C o u r s e C o n t e n t

1. COMPUTER OVERVIEW

2. WINDOWS

3. MICROSOFT WORD

4. MICROSOFT EXCEL

5. MICROSOFT POWEPOINT

6. INTERNET

C O M P U T E R O V E R V I E W

What is computer?

Computer is an electronic device, which accept the data and gives desired
result.

Generations of Computer
The first generation (1950-1958) computer was ENIAC developed by John
W.Mauchly. The circuits were based on vacuum tubes. ENIAC could perform 300
multiplication per second. Their speed was the range of millisecond.

The second-generation (1958-1964) computer, were circuits based on

transistor, developed by Bell Laboratories. First time used machine language for
computer .The speed of were increase within the range of microsecond. Example
ATLAS, LEO MARK3, IBM 7000)
The third generation (1964-1971) computers were IBM 370 series, ICL
1900. The circuits were based on IC (integrated circuit). The IC were small, there
was a further reduction in size of computer.
The fourth generation (1971-1980) circuits were based on LSI and VLSI
chips. The speed at which they operated increased and they cost Decreased. The
operating speed was improved from nano to picoseconds, ex-APPLE.
The fifth generation - Computer having Artificial Intelligence are categorized
under fifth generation computers

B A S I C I D E A A N D T E R M S

Data: Data is a name given to the facts that are supplied to the computer.
Programs: A programs can be termed as the collection of instructions.
Information: Information can be termed as a more useful (processed) and
intelligible form of data.

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HARDWARE: Is the terms used to define all the electronic and mechanical
components found inside a computer system. Example: -Hard disk, floppy disk etc.
SOFTWARE: Set of programs is called software. Software can divide into two
categories
1. Application Software 2. System Software
Example of software: -Windows, MS-Office, c++ etc.

C H A R A C T E R I S T I C O F C O M P U T E R

(A) SPEED: Computer can do calculation very fast rate. The present computer can
do (30 million calculations in one minute) without any mistake.
(B) STORAGE CAPACITY: A computer system can store great amount of
information in the order of Giga byte and call back any data out of its stored
memory in a few nano second.
(C) ACCURACY: Computer works on the basis of electric Pulses, which there is no
change of making mistake. Mostly errors are due to wrong feeding by the users.
(D) INTEGRITY: In computer sequence of instructions are called programs and
must be written in language of computer.

A P P L I C A T I O N O F C O M P U T E R

(a) Computer in Finance.

(b) Computer in Education.
(c) Computer in Medical.
(d) Computer in Defense.
(e) Computer in Entertainment.
T Y P E S O F C O M P U T E R

(A) Micro Computer

(B) Mini Computer
(C) Mainframe Computer
(D) Super Computer

C O M P O N E N T O F C O M P U T E R

Input Device

Input component in a computer system is concerned with the data that is fed
in. Example Mouse & Keyboard.

Storage(Memory)

The storage component deals with the storage of program and data. Storage
is of two kinds:
1. Primary memory 2. Secondary memory (Storage media)

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 Primary memories are mainly of two types: -
1. RAM: (Random Access Memory) : - (Temporary in Nature) During the execution of
program the data required by the program is stored in RAM .It provide volatile
storage.
Types of RAM– RAM is also of two types:

a) Static RAM- Static RAM also known as SRAM, retain stored information as long
as the power supply is ON. SRAM are of higher coast and consume more power
.They have higher speed than Dynamic RAM.

b) Dynamic RAM– Dynamic RAM also known as DRAM, its stored information in a
very short time (a few milliseconds) even though the power supply is ON. DRAM is
another type of RAM that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an
integrated circuit. This means that each memory cell in a DRAM chip holds one bit of
data and is composed of a transistor and a capacitor. Where the memory controller
needs to read the data and then rewrites it, constantly refreshing. Thus, this process
makes the DRAM slower than SRAM.
ROM: (Read only memory) : - (Permanent in memory) the program which are
always required for running the machine are store in ROM. It provides non-volatile
storage.

Type of ROM: ROM memory is three types names are following-

1. PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)-PROM chip is programmable

ROM. It is PROM chips to write data once and read many. Once chip has been
programmed, the recorded information cannot be changed. PROM is also
nonvolatile memory.

2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)- EPROM chip can

be programmed time and again by erasing the information stored earlier in it.
Information stored in EPROM exposing the chip for some time ultraviolet light.

3. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)-The

EEPROM is programmed and erased by special electrical waves in
millisecond. A single byte of a data or the entire contents of device can be
erased.

