1 Preliminary Dimension: Design of Superstructure

DESIGN OF SUPERSTRUCTURE
1 Preliminary Dimension
Span of bridge = 37.95 m
Carriage way width = 7.5 m
Width of kerb of deck = 1.75 m
Overall width of Deck = 11.0 m
Assume spacing of main beam = 3.55 m
Number of Main beam = 3.0 nos.
Spacing of cross beam = 38.0 m
Number of cross beam = 2.0 nos.
Concrete grade, M45

Characteristic compressive strength fck 45 Mpa
Steel grade, Fe-500D
Yield strength of steel 500 MPa
2 Deck slab
The slab is supported on four sides by beams assumed
Slab thickness, H 300 mm
Thickness of wearing course, D 75 mm
Poisson's ratio 0.15
Span in the trasverse direction , B 3.6 m
Width of beam in transverse direction, w [main girder] 0.75 m
Effective span in transverse direction B 2.8 m
Width of beam in longitudinal direction [cross girder] 0.3 m
Span in the longitudinal direction , L 37.95 m
Effective span in the longitudinal direction L 37.65 m
Length between main girder and kerb stone 1.975 m
Depth of main girder 2.8 m
Depth of Cross girder 2.5 m
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Bridge in Longitudinal Direction
37. 37.6
65 5
0.75
37.9 37.9
5 5
0.3
Fig 2: Longitudinal section of bridge

2.1 Maximum B.M. due to dead load
Unit weight of Concrete 25 KN/m
Unit weight of wearing course 22 KN/m
Weight of deck slab 7.5 KN/m2
Weight of wearing course 1.65 KN/m2
Total weight 12.353 KN/m2
Since the slab is supported on all four sides and is continuous, Pigeaud's curves will be used to get influence coefficients to compute moments.
As the pannel is loaded with UDL

Width of load spread along short span, u = 2.8 m
Width of load spread along long span, v = 37.65 m
u/B 1.0
v/L 1.0
Ratio K = Short span/ Long span = 0.07
1/ K = 13.446
From Pigeaud's curves, m1 = 0.045
From Pigeaud's curves, m2 = 0.00375
Total dead weight = 1664.16 KN
Moment along short span , Mb= w(m1+0.15m2) 75.823 KN/m

Moment along Long span , Ml = w(m2+0.15m1) 17.474 KN/m
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Moment after considering effect of continuity
Continuity factor = 0.800 as the slab is continuous
Moment along short span , Mb = 60.659 KN/m
Moment along Long span , Ml = 13.979 KN/m
2.2 Live load B.M. due to IRC class 70R tracked vehicle
Size of one panel of deck slab = 134.72 m2
0. ONE TRACK OF CLASS 70R

7 VEHICLE
5
1.0
3. 2. 34
6 8 MAIN
0.
4.7 BEAM
7
5 30
0.3 0.3
3. 2.
6 8 37. 37. 37.
65 65 65
CROSS
BEAM
0.3 3 3 3
7. 7. 7.
9 9 9
5 5 5
Fig: 3 Class 70R track located for Maximum Moment on Deck Slab
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Fig. 4: Tracked vehicle Class 70R loading [IRC 6: 2017 PAGE 9]
One of the tracked vehicle is placed symmetrically on the panel as shown in figure 3
Track contact dimension are taken from fig. 4
Wheel width of IRC class 70R track vehicle [one tire width], x 0.84 m
Length of IRC 70R class vehicle [front tire to back tire], y 4.57 m
Impact factor fraction 0.10
Tyre contact length along short span, x 0.84 m
Tyre contact length along long span, y 4.57 m
Width of load spread along short span, u = (x+2*D) 1.034 m
Similarly width of load spread along longitudinal

direction, v = (y+2*D) 4.730 m
adopted v 4.730 m
K = B/L 0.07
u/B = 0.4
v/ L = 0.1
using Pigeaud's curves, m1 = 0.085
Factor of safety for load of vehicle 1.10 Impact factor fraction

Load per tracked of vehicle W 350 KN/m [IRC 6: 2017 PAGE 10]
Total load per track including impact, TL 385 KN/m
Effective load on the span = TL* L/ v 4597.3 KN/m
Moment along shorter span = (m1+ µ*m2)*eff. Load on the span 397.43 KN.m
Moment along longer span =(m2+ µ*m1) eff. load on the span 118.03 KN.m
Bending moment including continuity,
MB = 317.95 KN.m
ML = 94.43 KN.m
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2.3 Live load B.M. due to IRC class 70R wheeled vehicle
2.3.1 B.M due to wheel 1
Consider the load marked in fig. 5
Tyre contact width (along shorter span) , a 300 mm [IRC 6: 2017 PAGE 10]
Tyre contact length (along long span), b 150 mm [IRC 6: 2017 PAGE 10]
u = sqrt((a+2*D)^2+H^2) 0.54 m
v = sqrt((b+2*D)^2+H^2) 0.42 m
where u = dimension of the load spread after allowing for dispersion through the deck slab (along short span)
where v = dimension of the load spread after allowing for dispersion through the deck slab (along long span)
u/B= 0.19
v/L= 0.01
K= 0.07
Impact factor fraction [factor of safety] 1.10 10% imapct
Wheel Load, W1 62.5 KN Real load on wheel 1
REF: The front axle is placed along the center line with the 62.5 kN wheel at the centre of the panel.
Total load allowing for 10% imapct = 75.625 KN
Moment along short span = (m1+ µ*m2)* Total load

allowing for 10% imapct 16.48 KN.m
Moment along long span =(m2+µ*m1) Total load

allowing for 10% imapct 13.74 KN.m
Fig. 5: Wheel vehicle Class 70R loading [IRC 6: 2017 PAGE 10]
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Here the wheel load is placed unsymmetrically with respect to the YY axis of the panel. But Pigeaud's curves have been derived for loads
symmetrical about the centre.We imagine the load to occupy an area placed symmetrically on the panel and embracing the actual area of the
loading, with intensity of loading equal to that corresponding to the actual load. We determine the moments in the two desired directions for this
imaginary loading. Then we deduct the moment for a symmetrical loaded area beyond the actual loaded area. half of the resulting value is taken
as the moment due to the actual loading.
Details of deposition of the wheel 2

Tyre contact width (along short span), a 300 mm
Tyre contact length (along long span), b 150 mm
u = sqrt((a+2*D)^2+H^2) 0.54 m
v = sqrt((b+2*D)^2+H^2) 0.42 m
where u = dimension of the load spread after allowing for dispersion through the deck slab
where v = dimension of the load spread after allowing for dispersion through the deck slab
u/B= 0.19
v/L= 0.011
K= 0.07
Wheel Load, W2 62.500 KN [IRC 6: 2010 PAGE 9]
Total load allowing for 10% imapct = 68.75 KN Real load on wheel 2
Intensity of loading = 449.43 KN/m 2
Consider the loaded area = v * B 1.188 m2

Total applied load = 533.90 KN
Loaded length, u = 0.424 m
Loaded width, v = 2.800
u/B= 0.152
v/L= 0.07
K= 0.07
For the loaded area , m1 = 0.15 Using Pigeaud's curves
m2 = 0.038 Using Pigeaud's curves
Moment along short span = (m1+ µ*m2)* loaded area *

Intensity of loading 83.13 KN.m
Moment along long span =(m2+µ*m1) * loaded area *

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Considering the area between the real and the dummy load i.e
Length between real and dummy load 1.95
Width of real or dummy load 0.42
area between the real and the dummy load 0.828 m2
u/B= 0.15
v/L= 0.05
K= 0.07
For this area between the real and the dummy load
Moment along short span = (m1+ µ*m2)* area between

real and dummy load * Intensity of loading 67.51 KN.m
Moment along long span = (m2+ µ*m1)* area between

Net B.M along short span = 7.81 KN.m

Net B.M along long span = 0.27 KN.m

Intensity of Tyre contact dimension of wheel 3, a 1 0.54 m
Intensity of Tyre contact dimension of wheel 3, b 1 0.42 m
Wheel Load, W3 37.50 KN
Intensity of loading = 269.66 KN/m2
Consider the loaded area = v * B 1.188 m2

Total applied load = 320.339 KN
Loaded length, u = 0.424
Loaded width, v = 2.800
u/B= 0.152
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v/L= 0.07
K= 0.07


m1 0.1725 Using Pigeaud's curves




Intensity of Tyre contact dimension of wheel 3, a1 0.541 m
Intensity of Tyre contact dimension of wheel 3, b1 0.424 m

Intensity of loading = 449.43 KN/m 2
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Consider the loaded area 1.188 m2







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2.3.6 Total B.M due to all wheels on the span

The total effect is computed as summation of the individual effects
Total B.M along the short span 51.56 KN.m
Total B.M along the long span 23.87 KN.m
Maximum bending moment
MB = 397.43 KN.m
ML = 118.03 KN.m
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2.4 Design B.M
The loads causing maximum effects are adopted for design moments. The above computations assumed a simply supported condition along the
four edges. In fact, the deck slab is continuous. To allow for continuity, the computed moments are multiplied by the factor 0.8.
Design B.M. along short span = 378.61 kN.m

Design B.M. along long span = 108.41 kN.m
2.5 Reinforcement
Main Bars [ short span]
RCC Design
Compressive Strength of Concrete fck 30.0 N/mm2

Characteristic Strength of Steel fy 500.0 N/mm2
Design bending moment, Mu = 378.61 kN.m
Overall depth of deck slab ds 300.0 mm
Effective cover c 25 mm
Effective depth deff 275.00 mm
Mxx /fck*b*d2) 0.167 mm
k = M/(fck b*d^2) 0.060

z=d{0.5+sqrt(0.25-k/1.134)) 259.70
Area of reinforcement
Ast = Mxx / 0.87*fyk *z 3351.46 mm2 /m
Safe
Adopting diameter of Bars 12 mm
Required Spacing of bars = Asbar* B/Ast 33.7 mm
Provided Spacing of bars 150 mm
Provided area of bars 754 mm²
Span-effective depth ratio

r = 100As,req / bd 0.098
From graph of basic span-effective depth ratios
Span-effective depth ratio for M30 concrete 39
Actual span-effective depth ratio 35 Safe
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Distribution bars [ long span]
Design bending moment = 108.41 kN.m
Lever arm z 248 mm
Ast = Mxx / 0.87*fyk *z 1006 mm²
Percentage of reinforcement 0.19 % Safe
Minimum reinforcement 0.13 %
3.0 Design of Section of Cantilever Slab

DESIGN DATA
Effective span of bridge, L = 38.0 m
Carriageway width, B = 7.50 m
Width of parapet, Bk = 1.75 m
Overall Width of Deck = 11.00 m
Edge of carriage way from main girder = 1.60 m for 3 no. of girder
Distance from main girder to end of cantilever 3.35 m
Depth of Kerb, Dk = 0.25 m
Size of fillet ( bxh) = 0.3*0.1 m
Thickness of slab, ts = 300 mm
Thickness of slab at edge, tse = 0.15 m
Self weight of Railing = 50 kg/m (assumed)
Unit weight of RCC 25 kN/m3
Unit weight of wearing coat 22 kN/m3
Impact factor = 50 % (for IRC class A loading)
25 % (for IRC class 70 R loading)
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3.1 Moment due to dead load
The total maximum moment due to dead load per meter width of the cantilever slab is computed as in the following table, using details from the fig
1.60
57 kn
75 mm
1.75 0.25
0.75 0.15
300 mm
3.3
5
Cantilever slab with Class A wheel
Fig. 6 : Cantilever slab with Class A wheel load
Description Load (kN) Lever arm (m) Moment KN.m

Handrails approx 1.74 3.3 5.742
Kerb stone width*kerb stone height*24 10.9375 2.48 27.070
wearing course width*wearing course thickness*22 2.640 0.8 2.112
Slab width of slab to edge*slab thickness at edge*24 12.5625 1.675 21.042
Triangular part of slab 0.5*length*thickness*24 12.56 1.12 14.028
Total 40.44 1.731 69.995
3.2 Moment Due to live load

Due to the specified minimum clearance, Class 70R loading will not operate on the cantilever slab.
Class A loading is to be considered and the load will be as shown in figure
Effective width of dispersion be is computed bt equation be = 1.2 x + b w
Here,
X = 0.8 m
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bw = 0.25+ 2*D 0.4 m
be = 1.36 m
Maximum axle load as per Class A Loading 114 kN IRC:6, class A loading
Maximum Wheel Load = 57 kN
Live load per m width including impact = 62.87 kN
Maximum moment due to live load = 50.29 kN.m
As per IRC 6:2014,Clause 206.1 for footpath load is taken as
when crowd load is considered, P ' = 500.0 kg/m2
Effective span of the main girder, L = 2.80 m
Footpath Live load, P = P ' 5.00 kN/m2
Bending moment due to P, BMx = 6.63 kN.m
Total moment due to Live Load = 56.92 kN.m
3.3 Reinforcement
Total moment due to dead load and live load =
Main Bars
Compressive Strength of Concrete fck 30.0 N/mm2
Characteristic Strength of Steel fy 500.0 N/mm2
Design Bending moment, MD = 1.35gk+1.5qk 179.87 kN.m
Overall depth of cantilever slab dcs 300 mm
Effective cover 25 mm
Effective depth, deff 275 mm
Mxx /fck*b*d2) 0.079 mm
From the lever arm curve (Fig 4.5) la 0.980

