7 =
5
770−430
14 3096.5−236.06 = 1.66 kg/s.
10.14e Ẇnet = ṁg [(h3 − h4 ) − (h2 − h1 )] + ṁs [(h8 − h9 ) − (h7 − h6 )] = 8583.76 kW = 8.85 MW
Ẇnet ṁg [(h3 −h4 )−(h2 −h1 )]+ṁs [(h8 −h9 )−(h7 −h6 )] 8583.76
10.14f ηth = Q̇in
= ṁg (h3 −h2 ) = 14(1620−670) = 0.65
ηth ηth 0.65 0.65

10.14g η2nd law = ηcarnot = T = 300
1− 1500
= 0.8 = 0.81
1− T L
H
171
Figure 10.14.3: Mollier diagram of the gas turbine cycle of the combined cycle of assignment 10.14.
The Mollier diagram of the steam turbine cycle is given at the upper left.
172
10.15 An ideal cogeneration power plant

10.15a The schematic overview of the cogeneration power plant is shown in figure 10.15.1 and the
T s-diagram of the this power plant is shown in figure 10.15.2.
Figure 10.15.1: Schematic overview of the cogener- Figure 10.15.2: T-s diagram of the cogen-
ation powerplant of assignment 10.15 eration powerplant of assignment 10.15
10.15b The power plant operates on an ideal cycle and thus the pumps and the turbine are isentropic.
There are no pressure drops in the boiler, the process heater and the condenser. Steam leaves the
process heater and the condenser as saturated liquid. The two known variables are collected in
table 10.15.1 (underlined variables). Using them the h-values in each point can be determined.
The mass flows through the turbine and the process heater change depending on the way the plant
is used. There are three modes:
1. Maximum rate of process heat: all mass flows through the process chamber via point 2 and no
mass flows through the turbine (point 3), ṁ3 = 0 kg/s and ṁ2 = ṁ1 .
2. Maximum power output: all mass flows through the turbine via point 3 and 6 and no mass flows
through the process chamber (point 2 and 5), ṁ2 = 0 kg/s and ṁ3 = ṁ1 .
3. A combination of process heat and power output: the mass flow is splitted after the boiler,
ṁ1 = ṁ2 + ṁ3 .
However, the changing mass flows have no influence on the h value of most of the points as they in
general do not depend on the mass flow. The only exception is the point after the mixing chamber,
point 11. This point depends on the ratio of the mass flows through the turbine and the process heater
and can be determined using the energy balance over the mixing chamber (ṁ9 h9 + ṁ10 h10 = ṁ11 h11 ).
Note that in case that the maximum rate of process heat is achieved ṁ9 = 0 kg/s thus ṁ10 = ṁ11
and h11 = h10 . In the case of maximum power ṁ10 = 0 kg/s thus ṁ9 = ṁ11 and h11 = h9 .
The h values are determined using the Mollier diagram for water, see figure 10.15.3 and the tables
in the book. They are added to table 10.15.1.
Point 1, 2 and 3: h1 = 3410 kJ/kg, can be read from the Mollier diagram directly at P = 7 Bar
and T = 500◦ C. h2 and h3 have the same value as for them only the mass flow changes.
Point 4: h4 also has the same value as 1, 2 and 3 as the throttling process does not change the
value of the enthalpy.
Point 5: The turbine is isentropic, s5 = s3 . From point 3, vertically down to the P5 = 5 Bar
isobar, h5 = 2740 kJ/kg.
173
Point 6: The turbine is isentropic, s6 = s3 . From point 3, vertically down to the P5 = 0.05 Bar
isobar, h6 = 2075 kJ/kg.
Point 7: Saturated liquid at P7 = 500 kPa, from table A-5 follows: h7 = 640.09kJ/kg.
Point 8: Saturated liquid at P8 = 5 kPa, from table A-5 follows: h8 = 137.75kJ/kg.
Point 9: For a pump is used that dh = T ds + vdP . Since the pump is isentropic, ds = 0 and
Figure 10.15.3: Mollier diagram of the co-generation power plant of assignment 10.15. Note: the line
between point 2 and 4 represents the throttling process, ∆h = 0 and is horizontal to the x-axis.
174
Table 10.15.1: Table with parameters of exercise 10.15. The two known variables are underlined.
Temperature and x-values, not known before, are read from the Mollier diagram. At point 11: 1, 2
and 3 refer to the mode of use: maximum rate of process heat (1), maximum power output (2) and
the combination of process heat and power output (3). ∗ The mass flows in the last column are given
for mode 3, the combination of pocess heat and power.
kJ ∗

