POLITICAL

IDEOLOGIES
 01 INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
Ms. Venus Rollon

02 SOCIALISM Ms. Venus Rollon

03 LIBERALISM
Ms. Ruizy Jemima De Rosas

TOPIC
04 CONSERVATISM
Ms. Ruizy Jemima De Rosas

OUTLINE 05 FASCISM
Ms. Cristine Tanallon
 06 FEMINISM
Ms. Juliana Sheryn Bondame

07 ENVIRONMENTALISM
Ms. Rhaine Lee

08 ECOLOGISM Ms. Rhaine Lee

09 NATIONALISM
Ms. Redelyn Faith Paus

TOPIC 10 ANARCHISM Ms. Loradelle Sandrejo

OUTLINE 11 MARXISM Ms. Loradelle Sandrejo

ICE BREAKER
Are you familiar with “Last
Letter” game?
 MECHANICS
MECHANICS
To win the game, you have to say a word related to POLITICAL SCIENCE
using the last letter of the given word.

EXAMPLE:

The given word is POLITICS

> STATE

> EGALITARIANISM

> MONARCHY
IDEOLOGIES
 INTRODUCTION TO
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
 ORIGIN
“We are all political thinkers.”

> French Revolution

> Antoine Destutt de Tracy

> 1796
> Idéologie - "science of ideas"
DEFINITION

Political ideology
Political weapon
Political belief systems
Ideas behind how society should
work
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES
DEFINITION

Karl Marx
> Ruling class perspective
> False consciousness
> Bourgeois hegemony (Antonio Gramsci)
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES

Karl Popper
> Closed system of thought
> Open society
Why do political
ideologies
matter?

Inspires social movements

Shapes the political systems
Acts as a social cement
 SUMMARY
Political Ideologies
> Drive political actions
> Provide perspectives
> Sets of ideas that explain the existence behind
society

SOCIETY REFLECTS THE POLITICAL

IDEOLOGY THAT IT UPHOLDS
SOCIA LISM
 ORIGIN

Industrial Revolution
18th to 19th Century
Western Europe
CORE THEME/S

Community effort
Cooperation
Equality
SUBTOPICS

Revolutionary Socialism
Social Democracy
Marxism-Leninism
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES

UTOPIANISM
DEFINITION

Robert Owen Charles Fourier

NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES
REVOLUTIONARY SOCIALISM

Karl Marx Friedrich Engels

NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES
SOCIALIST LABOR LEADER

Leody De Guzman
 WEAKNESSES
Slows down the economic growth rate

Instrument of the labor movement

Represents the interests of the working class

STRENGTHS
SUMMARY

Opposition to Capitalism
Common ownership
LIBERALISM
 ORIGIN

> It may not have existed before the

nineteenth century

> Paul Seabright

> Product of the breakdown of
Feudalism
CORE THEME/S
“ The primacy of the individual”

Individualism - Importance of the individual over any social

group or collective body.

Freedom - Its priority is the supreme individualist value

Reason - Enlightenment rationalism

Justice - Foundational equality

Toleration - Accepts beliefs and behaviors with which one

disagrees
SUBTOPICS

Classical liberalism
> Earliest liberal tradition
> Focused on individual rights and
liberties
SUBTOPICS

Modern liberalism
> In contrast to classical liberalism
>Revised core liberal ideas
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES
FATHER OF LIBERALISM

John Locke
> Where there is no law, there is no freedom
> Support religious liberty
> Natural rights
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES

John Rawls
> Utilitarianism is flawed
> ‘Equality as fairness’
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES

John Stuart Mill

> Minimal restrictions on individual freedom
> ‘Heart of Liberalism’
 WEAKNESSES
Assumptions are somehow unrealistic

Unfair wages

Elimination of slavery

Economic growth

STRENGTHS
SUMMARY

Universal ideology
Themes center on individuals and their rights
Optimistic view
 ORIGIN

> French revolution

> Edmund burke’s Reflections on
the Revolution in France (1790)
> Resist change
 THEME/S
CORETHEME/S

Universal ideology
Themes center on individuals and their
rights
CORE

Optimistic view
 THEME/S
SUBTOPICS

Paternalistic conservatism
> Change is natural or inevitable
CORE

> ‘Change to conserve’