Lever arm za 270 mm
Area of reinforcement
Ast = Mxx / 0.87*fyk *z 1534.31 mm2 /m
Safe
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Span-effective depth ratio
r = 100As,req / bd 0.274
From graph of basic span-effective depth ratios (Fig 6.3)
Span-effective depth ratio for M25 concrete 29
Actual span-effective depth ratio 27 Safe
Distribution bars
Distribution steel is to be provided for 0.3 times live load moment plus 0.2 times dead load moment.
Design bending moment = 44.51 kN.m
Lever arm z 258 mm
Ast = Mxx / 0.87*fyk *z 397 mm²
Minimum reinforcement 0.13 %
Area of reinforcement 357.5 mm²
Provide the reinforcement in main bars 10 mm bars @ 150
Provided area of steel = 524 mm 2

ok
Percentage of reinforcement 0.19 % Safe
4.0 Design of Longitudinal Girder

4.1 Input data
effective span 37.95 m
Slab thickness 300 mm
Width of rib (main rib) 750 mm
Length of rib (main rib) 2.5 m
Fillet dimension 300x100 mm
Spacing of main beams 3550 mm
Overall depth of main beam 2800.0 mm
Overall depth of cross beam 2500.0 mm
4.2 Dead load moment and shear force on longitudinal girder

Cantilever slab Dead load = 80.885 k N/m Two side
Dead load per m run is estimated as below:
Items Load (kN/m)
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spacing of main beams
*wearing course
Wearing course thickness*22 12.953
spacing of main beams

Deck slab * slab thickness*24 58.88
Fillets 2*0.5*0.3*0.15*24 2.8125
Cross girder (all) 4.5
Total 79.14
Total dead load of deck with cross beam = 160.02 kN/m

Assuming the reaction at all girder due to cantilever slab equal
Dead load per m span of each main girder = 53.34 kN/m
Self weight of T rib (main girder)= 46.88 kN/m
Total dead load on each girder = 100.22 kN/m
Weight of Cross girder = 4.50 kN/m
Reaction on main girder Rg = 15.96 kN
15.96 100.22 15.96
RA RB
Maximum bending moment due to UDL is at mid span of beam

Maximum B.M. due to UDL = W * L^2 / 8 18041.36 kN.m
Reaction due to point load, RAD = 15.96 kN
Maximum B.M. due to Point load = 0.00 kN.m
Total B.M. due to dead load = 18041.36 kN.m
Reaction at bearing from main girder = 1917.557 kN
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Dead load shear forces and bending moments for different sections
Section Length
Bending moment Shear Force
(kN) (kN)
Support 0.0 0 1901.592
1/8 Span
th
4.7 7893.094 1426.194
1/4 Span
th
9.5 13531.019 950.796
3/8 Span
th
14.2 16913.774 475.398
1/2 Span
th
19.0 18041.359 0.000
4.3 Distribution of live loads on longitudinal girder for bending moment:

IRC Class 70 R Tracked Vehicle:
Using Courbon's theory, IRC Class 70R tracked vehicle loads are arranged for maximum eccentricity.
Reaction on the girder will be maximum when the eccentricity is maximum. Eccentricity will be maximum when the loads are very near to the kerb. Position of loads for maximum
eccentricity is shown in figure.
All the girders are assumed to have the same moment of inertia.
The conditions for the applicability of Courbon's method are satisfied. Equation is used to determine the reaction factors.
Here,
Total load, W = 2 W1
Span of Cross beam 3.6 m
IRC Class A loading
Length of IRC 70R tracked vehicle 4.57 m
Wheel width of vehicle (one tire width) of 70R 0.84 m
Width of tracked vehicle [70R] 2.90 m
Centre/centre spacing of two wheel = 2.06 m
Minimum spacing of kerb and wheel, f m = 1.2 m IRC 6: Min. clearance
Provided spacing of kerb and wheel centre, f p = 1.620 m
No. of Longitudinal girder, n = 3.0 nos.
Taking moment about first load, x = 1.03 m
eccentricity, e = 1.10 m
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Transverse Position of IRC Class 70 R Tracked Vehicles loading for determination of reactions on
Longitudinal beams
Carriage way width 7500 mm

Provided spacing of kerb and wheel centre, f p = 1620 mm
Centre/centre spacing of two wheel = 2060 mm
Provided spacing of kerb and wheel centre another side = 3820 mm
Edge of carriage way from main girder = 1750 mm
Distance bet RA to W1 -130 mm
Distance bet RB to W1 2070 mm
Distance between RB and W1 [left] 3680 mm
Distance between RB and W1 [Right] 1480 mm
Reaction factor for outer girder

number of main girder n 3.0
Spacing of main beam sm 3.6 m
Spacing of cross beam sc 38.0 m W1 = 0.5 W
RA = 2 W1/n [1+(n I*sm* e)/((2I * sm^2)+(2I*sm^2 ))] 0.822 W1 0.411 W
RB = 2 W1 /n (1+0) 0.667 W1 0.333 W
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Live load bending moment in girder
Effective span of Girder = 37.95 m
= 37950 mm
IRC Class 70 R Track vehicle loading
Impact factor = = 10 %
Total Live Load of Track vehicle W = 700 kN IRC 6 of 70R
Live Load of each Track W1 = 350 kN
Load including impact and reaction factor = 256.667 kN
Calculation of bending moment at L/2.

The Live load is placed centrally on the span as shown in figure below.
4.57 350 kN
Main girder
18975
37950
RA RB
8.345
8.345
Fig: Influence Line for bending Moment in Girder
Ordinate of Bending Moment at considered section, M x = X*(1-X / L)
Position of UDL centre from left support, X = 18.98 m

18975 mm
Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 9
Position of UDL lagging point from left support, X = 16.69 m
Ordinate of Influence line at lagging point from left support = 8.345
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Bending Moment 6241.38 kN.m
Bending Moment including impact and reduction factor 2288.50 kN.m
Calculation of bending moment at 3L/8.

Position of UDL at 3L/8 left support, X = 14.231 m
The load is arranged such that the maximum bending moment is obtained at the given section.
To obtain maximum BM, the length of the UDL beyond the section should be placed such that the section divides the load and the span in the same ratio
Length of the UDL beyond the section = 2.856 m
Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 8.895
Position of UDL lagging point from left support, X = 12.518 m
Ordinate of Influence line at lagging point from left support = 7.823
Position of UDL leading point from left support, X = 17.088 m
Ordinate of Influence line at leading point from left support = 7.823
Bending Moment = 5851.29 kN.m
Bending Moment including impact and rection factor 2145.47 kN.m
37950
350 kN
Main girder
2.856
14.23
1
RA RB
7.823
7.823
8.895

Position of UDL at L/4 left support, X = 9.488 m
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37950
350 kN
Main girder
3.428
9.48
8
RA 6.259 RB
6.259
7.11
6

Position of UDL at L/4 left support, X = 4.744 m
37950
350 kN
Main girder
3.999
4.74
4
RB
3.651
RA
3.651
4.15
1
Maximum live load B.M. = 2288.50 kN.m
IRC Class A loading

Maximum live load B.M. would occur under Class A two lane loading 0.2 irc code
Impact factor = 4.5 / (6 + Span of bridge) 0.10
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The loading is arranged in the transverse direction as shown in fig. allowing the minimum clearance near the left kerb.
All the four wheel loads are of equal magnitude.
Live load B.M. can be determined by using Courbon's method.
4.3.1 Live load B.M. Courbon's method
The conditions for the applicability of Courbon's method are satisfied. Equation is used to determine the reaction factors.
Here,
Total load, W = 4 W1
Span of Cross beam 3.6 m
Carriage way width 7500 m
IRC Class A loading
Centre/centre spacing of two wheel [ IRC 6 ]= 1.8 m 1800 mm
Spacing of two train in traverse direction, g [IRC 6] = 0.4 m 400 mm
Minimum spacing of kerb and wheel, f m [IRC 6] = 0.15 m 150 mm
Provided spacing of kerb and wheel, fp = 0.3 m 300 mm
No. of Longitudinal girder, n = 3.0 nos.
Taking moment about first load, x = 2.0 m
eccentricity, e = 0.70 m
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Distance left in right 3200 mm
Distance from left up to second W1 350 mm
Distance from second W1 to center girder 3200 mm
Distance from center girder to third W1 -2800 mm
Distance from third W1 to forth W1 6350 mm
CG of
loads
W1 W1 W1 W1
X
Rb Rc
Ra 4.5 4.5
7.5
Transverse Disposition of two Trains of Class A loading for determination of reactions on Longitudinal
beams
It is assumed that the values of I for all the three girders are equal.
Reaction factor for girder A
Ra = 4 W1/n [1+3I*sm* e*(2I * sm^2)] 1.73 W1
Rb = 4 W1 /3(1+0) 1.33 W1
Rc = 4 W1 - (Ra + Rb) 0.94 W1
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CG of Loads
19.84
83.78
83.78
49.97
19.84
49.97
49.97
49.97
882 1100 120
1 320 0 430 300 300 300 103
0 0 0 0 0 29
909 RB
RA 1
3795
0
Fig : Arrangement of Wheel loads in the Longitudinal Direction for maximum moment
In the longitudinal direction, eight loads of class A train can be accommodated on the span.
From IRC Class A Loading

Wheel load including Impact factor (I.F.) and Reaction factor (R.F.)
W.L. *I.F.* R.F. Cumulative
Wheel distance distance Wheel distance
Designation Axle load ( k N ) Wheel load kN (m) (m) (mm)
First wheel load, W1 = 27 13.5 19.84 8821

Second wheel load, W2 = 27 13.5 19.84 1.1 1.1 1100
Third wheel load, W3 = 114 57.0 83.78 3.2 4.3 3200
Fourth wheel load, W4= 114 57.0 83.78 1.2 5.5 1200
Fifth wheel load, W5 = 68 34.0 49.97 4.3 9.8 4300
Sixth wheel load W6 = 68 34.0 49.97 3.0 12.8 3000
Seventh wheel load W7 = 68 34.0 49.97 3.0 15.8 3000
Eighth wheel load, W8 = 68 34.0 49.97 3.0 18.8 3000
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Total 554 277 407.15 10329
The centre of gravity of the load from first wheel load, X = 9.091 m 9091 mm
Hence, The absolute maximum bending moment occurs under the fifth load (W5 ) .
The loads are arranged on the span as shown in figure such that the maximum moment will occur under the fifth load from left.
This load should be positioned such that centre of the span is midway between the centre of gravity of the load system and fifth wheel load
Distance of the fifth wheel load from Left support, X 5 = Half span - (centroids of loads- distance of fifth load from lagging load)/2
Xm = 18.621 m
Distance of first load from left support X1 = 8.82 m
Distance of fifth load from right support X5 = 10.33 m
Taking moment of wheel load about Support A

Wheel Load
Designation Lever arm ( m) Moment
( kN)
(kN.m)
W1 19.84 8.82 175.03
W2 19.84 9.92 196.85
W3 83.78 13.12 1099.26
W4 83.78 14.32 1199.80
W5 49.97 18.62 930.56
W6 49.97 21.62 1080.49
W7 49.97 24.62 1230.41
W8 49.97 27.62 1380.34

Total 407.15 7292.745
Reaction at right support B RB = 192.17 kN

Reaction at left support A RA = 214.98 kN
Calculation of moments about fifth load from left
Designation Wheel load ( k N ) Lever arm (m) Moment (k Remarks

N.m )
W1 19.84 9.80 -194.461 Hogging moment
W2 19.84 8.70 -172.634 Hogging moment
W3 83.78 5.50 -460.799 Hogging moment
W4 83.78 4.30 -360.261 Hogging moment
RA 214.98 18.62 4003.086 Sagging moment
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Net moment 2814.931
Maximum L.L. B.M = 2814.931 k N. m
4.3.3 Design maximum B.M

Design B.M. = Moment due to D.L. + Moment due to L.L. 20856.29 KN.m
Design of section at Centre of Span Section (L/2)

5.1 Properties of main girder section
1000
Considering T beam at mid span
Flange width wf 1000 mm
Flange thickness tf 300 mm
300
Web width ww1 2200 mm
ww2 700 mm
Web thickness tw1 300 mm
tw2 750 mm
Total depth of section D 3200 mm
Area of section A 1485000 mm2
yt 1660.10 mm
2200
3200
yb 1539.90 mm 300
Ixx 1761985984848.49 mm 4
zt = Ixx/yt 1061372756.31275 mm3

zb = Ixx/yb 1144221794.03083 mm3
Check for minimum section modulus
700
fck 50 N/mm2
fct 18.0 N/mm2
fci 40.0 N/mm2 750
ftt = ftw 0.0
fcw 16.0 N/mm2
η 0.85
Mg 18041.4 k N. m
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Mq 2814.9 k N. m
Md = Mg+ Mq 20856 k N. m
fbr = ηfct -ftw 15.3 N/mm2
ftr = fcw -ηftt 16.0 N/mm2
finf = (ftw/η)
+ (Md / ηzb) 21.44 N/mm2
zb = [Mq+(1-η)Mg]/fbr 360858498.90 mm3
Safe
Hence the section provided is adequate
5.2 Prestressing Force