T (◦ C) kJ kJ

P (kPa) h kg s kgK phase other ṁ s
1 7000 500 3410 sup. vapor 15
2 7000 500 3410 sup. vapor 1.5
3 7000 500 3410 sup. vapor 13.5
4 500 465 h4 = h3 sup. vapor ṁ2
5 500 150 2740 s5 = s3 x = 0.998 10.5
6 5 35 2075 s6 = s3 x = 0.805 3
7 500 150 640.09 sat. liq., x = 0 12
8 5 35 137.75 sat. liq., x = 0 ṁ6
9 7000 144.78 s9 = s8 comp. liq. vf = 0001005 m3 /kg ṁ6
10 7000 647.19 s10 = s7 comp. liq. vf = 0001093 m3 /kg ṁ7
111 7000 h11 = h10 comp. liq. ṁ1
112 7000 h11 = h9 comp. liq. ṁ1
113 7000 547 comp. liq. Energy bal. mix. cham. ṁ1
hence h9 = h8 + v(P9 − P8 ) = 137.75 + 0.001005(7000 − 5) = 144.78 kJ/kg.
Point 10: For a pump is used that dh = T ds + vdP . Since the pump is isentropic, ds = 0 and
hence h10 = h7 + v(P10 − P7 ) = 640.09 + 0.001093(7000 − 500) = 647.19 kJ/kg.
Point 11: h11 is found using the energy balance over the process heater and therefore depends
on the mode of use that determines the ratio between the mass flows through the process heater
(ṁ7 = ṁ10 ) and the turbine (ṁ6 = ṁ9 ).
ṁ9 h9 + ṁ10 h10

ṁ9 h9 + ṁ10 h10 = ṁ11 h11 → h11 = where ṁ11 = ṁ9 + ṁ10 .
ṁ11
For the different modes of use this yields:
1. Maximum rate of process heat: ṁ9 = 0 kg/s thus ṁ10 = ṁ11 and h11 = h10 .
2. Maximum power: ṁ10 = 0 kg/s thus ṁ9 = ṁ11 and h11 = h9 .
3. A combination of power en process heat: ṁ9 and ṁ10 depend on the required process heat
and power output of the cogeneration power plant. When the ratio between the mass flows
is known h11 can be calculated.
Now all h-values are known the questions can be answered.
175
10.15c The maximum rate of process heat (mode 1) is achieved when all steam leaving the boiler is
throttled and sent to the process heater and none is sent to the turbine (that is ṁ3 = ṁ5 = ṁ6 = 0 kg/s
and ṁ2 = ṁ4 = ṁ7 = ṁ10 = ṁ11 = ṁ1 = 15 kg/s). Thus
Q̇process,max = ṁ1 (h4 − h7 ) = 15(3410 − 640) = 41.55 MW.
10.15d The utilization factor at the mode of maximum process heat (mode 1) is almost 100% since
no heat is rejected in the condenser (all other heat losses are assumed to be negligible). All heat
supplied in the boiler is used as process heat (Q̇in = Q̇process ). There is no power output since there is
no mass flow through the turbine. The power input to the pump is Ẇpump = ṁ1 (h10 −h7 ) = 0.11 MW.
Ẇnet + Q̇process −0.11 + 41.55

u = = = 0.997 or 99.7%.
Q̇in 41.55
That is, almost 100% of the energy put in the boiler is utilized for a useful purpose.
10.15e When no process heat is supplied (mode 2), all steam leaving the boiler passes through the
turbine and expands to the condenser pressure, P8 = 5 kPa (that is ṁ2 = ṁ5 = ṁ4 = ṁ7 = ṁ10 =
0 kg/s and ṁ3 = ṁ1 = ṁ6 = ṁ8 = ṁ9 = ṁ11 = 15 kg/s). Maximum power is produced in this mode,
which is determined to be:
Ẇturbine = ṁ3 (h3 − h6 ) = 15(3410 − 2075) = 20.03 MW
Ẇpump = ṁ3 (h9 − h8 ) = 15(145 − 138) = 0.11 MW