 THEME/S
SUBTOPICS

Libertarian conservatism
> Influenced by classical liberal ideas
CORE

>Economic liberty
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES

Edmund Burke
> Critique of the Enlightenment and its
consequences
> Founder of traditional conservatism
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES

Thomas Hobbes
> Hobbesian view of human nature
> The role of law is to preserve order
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES

Michael Oakeshott
> Men sail a boundless and bottomless sea
 WEAKNESSES
Resist progressive change

Maintains traditional beliefs

STRENGTHS
 THEME/S
SUMMARY

Reaction to enlightenment and the

french revolution
Centers on the preservation of tradition
CORE

and history
 ORIGIN
> Fascists were originally revolutionary
socialists of the 1890s.

> ‘Fascist’ originated in the early 1920s

as a self-description of the political
movement in Italy led by Benito
Mussolini.
 ORIGIN
> Fascism emerged most dramatically in
Italy and Germany.

> Latin word fasces: a bundle of rods

that were tied around the axe, It
suggested strength through unity.
 Powerful and Continuing Nationalism
CORE THEME/S
Disregard for Human Rights
Identification of Enemies as a Unifying Cause
Supremacy of the Military
Widespread Sexism
Controlled Mass Media

Obsession with National Security

 Religion and Government are Intertwined
CORE THEME/S

Corporate Power is Protected

Labor Power is Suppressed
Disrespect for Intellectuals and the Arts
Obsession with Crime and Punishment
Rampant Cronyism and Corruption
Fraudulent Elections
 Conflict, struggle and war;
Non-materialism;
SUBTOPICS

Irrationalism and anti-intellectualism;

Nation and race;
The leader and the elite;
The state and government;
Fascist economic and social theory.
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES

Fascism was very similar

to Communism in that it
also was a form of
Totalitarianism

Hannah
Karl Popper
Arendt
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES

accepted approaches has

been the Marxist view that
fascism was a last-ditch
stand by monopoly
capitalism against its
inevitable collapse

Benito
Adolf Hitler
Mussolini
 WEAKNESSES
Paves the way to the abuse of power.

Prevents people from enjoying free speech.

Widens the divide between the rich and the p

Damage the country’s economy.

Prioritizes the welfare of the country. Can be used to abuse certain groups of peopl

Promotes socio-economic equality. Can drain the country’s funds.

Speeds up the decision-making process.

Improves peace and order.

STRENGTHS
 Fascism is particularly resistant to rational enquiry, partly
SUMMARY

because fascists themselves scorn the intellect and partly

because it has become a portmanteau term of political
abuse.
However, even if fascist ideas are difficult to present in
structured form, fascist values can be fairly easily
identified. These include a positive view of conflict,
struggle and war; a stress on non-material values,
irrationalism and anti-intellectualism; and a glorification of
the nation or race.
 Obedience to the leader and state are ultimate values, and
society and mankind in general are seen very much in
SUMMARY

hierarchical terms. Fascist economic theory is

subordinate to the foregoing.
The European experience of culminated in a disastrous
war and terrible atrocities, and some have argued that
fascism ended in 1945. However, many of the factors that
engendered fascism, such as racism, alienation and moral
confusion, are around today, so reports of its demise were
perhaps greatly exaggerated.
FEMINISM
 ORIGIN
Feminism as a Term
Twentieth-century invention
First used in the nineteenth century
as a medical term
 ORIGIN
Feminism as a Political Term

Women are disadvantaged because

of their sex
That disadvantaged can and should
be overthrown
 ORIGIN
Feminism as a Political Ideology

Ancient civilizations of Greece and China:

Feminist views

19th century: Organized women’s

movement

Mid-19th century: Campaign for female

suffrage
CORE THEME/S

The politics of the personal

Redefining the ‘political’
 FIRST-WAVE FEMINISM
Developed in the mid-19th century
SUBTOPICS

Legal and political rights as men

Liberal Feminism

Women’s emancipation

Female suffrage

National Women’s Suffrage Association (1820-1906)

American Women’s Suffrage Association (1890)

Women’s Social and Political Union (1858-1928)

SUBTOPICS FIRST-WAVE FEMINISM

Achieved female suffrage in New

Zealand in 1893
Nineteenth Amendment of the US
Constitution in 1920
SUBTOPICS SECOND-WAVE FEMINISM