Allowing for two rows of cables
Clear cover required 200 mm
Maximum possible eccentricity e 1340 mm
Required Prestressing force
P = (A.finf.Zb)/(Zb+A.e) 11626.51 k N
Using Freyssinet system, anchorage type 12k-15(12 strandsof 15.21 mm diameter) in 95 mm

cables ducts, (IS: 6006-1983)
Minimum breaking load for 15.2 mm 12-ply 260.7 k N
Force in each cable Pk 2503 k N
Number of cables n 5
Area of each strand 140.0 mm2
Area of 12 strands in each cable 1680 mm2
Area of strands in 5 cables Ap 7805 mm2
Cables are arranged at centre of span section as shown in figure.
5.3 Permissible tendon zone

At support section
e ≤ (Zb. fct/P) - (Zb/A) 1001 mm
e ≥ (Zb. ftw/ɳP) - (Zb/A) -771 mm
Asume
5 cablesrequired eccentricity
are arranged to followata support 180 mm
parabolic profile with the resultant force having an eccentricity
of 180 mm towards the soffit at the support section.
5.4 Check for stresses

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For the centre of the span section
P 11627 k N
e 1340 mm
A 1485000 mm2
zb 1144221794 mm3
zt 1061372756 mm3
η 0.85
Mg 18041.4 k N. m
Mq 2814.9 k N. m
P/A 7.83 N/mm2
Pe/zt 14.68 N/mm2
Pe/zb 13.61 N/mm2
Mg/zt 17.00 N/mm2
Mg/zb 15.77 N/mm2
Mq/zt 2.65 N/mm2
Mq/zb 2.46 N/mm2
At transfer stage
10.15 N/mm
2
σt= P/A-Pe/Zt+Mg/Zt
σb= P/A+Pe/Zb-Mg/Zb 5.68 N/mm2
At working load stage

13.83 N/mm (Compression)
2
σt= ɳP/A-ɳPe/Zt+Mg/Zt+Mq/Zt
0.0000 N/mm (Tension)
2
σb= ɳP/A+ɳPe/Zb-Mg/Zb-Mq/Zb
All the stresses at top and bottom fibresat transferand service loads arewell within the safe permissible limits
5.5 Check for ultimate flexural strength

For the centre of span section
Ap 4553 mm2
b 1000 mm
d 3000 mm
bw 300 mm
h 3300 mm
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fck 50 N/mm2
fp 1862 N/mm2
Df 300 mm
Ultimate flexural strength Mu=1.35 Mg+1.5Mq 28578 k N. m

IRC: 6-2014
IS:1343-1980 Ap=Apw+Apf
Apf=0.45*fck(b-bw)*Df /fp 2538 mm2
Apw=Ap-Apf 2015 mm2
Apw* fp /(bw*d*fck) 0.083
For Post tensioned beams with effective bond fpu/0.87fp 0.93

(IS:1343- 1980, Table 11) xu/d 0.43
fpu 1507 N/mm2
xu 1290 mm
Mu=fpu*Apw(d-0.42xu)+ 0.45fck(b-bw)Df*(d-0.5Df) 20929 KN.m
Check
Mu, bal 7649 KN.m
Tension reinforcements are designed to resist the balance moment
Using Fe 500 D grade HYSD bars at an effective depth of 1950 mm
Yield strength of steel fu 500 N/mm2
Concrete cover c 50 mm
Effective depth d 3250 mm
Flange depth Df 300 mm
Area of tension reinforcement
Ast = Mu,bal/[0.87*fy*(d-0.5Df)] 5673 mm2
Provide the reinforcement diameter φ 25 mm
Provide the reinforcement number 16 nos.
Provided area of steel Aprovided 7854 mm2
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Ok
5.6 Check for ultimate shear strength
Shear force due to Dead load Vg 1901.59 KN
Shear force due to Live load Vq 392.60 KN
Ultimate shear force Vu= 1.35Vg+1.5Vq 3156054 KN
Ultimate shear resistance of support section uncracked in flexure
(IRC:112-2011, cl. 10.3)
VRd,c= I*bw/s(fctd2+k1*σcp* fctd)0.5+η*P*Sinθ
I= bw*D^3/12 266200000000 mm4
S 413390305 mm3
fctd= fct/ym 2.33 N/mm2

(fctd= 3.5N/mm^2 for fck = 50N/mm^2)
σcp = h*P/Ac 6.655 N/mm2

Eccentricity of cables at support 1340 mm
Slope of cable q = 4*e/L 0.179
VRd,c 2650244 KN
Check
Hence, provide nominal stirrups of 10 mm ɸ 2-legged of FE415 HYSD @ 300 c/c
5.7 Supplementary Reinforcements

Minimum Longitudinal reinforcement of not less than 0.13 percent of gross cross sectional are
to be provided to safegurd against shrinkage cracking.
Area of Supplementary Reinforcements Ast 1931 mm2

Ok
Design of section at Centre of Span Section (3L/8) 14.23125 m

Properties of main girder section
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ww2 550 mm
tw2 750 mm
Centroid from top fiber yt 1035.20 mm
Centroid from bottom fiber yb 1064.80 mm
Ixx 579864891581.633 mm4
zt = Ixx/yt 560145484.23 mm3
zb = Ixx/yb 5.445784E+08 mm3

fck 50 N/mm2
fct 18.0 N/mm2
fci 40.0 N/mm2
ftt = ftw 0.0
fcw 16.0 N/mm2
η 0.85
Mg 16913.8 k N. m
Mq 1890.5 k N. m
Md = Mg+ Mq 18804 k N. m
finf = (ftw/η)
+ (Md / ηzb) 40.62 N/mm2
zb = [Mq+(1-η)Mg]/fbr 289383403.66 mm3
Safe
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Prestressing Force
P = (A.finf.Zb)/(Zb+A.e) 16281.70 k N

5 Cables are arranged to follow parabolic profile with resultant force having an eccentricity of 180 mm towards the soffit at the support section
Permissible tendon zone

At support section
e ≤ (Zb. fct/P) - (Zb/A) 108 mm
e ≥ (Zb. ftw/ɳP) - (Zb/A) -494 mm
Asume required eccentricity at support 180 mm
5 cables are arranged to follow a parabolic profile with the resultant force having an eccentricity
Check for stresses

For the span section 3L/8
P 16282 k N
e 865 mm
A 1102500 mm2
zb 544578432 mm3
zt 560145484 mm3
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η 0.85
Mg 16913.8 k N. m
Mq 1890.5 k N. m
P/A 14.77 N/mm2
Pe/zt 25.14 N/mm2
Pe/zb 25.86 N/mm2
Mg/zt 30.20 N/mm2
Mg/zb 31.06 N/mm2
Mq/zt 3.38 N/mm2
Mq/zb 3.47 N/mm2
At transfer stage
19.83 N/mm
2
9.57 N/mm
2
σb= P/A+Pe/Zb-Mg/Zb

2

2
All the stresses at top and bottom fibres at transfer and service loads are well within the safe permissible limits
Check for ultimate flexural strength

6375 mm
2
Ap
b 1200 mm
d 1900 mm
bw 300 mm
h 2200 mm
fck 50 N/mm2
fp 1862 N/mm2
Df 250 mm
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IRC: 6-2014
Apw=Ap-Apf 3657 mm2

(IS:1343- 1980, Table 11) xu/d 0.43
fpu 1507 N/mm2
xu 817 mm
Check
Mu, bal -8107 KN.m
Ast = Mu,bal/[0.87*fy*(d-0.5Df)] -9203 mm2
Ok
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Design of section at mid support Section 1.3 m
Properties of main girder section
1000
300
ww2 550 mm
1850
3200
Centroid from top fiber yt 988.33 mm
Centroid from bottom fiber yb 1661.67 mm
Ixx 669239062500 mm4 750
zt = Ixx/yt 677139017.71 mm 3
zb = Ixx/yb 4.027517E+08 mm3

fck 50 N/mm2
fct 18.0 N/mm2
fci 40.0 N/mm2
ftt = ftw 0.0
fcw 16.0 N/mm2
η 0.85
Mg 7893.1 k N. m
Mq 854.8 k N. m
Md = Mg+ Mq 8748 k N. m
finf = (ftw/η)
+ (Md / ηzb) 25.55 N/mm2
zb = [Mq+(1-η)Mg]/fbr 133253213.65 mm3
Safe
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Prestressing Force
P = (A.finf.Zb)/(Zb+A.e) 6052.72 k N

5 Cables are arranged to follow parabolic profile with resultant force having an eccentricity of 180 mm towards the soffit at the support section
Permissible tendon zone

At support section
e ≤ (Zb. fct/P) - (Zb/A) 959 mm
e ≥ (Zb. ftw/ɳP) - (Zb/A) -239 mm
Asume required eccentricity at support 180 mm
5 cables are arranged to follow a parabolic profile with the resultant force having an eccentricity
Check for stresses

For the span mid support section
P 6053 k N
e 1462 mm
A 1687500 mm2
zb 402751693 mm3
zt 677139018 mm3
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η 0.85
Mg 7893.1 k N. m
Mq 854.8 k N. m
P/A 3.59 N/mm2
Pe/zt 13.07 N/mm2
Pe/zb 21.97 N/mm2
Mg/zt 11.66 N/mm2
Mg/zb 19.60 N/mm2
Mq/zt 1.26 N/mm2
Mq/zb 2.12 N/mm2
At transfer stage
2.18 N/mm
2
5.96 N/mm
2
σb= P/A+Pe/Zb-Mg/Zb

2

2
All the stresses at top and bottom fibres at transfer and service loads are well within the safe permissible limits
Check for ultimate flexural strength

4063 mm
2
Ap
b 1200 mm
d 2450 mm
bw 750 mm
h 3200 mm
fck 50 N/mm2
fp 1862 N/mm2
Df 250 mm
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IRC: 6-2014
Apw=Ap-Apf 2704 mm2

(IS:1343- 1980, Table 11) xu/d 0.43
fpu 1507 N/mm2
xu 1054 mm
Safe
Mu, bal 2124 KN.m
Ast = Mu,bal/[0.87*fy*(d-0.5Df)] 1614 mm2
Ok
5.8 Design of End block

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Length of solid prismatic end block L 1.5 m
Yield strength of steel fy 500 Mpa
Load in the tendon Pk 2503 kN
Side of the End block 2 Yo 900 mm
Side of the loaded area 2 Ypo = 0.3*2 Yo 270 mm
(IRC:18-2000, Table-8)
Brusting tensile force (Jacking force) Fbst = 0.23* Pk 575.63 kN
(IRC:18-2000, Table-8)
Area of steel required to resist this tension Ast = Fbst /(0.87*fy) 1323 mm2
Adopting 25 mm dia. Bars: 12 mm
Required Spacing of bars Sreq = As* B/Ast 77 mm
Provided Spacing of bars Sprovided 125 mm
Reinforcement bar nos 8 nos
Provide rebars φ 12 @ 125 c/c at horizontal direction 905 mm²
Provide rebars φ 12 @ 125 c/c at vertical direction 905 mm²
Maximum Reaction due to live load

Maximum Reaction due to live load occurs when the one of the train load is at support
Distance of first load from left support X1 = 19.15 m

25.71
108.56
25.71
108.56
64.76
64.76
64.76
64.76
1915 3200 1200 3000 3000 3000
1100 4300
0
B
A
37950
Fig : Arrangement of Wheel loads in the Longitudinal Direction for maximum reaction
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Fig : Arrangement of Wheel loads in the Longitudinal Direction for maximum reaction
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Taking moment of wheel load about Support A
Wheel Load
Designation Lever arm (m) Moment Wheel distance,
( kN)
(kN.m) mm
W1 25.71 19.2 492.386 19150
W2 25.71 20.3 520.669 1100
W3 108.56 23.5 2545.780 3200
W4 108.56 24.7 2676.054 1200
W5 64.76 29.0 1874.695 4300
W6 64.76 32.0 2068.964 3000
W7 64.76 35.0 2263.233 3000
W8 64.76 38.0 2457.502 3000
527.57 14899.282 0.0
Reaction at left support B, RB = 392.60 kN
Reaction at left support A, RA = 134.97 kN
6 Intermediate Cross Beam

6.1 Input Data
Spacing of the cross beam = 37.95 m
Span of Cross beam = 3.6 m
Effective span = 2.8 m
Overall depth = 2.5 m
Impact factor fraction for effective span for
Class 70R tracked vehicle = 0.25
Class 70R Wheeled vehicle = 0.25
Class A loading 0.55
6.2 Bending moment due to dead load