Ẇnet = Ẇturbine − Ẇpump = 19.92 MW.
10.15f To calculate the utilization factor and the thermal efficiency Q̇in is required, note that for
this mode h11 = h9 :
Q̇in = ṁ1 (h1 − h11 ) = 15(3410 − 145) = 48.98 MW.
This results in the utilization factor to be:
Ẇnet + Q̇process 19.92 + 0
u = = = 0.407 or 40.7%.
Q̇in 48.98
That is, 40.7% of the input energy is utilized for a useful purpose. The thermal efficiency is:
Ẇnet 19.92
ηth = = = 0.407 or 40.7%.
Q̇in 48.98
The utilization factor is equivalent to the thermal efficiency in this case since no process heat is
produced. The cogeneration power plant is used as a ’normal’ power plant, producing power only.
The utilization factor is much lower than the one found in the case the maximum process heat is
produced. That is because the heat supplied cannot all be converted to work (due to the restrictions
put by the second law of thermodynamics). Some heat has to be rejected to the environment at a low
temperature (usually in the condenser), that heat cannot be utilized useful.
10.15g In this case the power plant is used a a cogeneration power plant (mode 3). The mass flow
is splitted after the boiler and also in the turbine some steam is extracted. This results in 6 different
mass flows in the power plant. They have to be determined before the process heat and the power
output of the plant in this mode can be calculated (see also table: 10.15.1).
1. The main mass flow, the flow through the boiler: ṁ1 = ṁ11 = 15 kg/s.
2. 10% of the flow is extracted before the turbine → ṁ2 = ṁ4 = 0.1ṁ1 = 0.1 · 15 = 1.5 kg/s.
176
3. The mass balance at the junction of point 1, 2 and 3 gives: ṁ3 = ṁ1 − ṁ2 = 15−1.5 = 13.5 kg/s.
4. 70% of the flow is extracted in the turbine at P5 = 500 kPa → ṁ5 = 0.7ṁ1 = 0.1·15 = 10.5 kg/s.
5. From the mass balance over the proces heater follows: ṁ7 = ṁ4 + ṁ5 = 1.5 + 10.5 = 12 kg/s.
Also ṁ10 = ṁ7 = 12 kg/s.
6. From the mass balance over the turbine follows: ṁ6 = ṁ3 − ṁ5 = 13.5 − 10.5 = 3 kg/s. Also
ṁ8 = ṁ9 = ṁ6 = 3 kg/s.
The process heat follows from the energy balance over the process heater:
ṁ4 h4 + ṁ5 h5 = Q̇process,heat + ṁ7 h7 → Q̇process,heat = ṁ4 h4 + ṁ5 h5 − ṁ7 h7
Q̇process,heat = 1.5 · 3410 + 10.5 · 2740 − 12 · 640 = 26.2 MW.

The net power output produced in this mode is:
Ẇturbine = ṁ3 (h3 − h5 ) + ṁ6 (h5 − h6 ) = 13.5(3410 − 2740) + 3(2740 − 2075) = 11.04 MW
Ẇpumps = ṁ8 (h9 − h8 ) + ṁ7 (h10 − h7 ) = 3(145 − 138) + 12(647 − 640) = 0.11 MW
Ẇnet = Ẇturbine − Ẇpumps = 11.04 − 0.11 = 10.93 MW.
10.15h For the utilization factor and the thermal efficiency Q̇in = h1 − h11 is required, so h11 is
needed. For this mode of operation it is not known jet and depends on the ratios of the mass flows.
It is determined from the energy balance over the mixing chamber:
ṁ9 h9 + ṁ10 h10 3 · 145 + 12 · 648
ṁ9 h9 + ṁ10 h10 = ṁ11 h11 → h11 = = = 547.4 kJ/kg.
ṁ11 15
Now, the heat input can be calculated:
Q̇in = ṁ1 (h1 − h11 ) = 15(3410 − 547) = 42.99 MW.
This results in the utilization factor to be:

Ẇnet + Q̇process 10.93 + 26.2
u = = = 0.864 or 86.4%.
Q̇in 42.99
That is, 86.4% of the energy is utilized for a useful purpose. The energy that is not utilized useful
is rejected in the condenser: Q̇condenser = ṁ6 (h6 − h8 ) = 3(2075 − 138) = 5.81 MW, which is 13.5%
of the energy supplied to the boiler. The difference of 0.1% is probably due to rounding errors. The
thermal efficiency is:
Ẇnet 10.93
ηth = = = 0.254 or 24.4%.
Q̇in 42.99
The utilization factor is higher than the thermal efficiency. This is not surprising as it is the purpose
of this mode to produce process heat also the utilize more of the input energy for a useful purpose.
That it is so much higher is because a large part of the mass flow is sent to the process heater.
If instead of 70% only 30% of the flow is extracted in the turbine the values change and come closer
together: u = 0.62 or 62% and ηth = 0.35 or 35% (ṁ5 = 4.5 kg/s, ṁ6 = 9 kg/s, ṁ7 = 6 kg/s, h11 =
346 kJ/kg, Q̇process,heat = 16.60 MW, Ẇturbine = 15.03 MW, Ẇpumps = 0.11 MW, Ẇnet = 14.92 MW
and Q̇in = 45.96 MW).
Compared to question d the utilization factor is lower because also work it produced and some heat
is rejected to the environment in the condenser. Compared to question f is it higher as in f no process
heat was produced at all and the system was used in the mode of producing maximum power. The
thermal efficiency is lower than in case that the maximum power output is produced as also process
heat is produced which lowers the mass flow through the turbine and thus the power output. However
in total more of the input energy is utilized useful.
177
10.16 An improved Rankine cycle
10.16a First of all, we draw a