Emerged in the 1960s to 1970s

Women’s liberation
Radical Feminism
 SECOND-WAVE FEMINISM

Public and Private Sphere

SUBTOPICS

Public Man Private Woman

Politics Family
Education Child-rearing
Careers Domestic
Art responsibilities
Literature
PATRIARCHY
> ‘rule by the father’
> describe the dominance of men
SUBTOPICS SECOND-WAVE FEMINISM

Succeeded in raising consciousness

about gender issues in public life in
general
 THIRD-WAVE FEMINISM

Developed in 1990s
SUBTOPICS

Earlier movements have limited relevance to current

issues
Rectify the over-emphasis on the aspirations and
experiences of middle-class, white women in
developed societies
Black Feminism and Transfeminism
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)

> British social theorist
> Pioneer feminist thinker
> First text of modern feminism: A Vindication of
the Rights of Woman (1792)
> More complex analysis of women as objects
and subjects of desire
> Domestic sphere as a model of community and
social order
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES

Betty Friedan (1921–2006)

> American political activist
> Seen as the ‘mother’ of women’s
liberation
> Feminine Mystique (1963)
> Attacked cultural myths that confined
American women to domestic roles
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES

Risa Hontiveros
> Women’s rights advocate, political activist, and
a Senator
> Chairperson of the Senate Committee on
Women, Children, Family Relations and Gender
Equality
> Expanded Maternity Leave (RA 11210)
> Safe Spaces Act (RA 11313)
 WEAKNESSES
May weaken human rights

May reduce and/or remove gender inequalities

STRENGTHS
 First-wave: equal legal and political rights.
SUMMARY

Second-wave: challenge patriarchy

Third-wave: reflection and assessment of the first
two waves
The key target of feminism is ‘patriarchy’
ENVIRONMENTALISM
 ORIGIN
> Environ (french word) - surroundings

> Environmentalism and ecologism are

two strains of what has come to be
labeled

> the ‘green movement’ or the ‘greens’

> Terms are derived from the Ancient

Greek words oikos(‘household’, ‘habitat’)
and logos (‘science’, ‘argument’).
 ORIGIN
> Twentieth century is when the growth of the
‘countryside’ as a place of recreation and leisure
pursuits, a place for the urbanized living, started to
influence people's living fantasies.

> Critics of Industrialisation - William Morris

(British artist and novelist) and Leo Tolstoy
(Russian author)

> The nineteenth century was one of the times

when breaking human ties with nature and the
natural world started.

> Protecting the environment

 THEME/S
Environmentalism believes that dangers to the environment can be
CORE THEME/S
tackled within the existing political, economic and cultural order.

improvements in the human condition and lifestyle to adapt to the

modernized world, came with the industrial revolution, which
created most of our pollution.

It’s connection to politics..

CORE

Ecologists deny that this is possible.

This would necessitate a massive change in human values.

The green movement

 Conservative environmentalism
THEME/S
SUBTOPICS

Socialist environmentalism
Liberal environmentalism
Feminist environmentalism
CORE

Fascist environmentalism
Anarchist environmentalism
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES

Clive Ponting
> A Green History of the World (1991)
After ten thousand years of settled societies, and only two

hundred years of substantial industrialisation, human activities and

the pollution they generate threaten irreversible changes on an
unprecedented scale to the world’s climate.
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES

P. J. O’Rourke
> All the Trouble in the World (1994)
- The countries that are most industrialized and
hence, one would think, most polluted have the
best morbidity, mortality and income statistics.
National well-being might also be said to be a
by-product of pollution.
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES

Gerard Manley Hopkins

> Inversnaid (1881)
- What would the world be, once bereft
Of wet and of wildness? Let them be left,
O let them be left, wildness and wet;
Long live the weeds and the wildness yet.
- The poem speaks on themes of natural wonder, wildness,
peace, and the future, that seeks to warn people let the rural
places unbothered
ECOLOGISM
 ORIGIN
● Ecology
- is a field that critically interrogates the
nature–society relations, particularly looking at the
power relations that intersect and affect access to
natural resources

● 1960s and 1970s - Has most of the written evidence that

could conclude as a time when the biosphere was most
destroyed.

● combination of over-population, intensive agricultural

methods and chemical pollution.
 ORIGIN
- The belief emerged from the political upheavals from the 1960s
onwards.
- The development of an ideology and the belief that something
radical could and should be done about the headlong rush to
destruction.