The weight of slab and wearing course will be apportioned between the cross beams and the longitudinal girders in accordance with the trapezoidal distribution of the loads on the panel.
Dead weight of slab, ws = 7.5 kN/m2
Dead weight of W.C., ww/c = 1.65 kN/m2
Total dead load, w = ws + ww/c 9.15 kN/m2
Dead load from slab 35.87 kN
Uniformly distributed load = 10.10 kN/m
Self weight of cross girder = 16.50 kN/m
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Total dead load on cross girder = 26.60 kN/m
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Assuming the cross girder to be rigid ,
Reaction on each longitudinal girder Ra = 62.96 kN
Rb = 62.96 kN
Rc = 62.96 kN
IRC 6 : Class 70R tracked vehicle
37.95 37.95
3.6
2.06
4.57
3.6
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MAIN
GIRDER
45°
CROSS BEAM
CROSS BEAM
2.8
45°
MAIN GIRDER
37.95
6.3 Bending moment due to Live Load

Live load B.M. due to IRC class 70R tracked vehicle
Load per tracked of vehicle 350 KN/m
Length of tracked vehicle 4.57 m
Wheel width of vehicle (one tire width) 0.84 m
Width of tracked vehicle 2.90 m
Position of wheel load from outer main girder = 2.52 m
Live load coming on cross beam = 339.46 kN
Assuming the cross beam as rigid,

Reaction on each longitudinal girder, Ra 226.309 kN
Rb 226.309 kN
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Rc 226.309 kN
Maximum B.M. in cross girder under the load, B.M max 570.298 KN.m
Fig: Position of live load for maximum B.M. in intermediate Cross girder [class 70R tracked vehicle] Fig: Live Load on intermediate cross girder
Including impact
L.L. B.M. including impact = 712.87 KN.m
Dead load B.M. at 1.475m from support = 74.19 KN.m
6.4 Design of section

Total Design BM = 1169.468 kN.m
Design of section
RCC Design
Concrete grade fck 30 N/mm²
Steel grade, Fe fyk 500 N/mm²
Concrete cover 50 mm
Width of beam b 250 mm
Provided overall depth, D = 2500 mm
Effective depth 2450 mm
Area of steel required
Ast = Md /0.87*fyk*Z 1097.32 mm²
Nos of bars 5 nos/meter ok
Compression Reinforcement
Provide 50 % of tensile renforcement at compression side 50 %
Hence, area of compression reinforcement, A sc 548.66 mm²
Provide compression reinforcements 20 mm 3 nos
Provided area of steel = 942 mm2 ok
Provide reinforcements (For cracking control) 12 mm 2 nos. (Each face)
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6.5 Check the section for shear
Total load on cross beam due to track vehicle = 339.46 kN
Live load shear including impact = 282.89 kN
Dead load shear = 62.96 kN
Total design shear, V = 345.85 kN
Design shear force VEd 509.3 KN

Asuming angle of inclination of the strut θ 22.0 Degree
cotɵ 2.48
Crushing strength of concrete diagonal strut at the section of maximum shear
Vrd, max = 0.124*bw*d(1-fck/250)*fck 2005.1 KN ok
(IRC:112-2011, 10.3.2 (5), Eq. 10.6)
Design shear at d distance from the face of support m
VEd 509.33 KN
Asw/s = VEd/0.78*d*fyk* cotɵ 0.215
(IRC:112-2011, 10.3.2 (2), Eq. 10.1)
Provide 10 mm links at 200 mm c/c, Asw/s 0.55
Hence provide φ 10 mm 2- legged vertical stirrups @ 200 mm c/c through out the length of cross girder.
End Cross beam

Input Data
Spacing of the cross beam = 37.95 m
Span of Cross beam = 3.55 m
Effective span = 2.80 m
Overall depth = 2.50 m
Impact factor fraction for effective span for
Class 70R tracked vehicle = 0.25
Class 70R Wheeled vehicle = 0.25
Class A loading 0.55
Fig: Dead Load on end cross girder
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Bending moment due to dead load
The weight of slab and wearing course will be

apportioned between the cross beams and the
longitudinal girders in accordance with the trapezoidal
distribution of the loads on the panel
Dead weight of slab, ws = 7.5 kN/m2

Dead weight of W.C., ww/c = 1.65 kN/m2
Total dead load, w = ws + ww/c 9.15 kN/m2
Dead load from slab 17.93 kN
Uniformly distributed load = 5.05 kN/m
Self weight of cross girder = 16.50 kN/m
Total dead load on cross girder = 21.55 kN/m
Assuming the cross girder to be rigid ,

Reaction on each longitudinal girder Ra = 30.17 kN
Rb = 30.17 kN
Class 70R Tracked vehicle

339.46 339.46
2.52 2.06
3.6 3.6
Ra Rb
Fig: Live Load on End cross girder
Bending moment due to Live Load

Live load B.M. due to IRC class 70R tracked vehicle
49 of 83
Load per tracked of vehicle 350 KN/m
Length of tracked vehicle 4.57 m
Wheel width of vehicle (one tire width) 0.84 m
Spacing of two wheel = 2.9 m
Position of wheel load from outer main girder = 2.52 m
Live load coming on cross beam = 339.46 kN
Assuming the cross beam as rigid,

Reaction on each longitudinal girder, Ra = 226.309 kN
Rb = 226.309 kN
Rc = 226.309 kN
Maximum B.M. in cross girder under the load, B.M max 570.298 KN.m
7.4 Including impact factor
L.L. B.M. including impact = 712.87 KN.m
Dead load B.M. at distance from support = 7.603 KN.m
Design positive BM = 1079.574 kN.m
Design of section
RCC Design
Ast = Md /0.87*fyk*Z 1012.97 mm²
Nos of bars 5 nos/meter ok
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Compression Reinforcement
Provide 50 % of tensile renforcement at compression side 50 %
Hence, area of compression reinforcement, A sc 506.49 mm²
Provide compression reinforcements 20 mm 3
Provided area of steel = 942 mm2 ok
Provide reinforcements (For cracking control) 12 mm 2
Design of shear
Total load on cross beam due to track vehicle = 339.46 kN
Live load shear including impact = 282.89 kN
Dead load shear = 30.17 kN
Asuming angle of inclination of the strut θ 22.0 Degree
cotɵ 2.48
Vrd, max = 0.124*bw*d(1-fck/250)*fck 2005.1 KN ok
(IRC:112-2011, 10.3.2 (5), Eq. 10.6)
VEd 465.06 KN
Asw/s = VEd/0.78*d*fyk* cotɵ 0.20
(IRC:112-2011, 10.3.2 (2), Eq. 10.1)
Provide 10 mm links at 200 mm c/c, Asw/s 0.55
Hence provide φ 10 mm 2- legged vertical stirrups @ 200 mm c/c through out the length of cross girder.
Maximum reaction at bearing from the superstructure Deck

Total Reaction at bearing from superstructure dead load = 1917.56 kN
Total Reaction at bearing from superstructure live load = 392.60 kN
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Design of Abutement Stem
Unit weight:
Unit weight of water Yw 10 kN/m³
Unit weight of backfill soil Ys 18 kN/m³
Saturated Unit weight of soil Ysat 21 kN/m³
Unit weight of concrete Yc 25 kN/m³
Zone factor(III) z 0.36
Important factor for minor bridges I 1.0
Average response acceleration coeficient Sa/g 2.00
Horizontal seismic coefficient αh = z/2*I*Sa/g 0.36 IRC 6 : 2017 : 219.5.1
Vertical seismic coefficient αv 0.24
Variation in temperature θ 15 °C
Angle of internal friction of soil φ 30 degree
Geometric properties:
Span of bridge L 37.95 m
Bearing : Neoprene pads

Number of bearing on each abutment 3 no.
Thickness of bearing (400x400) tb 100 mm
Number of plates embedded n 5 no.
Thickness of each plate tp 3 mm
Pedestal dimension 600x600 mm
Pedestal thickness 150 mm
Elevation of High Flood Level 82.50 m From Hydrology report
Free board 1.5 m
Elevation of Soffit level 84.00 m
Depth of superstructure deck 2.80 m
Elevation of Deck surface 86.80 m
Scour Depth dm 2.41 m From Hydrology report
Abutment scour level /Pier 80.09 m
Minimum bed Level 79.05
Pile cap top level 79.05 m
Stem Dimension
Stem Length [width of bridge deck] Ls 11.00 m
Stem Height Hs 4.10000000000001 m
Rectangular width [at base] wrs 1.40 m
Triangular width [at base] wts 0.00 m
Base width wb 1.40 m
Abutment Cap
Height of abutment top cap ( 0.46 - 0.6 m) Hc 0.60 m
Width of cap Bc 1.45 m
Abutment cap width from dirt wall 1.45
Back wall dimension [dirt wall dimesnion]

Height of back Wall [dirt wall] Hb 3.05 m
Width of back wall [dirt wall thickness] Bb 0.30 m
Fillet Dimension of dirt wall

Width of fillet wf 0.25 m
Height of rectangle Hr 0.25 m
Height of triangle for dirt wall and below aboutment cap Htr 0.25 m
Total Height Hf 0.50 m
Approach slab thickness tas 0.25 m

Height of abutment H 7.75 m
Length of abutment Lab 11.00 m
Bearing centre from dirt wall 0.610 m
Abutment cap from dirt wall Lc 1.55 m
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Loading from Superstructure

Reaction at Bearing
Non-seismic condition
Dead load
Vertical reaction 3835.11 kN
Horizontal reaction 0.00 kN
Live load
Horizontal reaction 0.00 kN
Dead load from Superstructure

Dead load from Girder 3835.11 kN
Assuming weight of bearings and expansion joints 20.0 kN
Total dead load 3855.11 kN
Length of abutment 11.000 m
DL per metre length of abutment 350.465 kN/m
Live load from Superstructure

Class A loadings
Maximum Reaction 785.21 kN
Impact Factor= 4.5/(6+L) 0.10
Maximum Reaction including impact 865.60 kN
L.L. per length of abutment 78.69 kN/m
Total load from Superstructure 429.16 kN/m
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0.25 0.30 1.55

0.25
0.50
3.05
0.610
0.60
0.738
4.1
2.889
0.812
1.40 0.00
ANALYSIS OF FORCES
Self weight of abutment
Taking moment of forces from the heel of stem, from X
Area Lever arm Weight
Designation
m2 x (m) y (m) (kN)
Rectangular stem 5.74 0.95 2.05 1578.50
Triangular stem 0 1.65 1.367 0.00
Abutment cap 0.87 0.725 4.400 239.25
Back wall [Dirt wall] 0.915 0.15 6.22500000000001 251.63
Rectangular Fillet 0.063 -0.125 7.37500000000001 17.19
Triangular fillet 0.031 -0.083 7.167 8.59
Triangular portion below abutment cap 0.031 0.083 3.933 8.59
Total 7.650 2840.06
Position of CG 0.812 2.889
Position of CG relative to superstructure load point = 0.738 m
Non-seismic forces on the abutment
Braking force:
Braking force = 20% of the weight of the design vehicle (Class A)
And this force acts along the bridge at 1.2 m above the road level (IRC:6-2017, 214.1)
Total weight of the IRC Class A vehicle for 2 lane 554 kN IRC:6-2017, 211.2(a)
Braking force 166.2 kN
Force on one abutment wall 124.65 kN
Therefore braking force length br_f 11.332 kN/m
(Note: Braking force is shared by the abutment and neighbouring pier)
Frictional force due to resistance of bearings (temperature effect)

Coefficient of Thermal expansion 1.20E-05 m/°C (IRC:6-2017, 215.4)
Strain Due to temperature variation 1.8E-04 m
Strain Due to Concrete shrinkage 2.0E-04 m (IRC:6-2017, 217.3)
Total strain 3.80E-04 kN
Horizontal deformation of deck due to total strain affecting one abutment 7.21E-03 m
Strain in bearing = Deformation / Elastomer thickness 8.48E-02
Assuming G 1.00 N/mm2
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Horizontal force due to longitudinal strain at bearing level 3.83 kN/m
1.1*strain*G*(Area of bearing plates)*(No. of bearing plates)/Width (IRC:6-2017, 707.2.3)
Total horizontal force due to temperature 56.80 kN
Effect of buyoncy
Depth of submerged part of abutment 2.41 m
Area of stem at base 15.4 m2
Area of stem at top 15.4 m2
Width of stem at HFL point 1.400 m
Area of stem at HFL 15.400 m2
Volume of submerged part of abutment 37.114 m³
Taking 1/2 of the volume
Net upward force due to buyoncy, Fbuyoncy -185.570 kN
Earth Pressure
Forces due to earth pressure
Calculcation of dynamic earth force coefficient
Unit weight of water ᵧw 10.00 kN/m³
Unit weight of backfill soil ᵧs 18.00 kN/m³
Unit weight of concrete ᵧc 25.00 kN/m³
Unit weight of Soil (Saturated) γsat 21.00 kN/m3 2.1 gm/cc
Unit weight of Soil (Submerged) γsub 11.00 kN/m3
Angle of internal friction of soil ϕ 0.50 Radians 28.50
Angle at which earth face makes with the α 0.00 Radians
Slope of earthfill i 0.00 Radians
Angle of friction between wall and earthfil δ 0.33 Radians 19.00
Horizontal seismic coefficient αh 0.36
Calculation of Ca
tan-1( αh/1+αv) 0.28

tan-1( αh/1-αv) 0.44
λ 0.44 25.28
Cos2(ϕ-λ-α) 1.00
Cos(λ) 0.90
Cos2(α) 1.00
Cos(δ+λ+α) 0.72
1±αv 1.24 0.90
1.91 1.39
Sin(ϕ+δ) 0.74
sin(ϕ-i-λ) 0.06
Cos(α-i) 1.00
cos(δ+λ+α) 0.72
0.65
(IRC:6-2017, 214.1.1.2)
1.24
Height of soil, H = 7.75 m