T s−diagram, as shown on the right. It
is seen that point 1 is a saturated liq-
uid at the high pressure, and that a mix-
ture comes out of the condenser. Both
the turbine and the compressor are isen-
tropic, and hence the processes are char-
acterised by vertical lines in the diagram.
Now, we make a table with all characteristic points, see table 10.16.1. In order to determine the effi-
ciency of the cycle, we need to determine the h-values. h1 = hL@6000kPa = 1213.3 kJ/kg. Furthermore,
s1 = sL@6000kPa = 3.0266 kJ/(kgK). h2 = hv@6000kPa = 2783.9 kJ/kg. At point 3, we will need both
the enthalpy and the entropy (for point 4). In the tables for superheated water at P = 6000 kPa and
T = 400 ◦ C it is found that h3 = 3177.0 kJ/kg and s3 = 6.5404 kJ/(kgK). The quality at point 4 can
now be determined from the entropy:
s4 − sL@8kPa 6.5404 − 0.5925
x4 = = = 0.779
sv@8kPa − sL@8kPa 8.2267 − 0.5925
Now, h4 can be determined:
h4 = hL@8kPa + x4 (hv@8kPa − hL@8kPa ) = 173.85 + 0.779(2576.1 − 173.85) = 2045.2 kJ/kg
Similarly, h5 is determined by first determining the quality using the entropy, and using that to
calculate h5 :
s5 − sL@8kPa 3.0266 − 0.5925
x5 = = = 0.319
sv@8kPa − sL@8kPa 8.2267 − 0.5925
h5 = hL@8kPa + x5 (hv@8kPa − hL@8kPa ) = 173.85 + 0.319(2576.1 − 173.85) = 940.2 kJ/kg
The cycle efficiency is now calculated as:
wnet wout − win (h3 − h4 ) − (h1 − h5 ) (3177.0 − 2045.2) − (1213.3 − 940.2)

ηRa = = = = = 0.437
qin qin h3 − h1 3177.0 − 1213.3
Table 10.16.1: Parameters of exercise 10.16a. The 2 known variables per point are underlined.
P (kPa) T (◦ C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) x (-) other
1 6000 275.59 1213.3 3.0266 0
2 6000 275.59 2783.9 5.8886 1
3 6000 400 3177.0 6.5404
4 8 41.52 2045.2 s4 = s3 0.779
5 8 41.52 940.2 s5 = s1 0.319
178
10.16b For the usual Rankine cycle under the same conditions, the points 1 and 5 change. h5
is now on the saturated liquid line and equal to hL@8kPa = 173.85 kJ/kg, and s5 = sL@8kPa =
0.5925 kJ/(kgK). To determine h1 we use the formula for an isentropic pump: dh = vdP → h1 − h5 =
v(P1 − P5 ). This gives h1 = h5 + v(P1 − P5 ) = 173.85 + 0.001(6000 − 8) = 179.84 kJ/kg. The table
with the parameters for the usual Rankine cycle is seen in table 10.16.2. Now, the cycle efficiency is
calculated as:
ηRb = = = = = 0.376
qin qin h3 − h1 3177.0 − 179.84
Table 10.16.2: Parameters of exercise 10.16b. The 2 known variables per point are underlined.
P (kPa) T (◦ C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) x (-) other
1 6000 275.59 179.84 s1 = s5
2 6000 275.59 2783.9 5.8886 1
3 6000 400 3177.0 6.5404
4 8 41.52 2045.2 s4 = s3 0.779
5 8 41.52 173.85 0.5925 0
10.16c The cycle operates between Tlow = 41.52 ◦ C (saturation temperature at 8 kPa) and Thigh =
400 ◦ C, such that:
Tlow 41.52 + 273
ηcarnot = 1 − =1− = 0.533
Thigh 400 + 273
The ratio of the proposed Rankine cycle to the appropriate Carnot efficiency is:
ηRa 0.437
= = 0.820
ηcarnot 0.533
The ratio of the usual Rankine cycle to the appropriate Carnot efficiency is:
ηRb 0.376
= = 0.707
ηcarnot 0.533
10.16d Without superheating, the quality at state 3 will be 1 (i.e. point 3 and 2 will be the same),
such that s3 = 5.8886 kJ/(kgK). Hence, the new h4 can be calculated (similarly as was done in a) to
be h4 = 1840.37 kJ/kg. The efficiency of that cycle will then be:

ηRd = = = = = 0.427
qin qin h3 − h1 2783.9 − 1213.3
Discussion of the results: If the compression process for the steam cycle was entirely within the
mixture region, leaving the compressor as saturated liquid, and the steam left the boiler as saturated
vapor, such that the boiler heat input occurred at constant temperature, the T s-diagram would be
a rectangle, as in the case of a Carnot cycle, and the Rankine efficiency would approach the Carnot
efficiency. As a practical matter, turbines and compressors which operate entirely within the wet
region are extremely difficult to build and have low isentropic efficiencies. For this reason, it is more
practical and efficient to design Rankine cycles to pressurize the fluid as a liquid (with a pump) and
expand it as a gas (with a turbine).
179
10.17 A Rankine cycle with and without regeneration
First of all, we draw a T -s diagram, as shown

on the right. Now, we make a table with
all characteristic points in it, as shown in ta-
ble 10.17.1. In order to determine the effi-
ciency of the cycle without regeneration, we
need to determine the enthalpy values of point
1, 2, 4 and 6, as the other points are not in-
volved in the cycle without regeneration. h1
can be found directly in the tables: h1 =
hL@8kPa = 173.85 kJ/kg. The work input in
the pump is calculated using win,pump = ∆h =
v∆P , where the specific volume is assumed
constant at v1 = vL@8kPa = 0.001008 m3 /kg.
Hence, win,pump = v1 (P2 − P1 ) = 0.001008 ·
(6000 − 8) = 6.04 kJ/kg, such that h2 =
h1 + win,pump = 173.85 + 6.04 = 179.89 kJ/kg.
The properties at state 4 are determined from the tables for superheated water: h4 = 3177.0 kJ/kg
and s4 = 6.5404 kJ/(kgK). The quality at state 6s can be determined using the entropy:
s4 − sL@8kPa 6.5404 − 0.5925
x6s = = = 0.779
sv@8kPa − sL@8kPa 8.2267 − 0.5925
Hence,
h6s = hL@8kPa + x6s (hv@8kPa − hL@8kPa ) = 173.85 + 0.779(2576.1 − 173.85) = 2045.2 kJ/kg
Using the isentropic efficiency, h6 is determined:
h6 = h4 − ηs (h4 − h6s ) = 3177.0 − 0.88(3177.0 − 2045.2) = 2181.0 kJ/kg
It is now possible to determine the efficiency of the cycle without regeneration:

wnet (h4 − h6 ) − (h2 − h1 ) (3177.0 − 2181.0) − (179.89 − 173.85)
ηth,noregen = = = = 0.330
qin h4 − h2 3177.0 − 179.89
To determine the efficiency of the cycle with regeneration, we also need to determine h02 and
h5 . The values of all other points remain unchanged. First, h5s is determined similar as h6s was
determined:
s4 − sL@200kPa 6.5404 − 1.5304
x5s = = = 0.895
sv@200kPa − sL@200kPa 7.1272 − 1.5304
h5s = hL@200kPa + x5s (hv@200kPa − hL@200kPa ) = 504.8 + 0.895(2706.5 − 504.8) = 2475.3 kJ/kg
The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is used to calculate h5 :
h5 = h4 − ηs (h4 − h5s ) = 3177.0 − 0.88(3177.0 − 2475.3) = 2559.5 kJ/kg
In order to determine h02 , we make use of the energy balance over the closed feedwater heater, where
we assume that the condensing steam leaves as a saturated liquid at 200 kPa (the extraction pressure).
The energy balance therefore becomes:
0.1ṁ4 (h5 − hL@200kPa ) = ṁ4 (h02 − h2 )
which gives:
0.1ṁ4 (h5 − hL@200kPa )
h02 = + h2 = 0.1(2559.5 − 504.8) + 179.89 = 385.4 kJ/kg
ṁ4
180
Table 10.17.1: Table with parameters of exercise 10.17. The 2 known variables per point are underlined.
P (kPa) T (◦ C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) x (-) ṁ other
1 8 173.85 0 ṁ4 v1 = 0.001008 m3 /kg
2 6000 179.89 ṁ4 win,pump = ∆h = v∆P
2’ 6000 385.4 ṁ4 energy balance CFWH
4 6000 400 3177.0 6.5404 ṁ4
5s 200 2457.3 s5s = s4 0.895 0.1ṁ4
5 200 2559.5 0.1ṁ4 ηs = 0.88
6s 8 2045.2 s6s = s4 0.779 0.9ṁ4
6 8 2181.0 0.9ṁ4 ηs = 0.88
Now, the efficiency of the cycle with regeneration can be calculated:
wnet 0.9(h4 − h6 ) + 0.1(h4 − h5 ) − (h2 − h1 )