● 1980s
- Political parties with a commitment to an ecologist ideology
appeared
- Those political parties called themselves as “greens”

● 1990s
- collapse of communism, and the apparent intellectual and
practical bankruptcy of socialism, have subsequently bolstered
the political dimension of the ecological movement.
 CORE THEME
> Ecologism

> Difference to Environmentalism

> Importance

> External costs of economic development,

such as the destruction of the rainforests, the
poisoning of the oceans and the rapid
extinction of many living species, could not be
simply dismissed.

> Green is different

 ORIGIN
“If you still want to be radical, there is
nowhere else to go.”

> Both the British and the German Green

parties have been racked by conflict between
‘dark’ (or ‘deep’) ‘greens’, who favor the most
radical approach, and ‘light’ (or ‘shallow’)
‘greens’ who are much more moderate,
pragmatic and, above all, prepared to operate
within the existing systems.
 THEME/S
CORE THEME/S HUMAN NATURE AND NATURE

Spaceship earth
Population control
Twentieth century experienced massive
CORE

population growth
Science, mysticism and nature
 THEME/S
CORE THEME/S GREEN VIEWS ON POLITICS

Although humans are said to be simply part

of nature, even the most rigorous
Advocates of this position imply that
CORE

humans are somehow outside the system as

well.
 THEME/S
CORE THEME/S GREEN ECONOMICS

Industrialism

The main features have been succinctly itemized by Ian Adams:

• a devotion to economic growth and industrial expansion and

continuous

technical innovation;
CORE

• a belief in the overriding importance of satisfying people’s material

needs;

• large-scale centralized bureaucratic(business of running an

organization) control;
 THEME/S
CORE THEME/S GREEN ECONOMICS

• scientific rationality being the only kind of reasoning that matters;

• large scale units – in industry, administration, etc – are most

efficient;

• a predominance of patriarchy and an emphasis on ‘masculine’

values of competition, aggression and assertiveness;
CORE

• an anthropocentric view that sees the earth and all that lives on it
as simply there to be exploited for any human purpose;

• a hierarchical social structure where power and wealth is

concentrated at the top; economic considerations predominate in
society and moral, social and artistic values are of lesser
importance.
 THEME/S
CORE THEME/S GREEN ECONOMICS

Anti-materialism
Growth
Sustainability
CORE

Critique of the ecologist position

 THEME/S
CORE THEME/S

1. Intellectual Incoherence
> Lovelock’s Gaia Theory
2. Scientific Implausibility
CORE

>the fact of not seeming reasonable or likely to be

true)
3. Practical Difficulties
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES

Thomas Malthus
> Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
- an economist who realized that human population
growth would inevitably outstrip food supply and
create disaster, ecologists have argued for
population control and reduction.
 THEME/S

Environmentalism has a concern with threats to the

SUMMARY

environment, threats which can be effectively dealt with

depending on the current situation, while ecologism radically
challenges the entire economic and social structure and even
proposes a new value system and morality. Both are traceable
to a reaction to the Enlightenment,
CORE

The environmental concerns grew with a widespread

realization in the 1960s that economic expansion and the social
structure and value system underlying it could not go on
indefinitely without making the planet unfit for life.
 THEME/S

The Greens proposed alternatives from technological

SUMMARY

solutions to a reordered society and a new value system.

Even if greens are helpful as it looks, they have been
attacked as unscientific, impractical and even immoral.

Politically, the greens have received little electoral support,

CORE

especially in Britain, but green assumptions and values are

increasingly becoming part of the wider political culture,
especially in the future as people are becoming more
aware of the current situation the Earth was in.
NATIONALISM
 ORIGIN
‘Nation’ has been used since the thirteenth
century

Nasci (Latin word) - to be born

Late eighteenth century

Anti-Jacobin French priest Augustin Barruel

(1789)