Total Static earth pressure
Pa = 0.5* Ys * H² * tan²(45° - φ/2) 180.19 kN/m [same :Pa = 0.5* Ys*H²*((1-sinφ)/(1+sinφ))]
It's point of application will be at H*0.42 3.255 m [IRC:6-2014, 214.1.1.m
Total active force, Fa = Pa* Lab 1396.45 kN
Active Dynamic Force 670.57 KN/m
Total Active Dynamic Force 2067.02 kN
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Adopt the point of application of the dynamic increment to be at mid height
It's point of application will be at H/2 3.88 m
Seismic forces on the abutment

Horizontal seismic forces:
Superstructure: 1663.315 kN
Abutment: 1022.423 kN
Vertical seismic forces:

Superstructure: 1108.88 kN
Abutment: 681.62 kN
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Summary of forces (along the traffic)
Basic Combination : 1.35 DL+1.5 LL+1.5 EP+1.5 Brf+1WC+0.15Fbuy
Particular Forces (KN)
Vertical Lever arm Horizontal Lever arm Moment (kN.m)
DL of Superstructure 3855.11 1.550 0 4.80000000000001 5975.427
LL of Superstructure 1298.40 1.550 0 4.80000000000001 2012.526
Self weight of abutment 3834.084 0.812 3113.972
Earth Pressure 2094.68 3.255 6818.182
Tractive/Braking force 186.975 8.95 1673.426
Frictional force 85.203 4.70 400.455
Buyoncy -27.836 0.70 -19.485
Total 8959.77 2366.8579 19974.50
Accidental combination: 1.0 DL+1.0 LL+1.0 EP+0.75 Brf+Fcollision + 0.25 Fbuoyance

Moment (kN.m)
Vertical Lever arm Horizontal Lever arm
Non seismic forces
Earth Pressure 1396.45 3.255 4545.455
Collision force
Vertical 250 1.550 387.5
Horizontal 500 6.43 3215.00
Buyoncy 102.242 0.812 83.04
Total 6177.235 2046.743 16811.23
Seismic combination : 1.35 DL+1.5 LL+1.0 EP+1 Fbuoyance

Moment (kN.m)
Vertical Lever arm Horizontal Lever arm
Non seismic forces
Earth Pressure 1396.453 3.255 4545.455
Buyoncy -185.570 0.81 -150.716
Additional seismic forces

Superstructure 1108.88 1.550 1663.315 6.43 12413.875
Abutment 681.615 0.812 1022.423 0.000 553.595
Dynamic Earth Pressure 670.565 3.88 2598.441
Total 10592.52 4837.959 31463.029
Design of Abutment Stem

Abutment wall is designed as a vertical wall member with uniaxial moment.
Design cosntants:
Compressive Strength of Concrete fck 35 N/mm²
Characteristic Strength of Steel fyk 500 N/mm²
Gross cross-sectional area, 15400000 mm²
Design value of compressive strength of concrete fcd = 0.67*fck /1.5 15.63 N/mm²
fyd = *fykd/1.15 434.78 N/mm²
Height of the abutment 4.70 mm
Effective length factor 1.4
(IRC:112-2011, 11.2.2, Table 11.1)
Effective height of the Abutment L 6.58 m
Thickness of wall t 1.40
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Slenderness ratio λx = L/t 4.70 Short column
Design Axial Load (Nd) 10592.524 KN

Design shear Load (Ved) 4837.959 KN
Design moment (Md) 31463.029 KNm
0.1*fcd*Ac 24075.333 KN
Nd < 0.1*fcd*Ac
So, this abutment stem can be designed as flexure member
Check the section for bending

Width of abutment 11000.00 mm
Limiting depth of main girder, dmin = √(Md /0.167*fck*b) 700 mm
Vertical reinforcement
k = M/(fck b*d^2) 0.047
Lever arm
z=d{0.5+sqrt(0.25-k/1.134)) 1268.17 mm
Area of Tension steel required
Ast = Md /0.87*fyk*Z 57033.82 mm²
Adopting dia. Of Bars: 32 mm
Required Spacing of bars = As,bar* B/Ast 155.114 mm
Provided Spacing of bars 125 mm c/c
Then total number of bars 89 nos
Provided area of tension reinforcement at back wall (rear )side 71578 mm²
Provide φ 32 bars @ 125 mm c/c at rear side, Asc (prov.) safe
Compression reinforcement in the river side
Area of compression reinforcement As,min = 0.0012*Ac 18480 mm²
Required Spacing of bars = As* B/Ast 292.19 mm
Provide φ 25 bars @ 125 mm c/c at front side, Asc (prov.)
Distribution reinforcement As,min = 0.001*Ac 15285 mm²

Required Spacing of bars = As* b/Asc 134.83 mm
Provided area of bars 6595 mm² on each face
Provided area of bars on both faces 15285 mm²
Provide φ 16 bars @ 125 mm c/c at rear side, As (prov.)
Check the section for shear

Assuming angle of inclination of the strut θ 22.0 Degree
cotɵ 2.48
Vrd, max = 0.124*bw*d(1-fck/250)*fck 57479.0 KN
(IRC:112-2011, 10.3.2 (5), Eq. 10.6)
VEd 2248.51500345251 KN
Asw/s = VEd/0.78*d*fyk* cotɵ 1.66384437834916 mm²/m
(IRC:112-2011, 10.3.2 (2), Eq. 10.1)
Provide 16 mm links at 300 mm c/c,
Crack width check

1.0 DL+1.0 LL+1.0 EP+1.0 Brf
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Vertical Lever arm Horizontal Lever arm Moment (kN.m)
DL of Superstructure 2855.64 1.550 4426.242
LL of Superstructure 577.07 1.550 894.456
Earth Pressure 1396.45 3.255 4545.455
Total 6272.77 1577.9053 13555.39
Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete Ecm 31 Gpa

Width of abutment b 11000.00 mm
Overall depth of abutment D 1400.00 mm
Effective depth of abutment d 1325.00 mm
Total reinforcement As =Ast+Asc+ Asw 130060 mm2
Assuming loading at 28 days with indoor exposure
2Ac/u 11000.0
(IRC:112-2011, 6.4.2.7 ( Table 6.9)
Creep coefficient y 2.6
Effective modulus of elasticity Ec,eff = Ecm /1+y 8.61 KN/mm2
Modulus of elasticity of steel Es 200 Gpa
Effective modular ratio αe,eff = Es /Ec,eff 23.2258
Neutral axis depth x 621.57 mm
b*x*x/2 = αe,eff *Ast*(d-x)
Solving the equation
a b c soln. (d1) soln. (d2)
 b  b 2  4 ac
x 
5500 3020752.36 -4E+09 621.567 -1170.794 2a
Calculation of stress in tension steel

Taking moments about the level of compressive force in concrete
Cracking moment Mcr 13555.39
Stress in tension steel σsc = M/(d-x/3)*As 102.76 N/mm2
Calculation of crack width

Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete fctm 2.5 N/mm2
Ecm 31 Gpa
Modular ratio αc = Es /Ec 6.45
Effective concrete depth
hc.eff = min(2.5*(h-d), (h-x/3), h/2) 700 mm
Effective area of concrete in tension sorrounding reinforc Ac,eff 7700000 mm2
Reinforcement ratio ƍp,eff = As /Ac,eff 0.02

Mean strain in reinforcement under load combination εsm = σsc/Es 0.00051
Mean strain in concrete between cracks
IRC:112-2011, 12.3.4.(2)
Coefficient factor dependent on duration kt 0.5
εcm = kt*fct,eff/ᵨp,eff(1+αe*ᵨp,eff)/Es 0.00041
εsm-εcm 0.00010
0.6*σsc /Es 0.00031
εsm-εcm > 0.6*σsc /Es ok
Clear cover to longitudinal reinforcement c 75
Coefficient for bond properties of bonded reinforcement, k1 0.8 For deformed bars
Coefficient for distribution of strain, k2 0.5 For bending
Dia. of reinforcement ф 25 mm
Maximum crack spacing
sr,max = 3.4c+0.425*k1k2ф/ᵨp,eff 506.6 mm
5(c+ø/2) 437.5 mm
( IRC:112-2011, 12.3.4.(2)) sr,max < 5(c+ø)
Crack width wk= Sr,max(εsm-εcm) 0.052

CRACK UNDER CONTROL
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Design of back Wall

Total Static earth pressure = 0.5* Ys * H² * tan²(45° - φ/2)*L 306.983 kN
(Including live load surcharge)
It's point of application will be at H*0.42
Hence, lever arm, j 1.281
Hence moment due to static forces 3.907 kN.m
Seismic earth pressure (0.5* g Ka_dyn*H² *L)

Horizontal component of this force 110.51 kN
This force acts at 0.5*H, hence lever arm 1.525 m
Hence moment due to seismic forces 168.533 kN.m
Total moment at the base 172.440 kN.m
Total base shear 306.983 kN
Total thickness of back wall [dirt wall] 300 mm IRC 79-2000, 710.6.4, min 300 mm
Bar diameter :
Main (tension) bars 25 mm
Distribution bars 12 mm
Compression bars 16 mm
Therefore available effective depth 235.5 mm
Critical neutral axis, k 112.83 mm
Lever arm , j 188.56 mm
Required area of tensile steel, M/0.167*fckA*b*d

st = M / 0.87*fyk *z
2
5270.16 mm2 /m
Provided Spacing of bars 150.00 mm
Hence, required number of bars 7 nos/meter
Provided area of tensile steel 3436.117 mm²/meter Revised the bar size
Maximum spacing of bars 300 mm c/c
DESIGN OF PILE AND PILE CAP

(IRC 78:2000 Cl. 709.1.7, For Bored Piles
Diameter of the pile Dia = 1.00 m and River bridge min ≥ 1 m)
(Settlement criteria depending upon
Length(depth) of piles permissible settlement 50 mm IRC 78:2000,
L= 18 m Cl.709.3.4)
Cutoff length of pile
1.5 m
Effective Length(depth) of piles
15.0 m
Individual Pile Capacity P= 1200 kN (Soil test report)
Total vertical abutment Load Wp = 10592.52 kN
Total number of piles (= Total vertical abutment Load/Allowable
single pile capacity) n= 10
Depth of fixity from maximum scour level (IS 2911_1/2:1979,CI. 5.5.2 Appendix C, Approx (5-10)* Dia of pile
Lfi = 5m
Clear Cover 75 mm (IRC 78:2000, Cl. 709.4.4 ≥75 mm)
Arrangement of Piles
Number of piles along the bridge axis (m) = 3
Number of piles across the bridge axis (n) = 4
Group Efficiency, (0.8-1.1 for bored Piles) 0.8
Centre to centre distance (Spacing ) of the piles (IRC 2911 part 1/sec 2 Clause 6.6.1 must be ≥2.5*Dia. Of pile shaft
S = (E*1.57*Dia*m*n-2*Dia)/(m+n-2) (Swami Saran Page 397)
Length of abutment across the bridge axis 11.00 m
Along the bridge axis (Xi) 2.61 m c/c
Across the bridge axis(Yi) 3.27 m c/c
Provided spacing of Pile

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Offset of pilecap from the outer surface of the outermost pile 0.2 m IRC: 78-2000 Cl. 709.5.1
Width of pile group (outer surfaces of the piles) along the bridge axis, B = 7.00 m
Length of pile group (outer surfaces of the piles) across the bridge -
axis L= 11.20 m
Length of pilecap across the bridge axis L cap = 11.6 m
Width of pile cap along the bridge axis W cap = 7.4 m
Area enclosed by the perimeter of the pile group as above Ag = 36.40 m2

Embedded length of pile Demb = 18 m
Thickness of pile cap tpc = 1.7 m [IRC: 78:2000,Cl. 709.5.4, 0.6 m or 1.5*Dia of pile]
Factor of Safety Fs = 2.5 IRC : 78-2000,709.3.4.3
Unit weight of concrete γc= 25 kN/m3
Angle of internal friction of soil φ = 30.0 Degree
Coefficient of active earth pressure Ka = (1-sinφ)/(1+sinφ) Ka= 0.333
unit horizontal pressure, σh = ka*Ysat σh = 7.00 kN/m2
Uplift [Buoyancy of pile cap] 1459.28 kN
Uplift [Buoyancy of pile] 245.94 kN
Summary of forces at the CG (in plan) of the pilecap at the bottom surface
(Note: the forces are taken from the analysis of abutment and pier)
(Units are in kN and meter)
Forces Lever arm Lever arm horiz.