ηth,regen = =
qin h4 − h02
0.9(3177.0 − 2181.0) + 0.1(3177.0 − 2559.5) − (179.89 − 173.85)
= = 0.341
3177.0 − 385.4)
Hence, the efficiency is improved by 1.1%, which is a very significant improvement representing major
savings in fuel costs for operation of the power plant. In large high-pressure steam plants, as many
as 8-10 feedwater heaters may be used in series to effect even greater efficiency gains. The gains,
however, are not directly proportional to the number of heaters used. Ultimately, there is a point of
diminishing returns at which the added capital and maintenance costs of more heaters outweighs the
incremental fuel savings.
10.18 City Heating

The amount of heat added to the power plant is:
Ẇnet 40
Q̇in = = = 160 MW
ηth 0.25
Now, from the schematic diagram, we can derive the following:
Q̇river + (Thermal demand) = Q̇in − Ẇelect
Thus, the amount of heat rejected to the river is given by:
Q̇river = Q̇in − Ẇelect − (Thermal demand) = 160 − 40 − 50 = 70 MW.
181
10.19 Rankine cycle with vapor-liquid separator

10.19a See figure 10.19.1.
Figure 10.19.1: Ts-diagram of assignment 10.19. The lines for the processes in the pumps and the
turbines turbine are vertical as they are ideal (isenropc efficiency of 100%).
10.19b See table 10.19.1 and the Mollier diagram in figure 10.19.2.
Table 10.19.1: Table with parameters of exercise 10.19. The 2 known variables per point are underlined.
P (kPa) T (◦ C) x h (kJ/kg) other ṁ
1 100 204.38 ṁ5 h5 + ṁ10 h10 = ṁ1 h1 ṁ1
2 5000 209.34 s2 = s1 ṁ1
3 5000 500 3430 ṁ1
4 100 0.9446 2550 s4 = s3 ṁ1
5 100 0 417.51 ṁ5 = (1 − x4 )ṁ1
6 100 1 2675.1 ṁ10 = x4 ṁ1
7 100 250 2975 ṁ10 = x4 ṁ1
8 10 2550 s8 = s7 ṁ10 = x4 ṁ1
9 10 0 191.83 ṁ10 = x4 ṁ1
10 100 191.92 s10 = s9 ṁ10 = x4 ṁ1
Below for every point is explained how it is derived.

Point 3: In order to determine the enthalpies, we start at point 3. With the given pressure and
temperature, the value h3 can be found in the Mollier diagram: h3 = 3430 kJ/kg.
Point 4, 5 and 6: Going down vertically (s4 = s3 ) to P4 = 100 kPa gives h4 = 2550 kJ/kg. This
is in the mixture region, and the saturated liquid (point 5) and saturated vapor (point 6) are
separated. From the tables, we find that h5 = 417.51 kJ/kg and h6 = 2675.1 kJ/kg (this last
value can also be found in the Mollier diagram).
182
Point 7: h7 is found in the Mollier diagram at P7 = 100 kPa and T7 = 250 ◦ C: h7 = 2975 kJ/kg.
Point 8: Going down vertically (s8 = s7 ) to P8 = 10 kPa gives h8 = 2550 kJ/kg.
Point 9: In the tables for saturated water, we find that h9 = hL@10kP a = 191.83 kJ/kg.
Point 10: In order to determine h10 , we use the relation dh = T ds + vdP . For an isentropic
pump, this reduces to dh = vdP , which gives h10 = h9 + v(P10 − P9 ) for constant v. We use
v = v9 = vL@10kP a = 0.001010 m3 /kg, such that h10 = 191.92 kJ/kg.
Point 1: For point 1, we have to use the energy balance over the mixing chamber:
ṁ5 h5 + ṁ10 h10
ṁ5 h5 + ṁ10 h10 = ṁ1 h1 → h1 =
ṁ1
The mass flows can be expressed in each other using the quality (the vapor mass fraction) at
point 4: ṁ10 = x4 ṁ1 and ṁ5 = (1 − x4 )ṁ1 . Substituting these relations into the equation for
h1 yields an expression independent of the mass flows:
ṁ5 h5 + ṁ10 h10 (1 − x4 )ṁ1 h5 + x4 ṁ1 h10
h1 = = = (1 − x4 )h5 + x4 h10
ṁ1 ṁ1
The quality at point 4 can be determined as:
h4 − hL 2550 − 417.51
x4 = = = 0.9446
hV − hL 2675.1 − 417.51
such that h1 = 204.38 kJ/kg.
Point 2: For point 2, we again use the relation dh = vdP , which gives h2 = h1 + v(P2 − P1 )
for constant v. The specific volume is, corresponding to the incompressible liquid approxima-
tion, determined at the correct temperature: the enthalpy is matched to the saturated liq-
uid enthalpy in the temperature saturated water tables. This results, after interpolating, in
v1 = 0.0010115 m3 /kg, such that h2 = 209.34 kJ/kg.
10.19c The thermal efficiency of the cycle is calculated as:

Ẇnet ṁ1 (h3 − h4 ) + ṁ10 (h7 − h8 ) − ṁ10 (h10 − h9 ) − ṁ1 (h2 − h1 )
ηth = =
Q̇in ṁ1 (h3 − h2 ) + ṁ10 (h7 − h6 )
ṁ1 (h3 − h4 ) + x4 ṁ1 (h7 − h8 ) − x4 ṁ1 (h10 − h9 ) − ṁ1 (h2 − h1 )
=
ṁ1 (h3 − h2 ) + x4 ṁ1 (h7 − h6 )
(h3 − h4 ) + x4 (h7 − h8 ) − x4 (h10 − h9 ) − (h2 − h1 )
=
(h3 − h2 ) + x4 (h7 − h6 )
(3430 − 2550) + 0.9446(2975 − 2550) − 0.9446(191.92 − 191.83) − (209.34 − 204.38)
=
(3430 − 209.34) + 0.9466(2975 − 2675.1)
= 0.3645 = 36.45%
Note: it is not necessary to know the absolute value of the mass flows to calculate the thermal efficiency.
The ratio of the mass flows that follows from x4 is sufficient.
10.19d The net power output is given by Ẇnet = ṁ1 (h3 − h4 ) + x4 ṁ1 (h7 − h8 ) − x4 ṁ1 (h10 − h9 ) −
ṁ1 (h2 − h1 ). Hence, the required mass flow ṁ1 is determined as:
Ẇnet
ṁ1 =
(h3 − h4 ) + x4 (h7 − h8 ) − x4 (h10 − h9 ) − (h2 − h1 )
80000
= = 62.63 kg/s
(3430 − 2550) + 0.9446(2975 − 2550) − 0.9446(191.92 − 191.83) − (209.34 − 204.38)
From the earlier determined relations between ṁ1 , ṁ10 , ṁ5 and x4 the other mass flows are determined:
ṁ10 = x4 ṁ1 = 0.9466 · 62.63 = 59.29 kg/s and ṁ5 = (1 − x4 )ṁ1 = (1 − 0.9466) · 62.63 = 3.34 kg/s.
183
4 8
Figure 10.19.2: Mollier diagram of the Rankine cycle with steam seperator of assignment 10.19.
184
10.20 Thomas Newcomens steam engines
10.20a The situation is shown in the figure on the

right. First, we want to determine the initial vol-
ume of saturated steam in the cycle:
π pi
V1 = 0.2+Lp Ap = 0.2+Lp DP2 = 0.2+ 12 = 1.77 m3
4 4
The initial mass of the steam is therefore:

V1 V1 1.77
m1 = = = = 1.06 kg
v1 vv@1bar 1.6737
Also, the specific energy of the saturated steam can be found to be u1 = uv@1bar = 2506.1 kJ/kg. At
the end of the stroke, the volume will be 0.2 m3 , and the system will be saturated at 1 bar. The mass
of the system will be m2 = m1 + min , where min is the mass sprayed into the cylinder. The specific
enthalpy of the sprayed cold water is hin = hL,20◦ C = 83.835 kJ/kg. The quality at the end of the
stroke is given by:
0.2
v2 − vL@P =1bar m2 − 0.001043 0.11957
x2 = = = − 0.00062
vv@1bar − vL@1bar 1.6727 m2
The first law for the control volume can be written as:
Win + min hin = U2 − U1 = m2 u2 − m1 u1
where the work done by the atmosphere on the control volume is given by:
V2
Win = − P dV = Patm (V2 − V1 )
V1
and the internal energy at state 2 is given by:

0.11957
U2 = m2 (uL + x2 (uv − uL )) = (m1 + min ) 418.96 + − 0.00062 · 2087.1
m1 + min
= 417.659(m1 + min ) + 249.549
Substituting the expression for the internal energy into the First Law equation gives:
min hin = Patm (V2 − V1 ) + (417.659(m1 + min ) + 249.549) − U1

m1 u1 − Patm (V2 − V1 ) − 249.549 − 417.659m1
⇒ min =
417.659 − hin
(1.06 · 2506.1) − 101.325(0.2 − 1.77) − 249.549 − (417.659 · 1.06)
= = 6.36 kg
417.659 − 83.835
10.20b The piston is connected to a linkage such that the work output of the engine per stroke is
given by:
wout,engine = Win,atm = P (V1 − V2 ) = 101.325 · (1.77 − 0.2) = 159.1 kJ
10.20c When operating at 1 cycle per minute, the power output in kW is:
1
Ẇout,engine = 159.1 · = 2.65 kW
60
185

10 Vapor and Combined Power Cycles

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Thermodynamics: Answers 10 Vapor and Combined Power Cycles

10 Vapor and Combined Power Cycles

10.1c See figures 10.1.1 and 10.1.2 below.

10.1d See figures 10.1.3 and 10.1.4 below.

Figure 10.1.3: T -s-diagram of an actual Rank-

- Pump work input is increased

- Turbine work output is increased

- No effect on supplied heat

- Heat rejected is increased

- Cycle efficiency is increased

- Pump work input is increased

- Turbine work output remains the same (approximately)

- Rejected heat is decreased

- Cycle efficiency is increased

- Pump work input remains the same

- Turbine work output is increased

- Supplied heat is increased

- Rejected heat is increased

- Cycle efficiency is increased

10.2 Power plant on a simple ideal Rankine cycle 1

Figure 10.2.1: Overview of exercise 10.2

10.2b See figures 10.2.2 and 10.2.3.

P (kPa) T (◦ C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) phase

1 50 81.32 340.54 1.0912 sat. liq.

2 3000 343.58 s2 = s1 compr. liq.

3 3000 400 3231.7 6.9235 superheated

4 50 81.32 2407.8 s4 = s3 mix, x = 0.9

Ẇturb = ṁ(h3 − h4 ) = 60(3231.7 − 2407.8) = 49434 kW = 49.4 MW

Ẇpump = ṁ(h2 − h1 ) = 60(343.58 − 340.54) = 182 kW = 0.18 MW

Ẇnet ṁ(h3 −h4 −(h2 −h1 ))

10.3 Power plant on a simple ideal Rankine cycle 2

Figure 10.3.1: Schematic overview of the cycle

10.3b See figures 10.3.2 and 10.3.3.

10.3c See table 10.3.1.

P (kPa) T (◦ C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) phase v (m3 /kg)

1 10 45.81 191.83 sat. liq. 0.001010

2 10000 201.92 s2 = s1 compr. liq.

3 10000 500 3373.7 6.6576 superheated

4 10 45.81 2108.54 s4 = s3 mix

wturb = h3 − h4 = 3373.7 − 2108.54 = 1265.2 kJ/kg

wpump = h2 − h1 = 201.92 − 191.83 = 10.09 kJ/kg

Ẇnet ṁ((h3 −h4 )−(h2 −h1 )) h3 −h4 −(h2 −h1 )

10.4 Power plant on an actual Rankine cycle

10.4b See figures 10.4.1 and 10.4.2.

10.4c See table 10.4.1.

P (kPa) T (◦ C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/(kgK)) phase v (m3 /kg) other

1 10 45.81 191.83 sat. liq. 0.001010

2s 10000 201.92 s2 = s1 compr. liq.

2 10000 203.7 comp. liq. ηsp = 0.85

3 10000 500 3373.7 6.6576 superheated

4s 10 45.81 2108.54 s4 = s3 mix

4 10 45.81 2298.3 mix ηst = 0.85

10.4e wturb = h3 − h4 = 3373.7 − 2298.3 = 1075.4 kJ/kg

Ẇnet ṁ((h3 −h4 )−(h2 −h1 )) h3 −h4 −(h2 −h1 )

10.5 Coal fired steam power plant

Figure 10.5.1: Overview of exercise 10.5

10.5b See figures 10.5.2 and 10.5.3.

Figure 10.5.3: h-s diagram of exercise 10.5

10.5c See table 10.5.1. The known variables are underlined.