Mid-nineteenth century

French Revolution
 For the love of country
THEME/S
THEME/S
CORETHEME/S

Humankind is naturally divided into

distinct nations.
The nation is the most appropriate, and
CORE
CORE

perhaps only legitimate, unit of political

rule.
 THEME/S
THEME/S
SUBTOPICS

Political Nationalism
Cultural Nationalism
CORE

Ethnic Nationalism
CORE
 SUBTOPICS
CORE
CORE THEME/S
THEME/S

The Nation
> Civic Nationalism
 THEME/S
THEME/S
SUBTOPICS

Organic Community
> Primordialism
> Modernism
CORE
CORE

> Constructivism
 THEME/S
THEME/S
SUBTOPICS

Self-Determination
> Sovereignty
> General Will
CORE
CORE
 THEME/S
THEME/S

Culturalism
SUBTOPICS

> Volkgeist
> Civic Nationalism
CORE
CORE

> Ethno cultural Nationalism

 THEME/S
THEME/S
SUBTOPICS TYPES OF NATIONALISM

Liberal Nationalism
Conservative nationalism
Expansionist nationalism
CORE
CORE

Anti-colonial and postcolonial nationalism

NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES

Jean-Jacques Johann Gottfried

Rousseau Herder
NOTABLE POLITICAL FIGURES

Giuseppe Mazzini Woodrow Wilson

 WEAKNESSES
Weak, separation, fear, worry.

Security, recognition, dignity.

STRENGTHS
 THEME/S
THEME/S
Nationalism in some sense of the word can be traced back to
SUMMARY

pre-Renaissance times. In its modern sense, of having political

implications, it is a relatively recent phenomenon. We can
distinguish between ‘ethnic nationalism’, which links nation with
race and language and birth, and ‘civic nationalism’, which links
nation with citizenship, with no ethnic limitation on who is
potentially a member of the nation. We can also distinguish
CORE
CORE

between liberal, reactionary and radical nationalism. Furthermore,

nationalism can fulfil a number of political functions such as
promoting social change, creating social cohesion, or
strengthening the hold of the ruling class.
MARXISM
 ORIGIN

Begins during mid-19th century

Developed by Karl Marx (May 5,
1818–March 14, 1883) and Friedrich
Engels (November 28, 1820–August 5,
1895)
Focuses on the struggle between
capitalists and the working class
 WHY IS IT AGAINST CAPITALISM?

Capitalism – an economic system

based on private ownership of the
means of production
Means of Production – factories,
banks, businesses and shops
Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat
 Marxism consist two parts
of Society:
THEME/S
THEME/S
SUBTOPICS

1. Substructure / Base –
refers to the means of
production which people
use to produce the
necessities and amenities
CORE
CORE

of life

2. Superstructure –
everything that is not
related to production
 THEME/S
THEME/S
SUBTOPICS STAGES OF MARXISM
Stages of Means of Production: The German Ideology (1846)

● Primitive Communism – a society that shares their

resources to others
● Slavery – conflicts between master and slaves
CORE
CORE

● Feudalism – conflict between landowners and serfs

● Capitalism – conflict between bourgeoisie and
proletariats
 THEME/S
THEME/S
The Communist Manifesto (1848) – the human history is
SUBTOPICS

the history of class struggles

Historical materialism – material conditions of humans

were fundamental
CORE
CORE

Das Kapital (1867) – a description of how the capitalist

system works and how it will destroy itself
 THEME/S
Labour Theory of Value
THEME/S
SUBTOPICS

Value of goods/service based on physical and intellectual

labour

○ Surplus value
CORE
CORE

○ Crisis of overproduction
○ False consciousness - people’s inability to
recognize inequality, oppression and exploitation
 THEME/S
THEME/S
SUBTOPICS

Communism

a society which is stateless,

CORE
CORE

moneyless, and classless

Other Forms of Marxism
and Key Figures
 THEME/S
THEME/S
SUBTOPICS LENINISM
Vladimir Ilich Lenin (April 22, 1870–January 21, 1924)

● Lenin developed Marxist thought by tailoring it to

specifically Russian conditions
● Led the Bolshevik Party as a revolutionary
CORE
CORE

movement, a coup d'état

● Union Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
(1924–1991)
● From capitalism to communism
 THEME/S
THEME/S
SUBTOPICS MARXISM-LENINISM

Joseph Stalin (December 18, 1878–March 5,

1953)

● Lenin’s successor
● Absolute dictator
CORE
CORE

● The Great Terror (1936–1938)

● From capitalism to socialism
 THEME/S
THEME/S
SUBTOPICS MAOISM

Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893–September 9,

1976)