Horizontal vert. Moment along the Moment across
Vertical load force axis (Myy) axis (Mxx)
Dead load from superstructure 3835.11 0.00 0 0.00 0
Abutment self weight 2840.06
Pile cap dead load 3648.20
Buoyancy (pile cap+piles) -1705.22
Soil Pressure 1790.25 2067.02 3.699 3.88 8009.70 6622.672
Load cases (IRC: 78-2000, Cl.706.1.1)

Based on the above forces different load combinations are considered as follows:
Load factors and increase in permissible stresses (IRC: 6-2000,202.3,Table 1)
Load combinations:
Horizontal Moment across
Horizontal load along
load along the (yy) Moment along the the axis (Myy)
Forces Vertical load the (XX) axis (Mxx)
Load (G) 10323.38 0
Soil Pressure 1790.250 2067.02 6622.672 8009.70
Buoyancy (Gb ) -1705.224
Total 8618.15 6622.672 8009.70
Centre of Gravity of Group of piles

xmax = 3.00 m
Ymax = 6.80 m
The moments of inertia of the piles denoted in terms of sum squares of the distance
Sxi 2 = 72.00 m2
Syi 2 = 346.80 m2
Maximum load on individual piles

Maximum load will be obviously on the outermost piles
For Non seismic case

Minimum eccentricity (emin ) L/500+D/30 69.33 mm
Force due to moment Fm = V*ex*xi/∑Xi2 +V*ey*yi/∑yi2 36.61 kN
Force due to direct load, Fd = Fd = V/n 861.82 kN
Forces on outermost piles Vmax = Fd + Fm 898.43 kN
SAFE
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Design of Pile
Length of Pile, L 18 m
Dia of Pile, D 1m
Effective Length Le=2/3x Length of Pile 12 m
Le/D 18 Long column
Hence the pile is designed as long column.
Minimum Eccentricity, emin 69.33 mm

> 25 mm
So eccentricity should be considered for design
Correction factor for long column = (1.25-Le/(100*D)) 1.13
Correction factor for Short column 1
Maximum Load for single pile, Vmax 898.43 KN
Moment due to eccentricity(Mu) 62.29 KNm
Since bored piles are provided there will be no handling stresses

Adopting correction factor 1.13
Design Load (Nd) 898.428 KN

Concrete grade fck 35 N/mm² M35 for piles

Concrete cover d' 75 mm
Design compressive strength fcd = αcc*fck/γc 15.63 N/mm² IRC:112-2020, 6.4.2.8(1)
Design yield strength of reinforcements fyd = fyk/γs 434.783 N/mm² IRC:112-2020, 6.2.2
Longitudinal Reinforcement :
As per IRC 78-2000, clause 709.4.4, provide a minimum reinforcement 0.4 % and maximum reinforcement 2.5% of cross sectional area in the piles
Adopted Nominal reinforcement in longitudinal section 0.80 %
Cross section of Pile Apile 785398.2 mm2

Nominal reinforcement in longitudinal section Ast 6283.19 mm2
Area of bar Abar 490.87 mm2
Required Spacing of bars = Abar* B/Ast 245.44 mm
Provided area of bars 10281 mm² ok
Hence, provide bars in piles 21 nos
150 c/c spacing ok
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Lateral ties
Minimum volume of lateral reinforcement per meter length of pile
Assuming lateral reinforcement = 0.2 % 0.2% of Pile area
Lateral reinforcement volume per metre 1570796 mm3
Let us provide lateral tie Ø 10 mm
Volume of lateral tie 246740 mm3
Number of ties per meter of pile 7 nos.
Spacing of lateral reinforcement 142.9 mm c/c ok
Provided Spacing of bars < Dia. Of pile
Provided Spacing of bars 125 c/c spacing ok
Hence, Provide lateral ties 8 nos.
Design of Pile Cap

Minimum Clear cover of pile cap > 60 mm (IRC:112-2020)
Assuming clear cover of pile = 75 mm
Pile Cap Dimension
L cap 11.6 m
W cap 7.4 m
D cap 1.70 m
Stem shaft width 1.40 m
Distance of centre of outermost piles from the face of stem along longitudinal
direction 2.30 m
Moment at the face of Pier shaft

Due to dead load of the cap itself 3447.55 KN m
Due to total vertical load 7226.36 KN m
Total moment 10673.91 KN m
RCC Design
Design compressive strength fcd = αcc*fck/γc 15.63 N/mm² IRC:112-2020, 6.4.2.8(1)
Design yield strength of reinforcements fyd = fyk/γs 434.783 N/mm² IRC:112-2020, 6.2.2
Limiting reduced moment µlim = Md/fcd.b.d2

Assuming x/d = 0.45
µlim = ʎ *X/d *ɳ *(1-0.5*ʎ*x/d) 0.295
Where
ʎ = factor defining effective height of the compression zone 0.8 for fck ≤ 50 MPa
η = factor defining the effective strength 1 for fck ≤ 50 MPa
Thickness of pile cap

dmin = √(Md /µ lim*fcd*b) 559.06 mm
Provided overall depth, D = 1700 mm [IRC: 78:2000,Cl. 709.5.4, 0.6 m or 1.5*Dia of pile]
Effective depth, deff 1625 mm
1.5m*Dia. Of pile 1500 mm
1500 mm
> Max (0.6m, 1.5 m*D ) Check
Reduced design moment µ = Md/fcd.b.d2 0.03
x/d = 1/ʎ*(1-√(1-2*µ/ɳ)) 0.04
Area of steel required As = µ*fcd*b*d/fyd*(1-0.5*ʎ* x/d) 2005 mm²/m

Required Spacing of bars = Asbar* B/As 244.79 mm
Provided Spacing of bars 125 mm ok
Provided area of bars 3927 mm² ok
Nos of bars 8 nos/meter
Provide 25 mm bar @ 125mm c/c at bottom
Also, provide 20 mm bar @ 125 c/c at the top side
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Punching shear check
For concentric loading, net applied force VED = 10323.38 kN
Critical width for punching stress Wcr = tstem + 2*tslab = 4.80 m

Perimeter of critical circle u= 11600 mm
Punching shear stress on any control perimeter vED = B*VED / u*d 0.55 N/mm² IRC:112-2020, 10.4.3, Eq. 10.24
At the column perimeter, or the perimeter of the loaded area, the maximum punching shear stress should not be exceeded
Design value of the maximum punching shear resistance
vRD,max = 0.5*v*fcd 4.16 N/mm² IRC:112-2020, 10.4.6 (2), Eq. 10.43
vED < vRD,max Okay
Strength reduction factor of concrete cracked in shear v = 0.6*(1-fck/310) 0.5 IRC:112-2020, 10.3.2 (5), Eq. 10.6
a is the distance from the periphery of the column to the control perimeter considered
a=2d 3250.00 mm
k = 1+√(200/d) < 2.0 (d in mm) 1.35
vmin = 0.031*k3/2* fck1/2 0.29 N/mm²
vmin*2d/a 0.29 N/mm²
vRD> vmin*2d/a Okay
ƍ1 = Asl/(bw*d) 0.0193 < 0.02 IRC:112-2020, 10.4.4, Eq. 10.36
Punching shear resistance at control perimeter at distance 'a'
vRd= 0.12*K*(80*ƍ1*fck)1/3 * 2d/a 0.61 N/mm² IRC:112-2020, 10.4.5, Eq. 10.40
vED< vRD Okay
Hence, No Punching shear reinforcement required at control section. 12 mm 150 c/c
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Design of Pier cap (Hammer Head Type)
Unit weight of concrete Yc 25.00 kN/m³
Length of Pier cap Lc 8.60 m
Width of Pier Cap Bc 2.80 m
Depth of rectangular section Dr 1.20 m
Depth of trapezoidal section Dt 1.20 m
Depth of cap Dc 2.40 m
Separation distance of bearings Db 5.00 m
Distance of bearing from the end of Cap 1.80 m
Length of trapezoidal section
Base width 2.50 m
Top width 8.6 m

Reaction at Bearing
Non-seismic condition
Dead load
Horizontal reaction 0 kN
Live load
Horizontal Rxn 0 kN
Span of bridge L 37.95 m
8.60
1.80 5.00 5.00 1.80
1.20
1.20
2.50
Pier Cap Design 65 of 83

Calculation of area and CG with respect to the end of pier shaft
Designation Area(m2) CG-X CG-Z Volume, m³ Weight, kN
Rectangular cap 10.320 1.250 1.800 28.896 722.400
Trapezoidal cap
Triangular cap 1.830 -1.017 0.800 5.124 128.100
Rectangular cap 3.000 1.250 0.600 8.400 210.000
Triangular cap 1.830 3.517 0.800 5.124 128.100
Total 16.980 47.544 1188.600
Position of CG 1.2500 1.3724
Factored dead load of cap itself w=1.35*gk 1604.61 KN
Moment at the edge of the stem shaft

Due to dead load of the cap itself 2005.76 kNm
Due to dead load from superstructure 9587.78 kNm
Due to live load 1963.01 kNm
Total Load 13556.56 kNm
Design
Concrete grade, M30
Compressive Strength of Concrete fck 35.0 N/mm²
Characteristic Strength of Steel fy 500.0 N/mm²
Width of pier cap 2800.00 mm
Limiting depth of main girder, dmin = √(Md /0.167*fck*b) 910 mm
Provided overall depth, D = 2400.00 mm
k = M/(fck b*d^2) 0.025
Lever arm
z=d{0.5+sqrt(0.25-k/1.134)) 2296.89 mm
Ast = Md /0.87*fyk*Z 13568.13 mm²
Adopting dia. Of Bars: 32 mm
Required Spacing of bars = As,bar* B/Ast 165.969 mm
Provided Spacing of bars 125 mm c/c
Then total number of bars 23 nos
Provided area of tensile reinforcement 18498 mm²
safe
Check for Shear

Shear force at the critical section
Due to dead load of the cap itself 1188.60 kN
Due to dead load from superstructure 7670.23 kN
Due to live load 1570.41 kN
Total shear force, V 10429.24 kN
Shear Stress developed, tac 1.5850 N/mm²

Assuming angle of incliθ 22.0 Degree

cotɵ 2.48
(IRC:112-2011, 10.3.2 (5), Eq. 10.6)
Design shear at d distance from the face of support
VEd 9907.78 KN
(IRC:112-2011, 10.3.2 (2), Eq. 10.1)
Provide 4 legged 12 mm links at 150 mm c/c, 2.05
Check for shear at bearings

Check shear at a distance 1.2 m from the face of the stem
Total Depth of beam at the bearing line 1927.9 mm
Effective Depth of beam at the bearing line 1852.9 mm
Shear forces:
Due to dead load of the cap itself 233.10 kN
Due to dead load from superstructure 7670.23 kN
Due to live load 1570.41 kN
Total shear force, V 9473.74 kN

Assuming angle of incliθ 22.0 Degree
cotɵ 2.48
(IRC:112-2011, 10.3.2 (5), Eq. 10.6)
VEd 9000.05 KN
(IRC:112-2011, 10.3.2 (2), Eq. 10.1)
Provide 6 legged 12 mm links at 150 mm c/c, 2.05
Check for punching shear

Average depth of section at bearing, i.e. at 1.25 m from the stem 1908.20 mm

Critical width for punching stress Wcr = tstem + 2*tslab = 7200.00 mm

Perimeter of critical circle u= 14402 mm
Punching shear stress on any control vED = B*VED / u*d 0.98 N/mm² IRC:112-2020, 10.4.3, Eq. 10.24
vRD,max = 0.5*v*fcd 10.50 N/mm² IRC:112-2020, 10.4.6 (2), Eq. 10.43
vED < vRD,max Okay
Strength reduction factor of concrete

cracked in shear v = 0.6*(1-fck/310) 0.6 IRC:112-2020, 10.3.2 (5), Eq. 10.6

a=2d 3705.74 mm
k = 1+√(200/d) < 2.0 (d in mm) 1.15
vmin = 0.031*k * f3/2
ck
1/2
0.22 N/mm²
vmin*2d/a 0.22 N/mm²
vRD> vmin*2d/a Okay
ƍ1 = Asl/(bw*d) 0.004 < 0.02 IRC:112-2020, 10.4.4, Eq. 10.36
vRd= 0.12*K*(80*ƍ1*fck)1/3 * 2d/a 0.307 N/mm² IRC:112-2020, 10.4.5, Eq. 10.40
vED<vRD Check
Hence, Punching shear reinforcement is required at control section.
Skin reinforcement @ 0.1% of gross sectional area of the beam 6720 mm²
Area of Skin reinforcement for each side, Askin 3360 mm²
Adopting dia. Bars: 16 mm
Area of one bar 201.06 mm²
Spacing of bars 150 mm
Reinforcement bar nos 16 nos each side
Area provided of φ 16 bars @ 150 c/c at each side, Askin (prov.) 3216.99 mm² each side

