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Power System Protection

This document provides an introduction to power system protection. It discusses the basic components of a power system and why protection is needed. The key components of protection systems are described, including current transformers, protective relays, circuit breakers, and batteries. Different types of faults that can occur are explained, along with the objectives and requirements of protection systems. Primary and backup protection schemes are also introduced.

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Muhd Wari
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529 views

Power System Protection

This document provides an introduction to power system protection. It discusses the basic components of a power system and why protection is needed. The key components of protection systems are described, including current transformers, protective relays, circuit breakers, and batteries. Different types of faults that can occur are explained, along with the objectives and requirements of protection systems. Primary and backup protection schemes are also introduced.

Uploaded by

Muhd Wari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DET50083

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION


SYNOPSIS
This course focuses on the common
protection system applied to power system
network, switching equipment and their
operation. This course also introduces the
methods of selecting suitable protection
equipment based on fault current and apparent
power calculations.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
After completed this chapter, students should be
able to:
• Remember the objective for protection of a power system.
• Understand the basic requirements for evaluating power system
protection.
• Understand the types of fault that can occur in a power system and
their effects.
• Understand the basic components of protection.
• Apply the basic concept of protection system for protecting power
system network.
Constitutes The Power system
An Electric Power System is a network of electrical
components used to supply, transmit and distribution
electric power to the user.

Power system and can be broadly divided into


1. Generator System.
2. Transmission system.
3. Distribution system.
Constitutes The Power system
• "Electric power system is composed of the
components or elements such as generators,
transformers, transmission lines and distribution
lines, bus bars '' and others.
• Short circuits and other abnormal conditions
often occur in the power system and can cause
damage to the power system equipment.
• Therefore, the protection components, such as
`relay ',` circuit breaker' and many other
components installed in power system protection
to protect power system equipment. "
Single Line Diagram
What is Power System Protection?
• System protection is the art and science of detecting problems with
power system components and isolating these components.

Problems on the power system include:


1. Short circuits
2. Abnormal conditions
3. Equipment failures
Effect of Fault in Power System

Damage of equipment Severe injuries


Objective of Power System Protection

• Ensure safety of human personnel (Technician


& Engineer) and Public.
• Minimize damage electrical equipment.
• Ensure maintain electrical system continuity
of supply and improve system stability.
1.2 Requirements of a Protection
System
1.3 Fault Occur in Power System
Power system faults can be categorized;
1. Symmetrical Faults

2. Unsymmetrical Faults
3. Open conductor fault
i. single phase open

ii. two phase open

iii. three phase open


Abnormal condition and effect
1. Open circuit – no supply
2. Short circuit – current in the system increases
( causes of loss properties)
3. Abnormal condition – system unstable
4. Overload – current in the system increases,
high temperature
Types of Fault in Power System
1.4 Basic Component of protection
Protection systems usually comprise five components:
• Current and voltage transformers : step down the
high voltages and currents of the electrical power
system to convenient levels for the relays to deal with;
• Protective relays : sense the fault and initiate a trip, or
disconnection.
• Circuit breakers : open/close the system based on
relay.
• Batteries : provide power in case of power
disconnection in the system.
• For parts of a distribution system, fuses are capable of
both sensing and disconnecting faults.
Basic schematic diagram for relay protection circuit
Current Transformer (CT)

A device which transforms the current


on the power system from large primary
values to safe secondary values. The
secondary current will be proportional
(as per ratio) to the primary current.
Current Transformer (CT)

Medium Voltage Current


Transformer
High Voltage Current Transformer
Types of Relay
Examples of Relay Panels

Microprocessor-
Based Relay

Old Electromechanical
Protection Equipment-Protective
Relay
Circuit Breaker
Mechanical device used to energize and
interrupt an electric circuit

Air Circuit Breaker (ACB)


Circuit Breakers

Oil Circuit Breaker (OCB) Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB)


Protection Zone
• The power system is devided into protection zones
defined by the equipment and the available circuit
breakers. Six categories of protection zones are posibble
in each power system:
1. Generators and generators-transformer units
2. Transformers
3. Bus bars
4. Lines (transmission and distribution)
5. Utilization equipment (motor, static loads or others)
6. Capacitor or reactors banks (when separately protected)
Protection zone
• Each zone contains one or more power system
components in addition to two CB
• Each breakers is included in two neighboring
zones of protection
• Neighboring zones always overlap
Main/primary protection
• In general primary protection is provided for
each transmission line segment, major piece
of equipment and switchgear.
• If fault occour, it is the duty of primary
protective scheme to clear the fault.
• First line of defence – responsible to isolate
fault as quickly as possible.
• Fails – backup protection clears the fault.
Backup protection
• Act when primary protection fails – second
line of defence.
• Usually several backup protection scheme will
act to control the power system.
• Longer time delay
Example
Protection schemes can be divided into two
major groupings:
1. Unit Protection
2. Non unit Protection

• Unit Protection
Operate only for faults within their protection
zones.

o Non-Unit Protection
Detect faults both within a particular zone and
also outside it.

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