● Maoism is a variety of Marxism-Leninism

● Socialist revolution in agricultural
CORE
CORE

pre-industrial Republic of China

● Peasants vs. Chinese bourgeoisie and corrupt
government
 WEAKNESSES
Leads to state tyranny

Perceived as an inspiration for bloody

revolutions

Analyses power and conflict in society

Leads people to fight for freedom and equality

Abolish the social class hierarchy

STRENGTHS
ANARCHISM
 ORIGIN

Anarchist thought can be traced back to

the eras of ancient Greece & China
Comes from the Greek word “Anarchos”
which means “without a ruler”
 ● Anarchism is a political ideology that
THEME/S
THEME/S
CORETHEME/S

rejects the concept of government

“The best government is absolutely no
government”
CORE
CORE

● Anarchists believed that the state is EVIL

and UNNECESSARY
 THEME/S
THEME/S
SUBTOPICS HUMAN NATURE
Humans are capable of almost unlimited development

William Godwin: human nature determined by the

environment but perceived human existence as the
product of reason
CORE
CORE

Peter Kropotkin: believed that the development of

human liberty and co-operation was a biological
imperative
 THEME/S
THEME/S
SUBTOPICS THE STATE
To anarchists, they regarded the state as an anathema
since it is coercive by its very nature

State is anti-human
CORE
CORE

Individuals have inalienable rights which cannot be

transferred to a democratically elected assembly
 THEME/S
THEME/S
SUBTOPICS THE STATE
Destroy the state and government through revolution

William Godwin: peaceful revolution through rational

argument
CORE
CORE

Georges Sorel: a general strike by refusing to work

Sergei Nechaev: urging outright revolutionary violence

 THEME/S
THEME/S
SUBTOPICS LIBERTY AND EQUALITY

Liberty
State is the main enemy of liberty, and its
abolition is axiomatic(self-evident or
unquestionable)
CORE
CORE

Individualist wing - negative liberty

Collectivist wing - positive freedom
 THEME/S
THEME/S
SUBTOPICS ECONOMIC LIFE

Rejection of state colonialism or command economy

● Individualist

merits of a totally unregulated market economy to supply such

usually collectivized services as policing, law enforcement,
defense and fire protection
CORE
CORE

● Collectivist

Collectivist anarchists view this form of anarchism with utter

horror and denounce the injustice of a society
SUB-SPECIES OF
ANARCHISM
 THEME/S
CORE THEME/S COLLECTIVIST ANARCHISM

● belief that human beings are social animals,

better suited to working together for the common
good than striving for individual self-interest.
CORE

● advocates the abolition of the state and private

ownership
● Mikhail Bakunin
 THEME/S
CORE THEME/S MUTUALISM

● Groups can emerge from within society to

conduct trade without exploitation and can
form the nuclei of a new society
CORE

● articulated by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

 THEME/S
CORE THEME/S SYNDICALISM

● French word: Syndicat = Union or group

● Key intention was to challenge and ultimately
overthrow the existing order through militant
trade unionism
CORE

● workers would have a general strike

● Georges Sorel - a known sydicalist theorist
 THEME/S
CORE THEME/S ANARCHO-COMMUNISM

● a belief in social solidarity leads in the direction

of collectivism and full communism
● stresses the human potential for cooperation
CORE

● Peter Kropotkin
 THEME/S
CORE THEME/S INDIVIDUALIST ANARCHISM

● advocates the abolition of the state and private

ownership
● freedom is negative - individual sovereignty
CORE

● William Godwin
 THEME/S
CORE THEME/S CRITIQUES OF ANARCHISM

● street demonstrations were seen as more of a public nuisance than

a serious challenge to the status quo.
● a critique of the state capitalism that emerged in
post-Revolutionary Russia among Bolshevik and non-Bolshevik
socialists alike
CORE

● fails to reconcile the twin values of individual liberty and the

common good
● logically inconsistent
 WEAKNESSES
Not stable

No government service

No punishment for crimes

Survival of the fittest

Higher level of freedom

Freely constituted without authorities

Equality for everyone

STRENGTHS
 SUMMARY:
MARXISM & ANARCHISM
THEME/S
CORE THEME/S

● radical people seeking to understand how to change the

society
● overthrow the capitalist class
● revolution against the state and oppressor for the
CORE

equality and freedom for all

● Marxism promotes Communism, while Anarchism
promotes to abolish the state and the government