Design of Circular Pier Stem
DESIGN DATA
Unit weight of water Yw 10 kN/m³
Unit weight of backfill soil Ys 17 kN/m³
Unit weight of concrete Yc 25 kN/m³
Horizontal seismic coefficient αh 0.36
Variation in temperature θ 15 °C
Saturated Unit weight of soil Ysat 21 kN/m³
Length of Pier cap Lc 8.60 m
Width of Pier Cap Bc 2.80 m
Depth of rectangular section Dr 1.20 m
Depth of trapezoidal section Dt 1.20 m
Length of trapezoidal section
Base width 2.50 m
Top width 8.6 m
High Flood Level 82.50 m

Bearing level of pier cap 84.00 m
Total depth of superstructure deck 2.80 m
R.L. of Deck surface 86.80 m
Assumed thickness of bearing 0.25 m
Maximum scour level for pier 80.09 m

Bed level of pier footing 79.05 m
Height of the Stem Hs 2.30 m

Diameter of Stem Dst 2.5 m

Reaction at Bearing
Static state condition
Dead load
Horizontal reaction (along the traffic) 0 kN
Live load
Horizontal reaction (along the traffic) 0 kN
Span of bridge 25 m
Height of deck surface from the pier cap 3.05 m
Actual length of column L 4.70 m
Overall diameter of the column D 2500 mm

(IRC:112-2011, 11.2.2, Table 11.1)
Effective height of the Pier 6.58 m
Dead load from Superstructure

Dead load from Girder 7670.23 kN
Assuming weight of bearings and expansion joints 20 kN
Total dead load 7690.23 kN
Live load from Superstructure

Class A loadings
Maximum Reaction 1570.412 kN
Impact Factor= 4.5/(6+L) 0.15
Maximum Reaction including impact 1798.37 kN
Forces at the bottom of the stem (Including impact, IRC:6-2000, 211.7.c

X-X = across the traffic Y-Y = along the traffic
Load, kN Lever arm Moment, kN.m
Pier Design 69 of 83
X-X Y-Y
Dead loads
Dead load from superstructure 7690.23 0
Dead load from piercap 1188.60 0
Dead load of pier stem 282.25 0
Total vertical dead load 9161.08 0 0 0
Stress at base of pier (kN/m2) 1.866
Effect of buyoncy
Depth of submerged part of Pier = 2.41
Area of stem at base = 4.909
Area of stem at top = 4.909
Volume of submerged part of Pier = 11.290
Depth of Pier cap at HFL= 0.11
Width of Pier cap at HFL= 12.67
Area of Pier cap at HFL = 35.47
Area of Pier cap at stem top = 7
Volume of submerged part of Cap = 4.671
Reduction in weight of pier due to buoyancy -159.614
Live load
Vertical load from live load 1798.37 0 0 0
Braking force
20% of the weight of the design vehicle
And this force acts along the bridge at 1.2m above the road level
(IRC:6-2000, 214.2)
Let's take the critical weight (Class A), 55.4 Ton =
554 kN
20% of the weight of the design vehicle and 10% of suc 166.2 8.30 1379.46
Frictional force due to resistance of bearings (temperature effect)

Coefficient of Thermal expansion (IRC:6-2017, 215.4) 1.20E-05 m/°C
Strain Due to temperature variation 1.80E-04 m
Strain Due to Concrete shrinkage (IRC:6-2017, 217.3) 2.0E-04 m
Total strain 3.80E-04 m
Horizontal deformation of deck due to total strain affecting one abutment 9.50E-03 m
1.1*strain*G*(Area
Strain in bearing = Deformation/Elastomer
of bearingthickness 4.04E-02
Assuming G plates)*(No. of 1.00E+00 N/mm2
bearing
Horizontal force due to longitudinal strain at bearing
plates)/(Stem level
length
(IRC:6-2017, 707.2.3) *Width) 0.83 kN/m
Lateral force due to frictional resistance of bearings, 2.08 kN
Lever arm of frictional resistance 4.70 m
Force due to water current
Exposed height to water current 2.41 m

Exposed area of stem 5.74999999999999 m2
Exposed area of Cap 0.308 m2
Total exposed area of pier 6.05799999999999 m2
Maximum mean velocity, v 5.980 m/sec (from previous report)
Maximum velocity, V = Sqrt(2)*v, (IRC:6-2000,213.3) 8.457
Shape factor for square end (IRC:6-2000, 213.2), K 0.660
Pressure intensity =0.5KV² (IRC:6-2000, 213.2) 23.602
Hence force due to water current 142.980 229.721

(It acts at a height of 2/3*Submerged height)
Seismic forces
Horizontal seismic coefficient, αh 0.096
Vertical seismic coefficient, αv 0.048
Horizontal seismic forces: X-X Y-Y

Superstructure: 0.00 0.00 4.70 0.00 0.0
Pier cap 114.106 114.106 1.1 125.52 125.516
Total
Pier stem 27.096 27.096 1.15 31.16 31.161
Horizontal
141.202 141.202 156.68 156.677
seismic
Vertical seismic forces:
force
Superstructure: 1108.88
Pier cap 57.053
Pier stem 13.548
Total Vertical seismic force 1179.478
Load Cases
Basic Combination : 1.35 DL+1.5 LL+1.5 EP+1.5 Brf+1WC+0.15Fbuy
Horizontal load Moment
Description Vertical load, P
Along traffic Across traffic Along traffic Across traffic
Y-Y X-X Y-Y X-X
Total Dead load 9161.08
Live load 2697.56
Tractive/Braking force 249.3 1379.460
Frictional force 3.12 9.784
Buyoncy -23.942
Water Current 142.980 229.721
Total 11834.700 252.423 142.980 1389.244 229.721
Resultant forces: Vertical Load, P = 11834.700 kN

Horizontal Load, H = 252.423 kN
Moment, M = 1408.109 kN.m
Accidental combination: 1.0 DL+1.0 LL+1.0 EP+0.75 Brf+Fcollision + 0.25 Fbuoyance

Y-Y X-X Y-Y X-X
Live load 1798.375
Buyoncy -39.904
Collision force
Vertical 250.000 500.000 625.000
Horizontal
Total 8794.457 690.098 142.980 2019.136 229.721

Seismic combination : 1.35 DL+1.5 LL+1.0 EP+1 Fbuoyance

Y-Y X-X Y-Y X-X
Live load 2697.562
Buyoncy -159.614
Seismic forces 1179.478 141.202 141.202 156.68 156.677

Total 12878.506 310.524 284.182 1550.81 386.398

Critical Moment at the base 2032.162 kN.m

Critical load at the base 12878.506 kN
Critical shear at the base 704.754 kN
0.1*fcd*Ac 7673.99 kN
Nd < 0.1*fcd*Ac
So,this Pier can be desinged as Compression member
Concrete grade, M35 fck 35 N/mm²
Steel grade, Fe 500 fyk 500 N/mm²
Diameter of pier Dpier 2.5 m
Gross cross-sectional area, A c, pier 4908738.521 mm²
Moment of inertia I = π*d4/64 1917475984857.05 mm4
Radius of gyration i = SQRT(I/A) 625.00 mm

Height of the Pier 4.70 mm
(IRC:112-2020, 11.2.2, Table 11.1)
Effective height of the Pier 6.58 m
Slenderness ratio λ = L/i 10.53 Short column
Design compressive strength fcd = αcc*fck/γc 15.63 N/mm²
(IRC:112-2020, 6.4.2.8(1))
Limiting slenderness ratio λlim = 20*A*B*C/√n 30.3
(IRC:112-2020, 11.2.1, Eq. 11.1) A =1/1+0.2*ϕef 0.806
B =√(1+2ω) 1.10 ω unknown
C=1.7-rm 0.70
n= NED/(Ac*fcd) 0.17
Design Load (Nd) 12878.506 KN

Design yield strength of reinforcements fyd = fyk/γs 434.783 N/mm²

(IRC:112-2020, 6.2.2)
Let the diameter of vertical reinforcement 32.00 mm
Minimum area of reinforcement
As,min = 0.10*NED/fyd or 0.002Ac whichever is larger
0.10*NED/fyd 2962.06 mm²
0.002Ac 9817.48 mm²
Minimum area of reinforcement 9817.48 mm²
Maximum area of reinforcement
A s, max = 0.04 Ac 196349.54 mm²
Let adopt Area of reinforcement As =0.01 Ac 49087.39 mm²
Required Spacing of bars = As* B/Asc 128.68 mm
Check the section for shear
Design shear force VEd 420.9 kN
Assuming angle of inclination of the strut θ 22.0 Degree
cotɵ 2.48
(IRC:112-2011, 10.3.2 (5), Eq. 10.6)
VEd 418.83 KN
(IRC:112-2011, 10.3.2 (2), Eq. 10.1)
Provide 12 mm links at 150 mm c/c,
Check the crack width

Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete Ecm 35 Gpa
Diameter of Pier D 2500.00 mm
Total reinforcement As 50532 mm2
Assuming loading at 28 days with indoor exposure
2Ac/u 3506.2
(IRC:112-2020, 6.4.2.7 ( Table 6.9)
Creep coefficient y 2.6
Effective modulus of elasticity Ec,eff = Ecm /1+y 9.72 KN/mm2
Modulus of elasticity of steel Es 200 Gpa
Effective modular ratio αe,eff = Es /Ec,eff 20.57
Neutral axis depth x 1084.84 mm
b*x*x/2 = αe,eff *Ast*(d-x)
Solving the equation
a b c soln. (d1) soln. (d2)  b  b 2  4 ac
x 
1250 1039523.13 -2598807833.15542 1084.838 -1916.457 2a
Calculation of stress in tension steel

Taking moments about the level of compressive force in concrete
Stress in te σsc = M/(d-x/3)*As 20.54 N/mm2
Calculation of crack width

Mean value of axial tensile strengtfctm 2.2 N/mm2
Ecm 35 Gpa
Modular ratio αc = Es /Ec 5.71
Effective concrete depth
hc.eff = min(2.5*(h-d), (h-x/3), h/2) 1250 mm
Effective area of concrete in tens Ac,eff 3125000 mm2
Reinforcement ratio ƍp,eff = As /Ac,eff 0.02

Mean strain in reinforcement undeεsm = σsc/Es 0.00010
Mean strain in concrete between cracks
IRC:112-2020, 12.3.4.(2)
Coefficient kt 0.5
εcm = kt*fct,eff/ᵨp,eff(1+αe*ᵨp,eff)/Es 0.00037
εsm-εcm 0.00027
0.6*σsc /Es 0.00006
εsm-εcm > 0.6*σsc /Es ok
Clear cover to longitudinal reinforcement c 75
Coefficient for bond properties of bonded reinforcement, k1 0.8 For deformed bars
Coefficient for distribution of strain, k2 0.5 For bending
Dia. of rei ф 25 mm
Maximum crack spacing
sr,max = 3.4c+0.425*k1k2ф/ᵨp,eff 517.8 mm
5(c+ø/2) 437.5 mm
( IRC:112-2sr,max < 5(c+ø) ok
Crack widt wk= Sr,max(εsm-εcm) 0.139
CRACK UNDER CONTROL
DESIGN OF PILE AND PILE CAP
Diameter of the pile (IRC 78:2000 Cl. 709.1.7, For Bored Piles and River bridge min≥ 1.2 m) Dia = 1.0 m
Length(depth) of piles (Settlement criteria depending upon permissible settlement 50 mm
L= 20 m
IRC 78:2000, Cl.7009.3.4)
Individual Pile Capacity (Soil test report) P= 1200 kN
Total vertical Pier Load Wp = 12373.44 kN
Total number of piles (= Total vertical Pier Load/Allowable single pile capacity) n= 11
Provided no. of piles np = 16
Depth of fixity from maximum scour level (IS 2911_1/2:1979,CI. 5.5.2 Appendix C, Approx (5-10)* Dia of pile
Lfi = 5m
Clear Cover (IRC 78:2000, Cl. 709.4.4 ≥75 mm) 75 mm
Arrangement of Piles
Number of piles along the bridge axis (m) = 4
Number of piles across the bridge axis (n) = 4
Group Efficiency , Eg (0.8-1.1 for bored Piles) 0.8
Centre to centre distance (Spacing ) of the piles (IRC 2911_1/2 Cl.5.6.2, must be ≥3*Dia or 1m, greater one):
S = (E*1.57*Dia*m*n-2*Dia)/(m+n-2) (Swami Saran Page 397)
Provided spacing of Pile Along the bridge axis (Xi) 3.20 m c/c
Offset of pilecap from the outer surface of the outermost pile (IRC: 78-2000 Cl. 709.5.1) = 0.2 m
Width of pile group (outer surfaces of the piles) along the bridge axis, B= 10.60 m
Length of pile group (outer surfaces of the piles) across the bridge -axis L= 10.60 m
Length of pilecap across the bridge axis L cap = 11.00 m
Width of pile cap along the bridge axis W cap = 11.00 m
Area enclosed by the perimeter of the pilegroup as above Ag = 42.40 m2

Embedded length of pile Demb = 19.5 m
Thickness of pile cap (IRC: 78:2000,Cl. 709.5.4, 0.6m or 1.5*Dia of pile greater one) tpc = 1.5 m
Factor of Safety (IRC;78-2000,709.3.4.3) Fs = 2.5
Unit weight of concrete γc= 24 kN/m3
Angle of internal friction of soil φ = 24.8 Degree
Coefficient of active earth pressure K a = (1-sinφ)/(1+sinφ) Ka= 0.41
unit horizontal pressure, σh = ka*Ysat σh = 8.59 kN/m2
Uplift /Buoyancy of pile cap 1815.00 kN
Uplift /Buoyancy of pile 265.61 kN
Summary of forces at the CG (in plan) of the pilecap at the bottom surface
(Note: the forces are taken from the analysis of abutment and pier)
(Units are in kN and meter)
Lever arm vert. Lever arm horiz. Moment along the Moment across
Forces Vertical load Horizontal force axis (Myy) the axis (Mxx)
Dead load from superstructure 15380.46 0.00 0 0.00 0
Pier self weight 1470.85
Pile cap dead load 4356.00
Buoyancy (Pier+pile cap+piles) -2080.61
Forces of water current 142.980 2.41 229.72
Load cases (IRC: 78-2000, Cl.706.1.1)

Based on the above forces different load combinations are considered as follows:
Load factors and increase in permissible stresses (IRC: 6-2000,202.3,Table 1)
Load combinations:
Horizontal load Moment across
Horizontal load along the (yy) Moment along the axis the axis (Myy)
Forces Vertical load along the (XX) (Mxx)
Load (G) 21207.31 0 0
Water current 142.980 229.72
Buoyancy (Gb ) -2080.611 0
Total 19126.70 0.000 229.72
Centre of Gravity of Group of piles

xmax = 4.80 m
Ymax = 4.80 m
The moments of inertia of the piles denoted in terms of sum squares of the distance
Sxi 2 = 266.24 m2
Syi 2 = 266.24 m2
Maximum load on individual piles

Maximum load will be obviously on the outermost piles
For Non seismic case

Minimum eccentricity (emin ) = L/500+D/30 = 73.33 mm
Force due to moment Fm = V*ex*xi/∑Xi2 +V*ey*yi/∑yi2 = 50.58 kN
Force due to direct load, Fd = Fd = V/n = 1195.42 kN
Forces on outermost piles Vmax = Fd + Fm = 1245.99 kN
Design of Pile
Length of Pile, L = 20 m
Dia of Pile, D = 1.0 m
Effective Length Le=2/3x Length of Pile = 13.33 m
Le/D = 13.33
< 12
Hence the pile is designed as short column.
Minimum Eccentricity, emin 73.33 mm
> 25 mm
So eccentricity should be considered for design
Correction factor for long column = (1.25-Le/(100*D)) = 1.12
Correction factor for Short column = 1.0
Maximum Load for single pile, Vmax = 1245.99 KN
Moment due to eccentricity(Mu) = 91.37 KNm
Since bored piles are provided there will be no handling stresses

Adopting correction factor = 1.12
Design Load (Nd) = 1391.360 KN

Design moment (Md) = 102.033 KNm
Concrete grade, C25 fck = 25 N/mm²

Steel grade, Fe 500 D fyk = 500 N/mm²
Concrete cover = 75 mm
Design compressive strength fcd = αcc*fck/γc = 11.17 N/mm²
(IRC:112-2020, 6.4.2.8(1))
Design yield strength of reinforcements fyd = fyk/γs = 434.783 N/mm²
(IRC:112-2020, 6.2.2)
As per IRC 78-2000, clause 709.4.4, provide a minimum reinforcement 0.4 % and maximum reinforcement 2.5% of cross sectional area in the piles
Adopted Nominal reinforcement in longitudinal section 0.80 %
Cross section of Pile Apile = 785398.16 mm2
Nominal reinforcement in longitudinal section Ast = 6283.19 mm2
Adopting diameter of Bars = 20 mm
Area of bar Abar = 314.16 mm2
Required Spacing of bars = Abar* B/Ast = 157.08 mm
Provided Spacing of bars = 125 mm
Provided area of bars = 7896 mm²
Hence, provide 20 mm Ø bars @ 125 c/c = 26 nos
Lateral ties
Minimum volume of lateral reinforcement per meter length of pile
Assuming lateral reinforcement = 0.2% of Pile area = 0.2 %
Lateral reinforcement volume per metre = 1570796 mm3
Let us provide lateral tie Ø = 10 mm
Volume of lateral tie = 246740 mm3
Number of ties per meter of pile = 7 nos.
Spacing of lateral reinforcement = 142.9 mm c/c
< Dia. Of pile
Hence, Provide dia. 10 mm tie @ 150 mm c/c. Okay
Design of Pile Cap
Minimum Clear cover of pile cap (IRC:112-2011) > 60 mm

Assuming clear cover of pile = 75 mm
Pile Cap Dimension
L cap = 11.00 m
W cap = 11.00 m
D cap = 1.50 m
Pier shaft width = 2.50 m
Distance of centre of outermost piles from the face of pier stem along longitudinal direction 3.55 m
Moment at the face of Pier shaft

Due to dead load of the cap itself = 5671.88 KN m
Due to total vertical load = 23908.37 KN m
Total moment = 29580.25 KN m
RCC Design
Concrete grade, C25 fck = 35 N/mm²
Steel grade, Fe 500 D fyk = 500 N/mm²
Concrete cover = 75 mm
Design compressive strength fcd = αcc*fck/γc = 15.63 N/mm²
(IRC:112-2020, 6.4.2.8(1))
Design yield strength of reinforcements fyd = fyk/γs = 434.783 N/mm²
(IRC:112-2020, 6.2.2)
Limiting reduced moment µlim = Md/fcd.b.d2

Assuming x/d = = 0.45
µlim = ʎ *X/d *ɳ *(1-0.5*ʎ*x/d) = 0.295
Where
ʎ = factor defining effective height of the compression zone = 0.8 for fck ≤ 50 MPa
η = factor defining the effective strength = 1 for fck ≤ 50 MPa
Limiting thickness of slab

dmin = √(Md /µ lim*fcd*b) = 763.34 mm
Thickness of pile cap (IRC: 78:2000,Cl. 709.5.4, 0.6m or 1.5*Dia of pile greater one) = 1500.00
Provided overall depth, D = = 1500.00 mm
Effective depth, deff = = 1425 mm
1.5m*Dia. Of pile = 1500 mm
= 1500 mm
Reduced design moment µ = Md/fcd.b.d2 = 0.08

x/d = 1/ʎ*(1-√(1-2*µ/ɳ)) = 0.11
Area of steel required As = µ*fcd*b*d/fyd*(1-0.5*ʎ* x/d) = 4148 mm²/m

Required Spacing of bars = Asbar* B/As 193.89 mm
Nos of bars 7 nos/meter
Thus, provide 32 mm bar @ 150mm c/c in both direction at bottom
Also, provide 25 mm bar @ 150 c/c in both direction at the top side

Critical width for punching stress Wcr = tstem + 2*tslab = 5.50 m

Perimeter of critical circle, u = 13000 mm
Punching shear stress on any control perimeter
(IRC:112-2020, 10.4.3, Eq. 10.24) vED = B*VED / u*d 1.03 N/mm²
Okay
(IRC:112-2020, 10.4.6 (2), Eq. 10.43) vRD,max = 0.5*v*fcd 4.16 N/mm²
vED < vRD,max Okay
Strength reduction factor of concrete cracked in shear v = 0.6*(1-fck/310) 0.5
(IRC:112-2020, 10.3.2 (5), Eq. 10.6)
2850.00 mm
a=2d 1.37
k = 1+√(200/d) < 2.0 (d in mm) 0.25 N/mm²
vmin = 0.031*k3/2* fck1/2 0.25 N/mm²
vmin*2d/a Okay
vRD*2d/a > vmin*2d/a
ᵨ1 = Asl/(bw*d) 0.0038
vRd= 0.12*K*(80*ᵨ1*fck)1/3 * 2d/a 0.36 N/mm²
vED> vRD Check
Hence, Punching shear reinforcement is required at control section.
90000
M P 80000
Total 796.2 -1368.5
70000
M P 60000
G
1 3315 81565 o 50000
2 4836 80067
3 8181 75889 40000
4 13683 68886 30000

5 22676 39087
20000
6 21660 31978
7 20990 29833 10000
8 13101 13070
0
9 4899 2849 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
10 796 -1368 -10000
Design Load (Nd) 16847.96

Design moment (Md) 2032.162
Pi
12000
M P 10000
Total -229.3 -1535.3
8000
M P
G
1 427 10655 o 6000
2 521 10537
4000
3 677 10044
4 930 9227
2000
5 1334 5479
6 1277 4500 0
7 1242 4172 -500 0 500 1000 1500
8 780 1453 -2000

9 137 -578
10 -229 -1535 -4000
Design Load (Nd) = 1721.916 KN

Design moment (Md) = 126.2739 KNm

1 Preliminary Dimension: Design of Superstructure

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1 Preliminary Dimension: Design of Superstructure

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DESIGN OF SUPERSTRUCTURE

Concrete grade, M45

Fig 2: Longitudinal section of bridge

As the pannel is loaded with UDL

Total dead weight = 1664.16 KN

Moment along short span , Mb= w(m1+0.15m2) 75.823 KN/m

0. ONE TRACK OF CLASS 70R

Width of load spread along short span, u = (x+2*D) 1.034 m

Similarly width of load spread along longitudinal

Factor of safety for load of vehicle 1.10 Impact factor fraction

Moment along short span = (m1+ µ*m2)* Total load

Moment along long span =(m2+µ*m1) Total load

Details of deposition of the wheel 2

Consider the loaded area = v * B 1.188 m2

Moment along short span = (m1+ µ*m2)* loaded area *

Moment along long span =(m2+µ*m1) * loaded area *

Moment along short span = (m1+ µ*m2)* area between

Moment along long span = (m2+ µ*m1)* area between

Net B.M along short span = 7.81 KN.m

2.3.3 B.M due to wheel 3

Consider the loaded area = v * B 1.188 m2

Moment along short span = (m1+ µ*m2)* loaded area *

Moment along long span =(m2+µ*m1) * loaded area *

Moment along short span = (m1+ µ*m2)* area between

Moment along long span = (m2+ µ*m1)* area between

Net B.M along short span = 4.686 KN.m

2.3.4 B.M due to wheel 4

Impact factor fraction [factor of safety] 1.10 10% imapct

Moment along short span = (m1+ µ*m2)* loaded area *

Moment along long span =(m2+µ*m1) * loaded area *

Moment along short span = (m1+ µ*m2)* area between

Moment along long span = (m2+ µ*m1)* area between

Net B.M along short span = 7.810 KN.m

2.3.5 B.M due to wheel 5

Impact factor fraction [factor of safety] 1.10 10% imapct

Moment along short span = (m1+ µ*m2)* loaded area *

Moment along long span =(m2+µ*m1) * loaded area *

Moment along short span = (m1+ µ*m2)* area between

Moment along long span = (m2+ µ*m1)* area between

Net B.M along short span = 10.092 KN.m

2.3.6 B.M due to wheel 6

Impact factor fraction [factor of safety] 1.10 10% imapct

Moment along short span = (m1+ µ*m2)* loaded area *

Moment along long span =(m2+µ*m1) * loaded area *

Moment along short span = (m1+ µ*m2)* area between

Moment along long span = (m2+ µ*m1)* area between

Net B.M along short span = 4.686 KN.m

2.3.6 Total B.M due to all wheels on the span

Design B.M. along short span = 378.61 kN.m

Compressive Strength of Concrete fck 30.0 N/mm2

k = M/(fck b*d^2) 0.060

Span-effective depth ratio

3.0 Design of Section of Cantilever Slab

Cantilever slab with Class A wheel

Fig. 6 : Cantilever slab with Class A wheel load

Description Load (kN) Lever arm (m) Moment KN.m

3.2 Moment Due to live load

From the lever arm curve (Fig 4.5) la 0.980

Provided area of steel = 524 mm 2

Moment along short span = (m1+ µm2) Total load

Moment along short span = (m1+ µm2) loaded area *

Moment along long span =(m2+µm1) loaded area *

Moment along short span = (m1+ µm2) area between

Moment along long span = (m2+ µm1) area between

Moment along short span = (m1+ µm2) loaded area *

Moment along long span =(m2+µm1) loaded area *

Moment along short span = (m1+ µm2) area between

Moment along long span = (m2+ µm1) area between

Moment along short span = (m1+ µm2) loaded area *

Moment along long span =(m2+µm1) loaded area *

Moment along short span = (m1+ µm2) area between

Moment along long span = (m2+ µm1) area between

Moment along short span = (m1+ µm2) loaded area *

Moment along long span =(m2+µm1) loaded area *

Moment along short span = (m1+ µm2) area between

Moment along long span = (m2+ µm1) area between

Moment along short span = (m1+ µm2) loaded area *

Moment along long span =(m2+µm1) loaded area *

Moment along short span = (m1+ µm2) area between

Moment along long span = (m2+ µm1) area between