Secondary Memory / Non Volatile Memory– Secondary Memory is external

memory of the computer. It is also known as Auxiliary memory and permanent
memory. It is used to store the different programs and the information permanently.
Secondary Memory is nature non volatile. It means data is stored permanently even
if power is switched off.
The secondary storage devices are:

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 1. Floppy Disks
2. Magnetic (Hard) Disk
3. Magnetic Tapes
4. Pen Drive
5. Memory Cards
6. Optical Disk(CD,DVD)

Differences between Primary and Secondary Memory

S.N. Primary memory Secondary memory

1 Primary memory is temporary Secondary memory is permanent
Primary memory is directly accessible Secondary memory is not directly
2
by Processor/CPU accessible by CPU
Nature of Parts of Primary memory
3 varies. RAM- volatile in nature. ROM- It’s always Non-volatile in nature
Non-volatile
Primary memory devices are more Secondary memory devices are less
4 expensive than secondary storage expensive when compare to primary
devices memory devices
The memory devices used for primary The secondary memory devices are
5
memory are semiconductor memories magnetic and optical memories
Primary memory is also known as Secondary memory is also known as
6
Main memory or Internal memory External memory or Auxiliary memory
Examples: RAM, ROM, Cache
Examples: Hard Disk, Floppy Disk,
7 memory, PROM, EPROM, Registers
Magnetic Tapes etc
etc

B a s i c A r c h i t e c t u r e

CPU

Memory

Input Control Unit Output

ALU (Arithmetic Basic

& logical Unit)

Architecture of Computer System

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Various Components of Computer
Computer is an electronic device which performs tasks given by user with extremely
fast speed and accuracy. Like any other device or machine, a computer system has
also a number of parts. A computer system can be blocked into mainly three parts:

1. Input Unit
2. Central Processing Unit
3. Output Unit
1. Input unit – Input unit is a unit that accepts any input device. The input device is
used to input data into the computer system.
Function of input unit:

1. It converts inputted data into binary codes.

2. It sends data to main memory of computer.
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU) – CPU is called the brain of a computer. An
electronic circuitry that carries out the instruction given by a computer
program.

CPU can be sub classified into three parts.

1. Control unit (CU)

2. Arithmetic & Logic unit (ALU)

3. Memory Unit (MU)

1. Control unit (CU)- the control unit manages the various components of
the computer. It reads instructions from memory and interpretation and
changes in a series of signals to activate other parts of the computer. It
controls and co-ordinate is input output memory and all other units.

2. Arithmetic & Logic unit (ALU) – The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which
performs simple arithmetic operation such as +,-, *, / and logical operation
such as >, <, =<, <= etc.

3. Memory Unit (MU)- Memory is used to store data and instructions before
and after processing. Memory is also called Primary memory or internal
memory. It is used to store data temporary or permanently.

Function of CPU-

1. It controls all the parts and software and data flow of computer.
2. It performs all operations.
3. It accepts data from input device.
4. It sends information to output device.
5. Executing programs stored in memory
6. It stores data either temporarily or permanent basis.
7. It performs arithmetical and logical operations.

4. Output Unit –Output unit is a unit that constituents a number of output

device. An output device is used to show the result of processing.

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 5. Function of Output unit:

1. it accepts data or information sends from main memory of computer

2. It converts binary coded information into HLL or inputted languages.

Language Processors or Translators: Assembler, Compiler and Interpreter

Definition of Language Processor

A language translator is a program which is used to translate an input program

written in one programming language into another programming language (output
program). Language processor is also called a language translator.

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A program written in any high-level programming language is called the Source code
or program. To convert the source code into machine code is called the object code
or program. A Translator translates the source program into the object program that
the computer can understand and execute.

Types of Language Processor or Translators

In programming Language processors are three types:

1. Assembler
2. Interpreter
3. Compiler

Definition of Language Processor

A language translator is a program which is used to translate an input program
written in one programming language into another programming language (output
program). Language processor is also called a language translator.

A program written in any high-level programming language is called the Source code
or program. To convert the source code into machine code is called the object code
or program. A Translator translates the source program into the object program that
the computer can understand and execute.

Types of Language Processor or Translators

In programming Language processors are three types:

1. Assembler
2. Interpreter
3. Compiler

1.Assembler

Assembler is a translator which is used to translate the assembly language code into
machine language code.
Assembly language is a low level programming language where we use the symbols
called mnemonics in place of machine codes. The assembler performs a one to one
mapping from mnemonic statement into machine codes and data. The translated
program is called as object program.

Advantages of Assembler

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  Assembler is Very fast translating assembly language to machine code as 1
to 1 relationship.
 Efficiency in execution just like machine level language.

Disadvantages of Assembler

 Assembly language is difficult to understand. it is a low-level programming

language.
 It is difficult to maintain.

2. Interpreter
Interpreter converts the source program written in high level language into machine
languages. An interpreter converts each statement of the program line by line into
machine code. It means an interpreter translates the one line at a time into machine
language and executes it. Then moves towards the next line this goes on till the end
of the program. If no error encounters. Interpreter stops and highlights the problem
and will not move to next line when any errors are encountered. A interpreter
requires a less storage space in primary memory than a compiler.

Advantages of Interpreter

 Interpreter is that it makes easy to trace out and correct errors in the source
program.
 Interpreters over compilers are that an error is found immediately.
Disadvantages of Interpreter
 It is a time consuming process of translating and executing statements one by
one.
 Programs execution is slow.

3. Compiler
The purpose of compiler is same as interpreter but unlike interpreters which
translate the source program line by line, compiler are the translators, which
translate the entire program into machine codes. If source program contain errors,
the compiler highlights a list of errors at the end of the execution of the program. i.e.
a compiler translates the whole program before execution. A compiler is a larger
program and occupies more memory space. It is costlier than interpreter.

Advantages of compiler

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  Producers and executable file, and therefore the program can be run without
need of the source code.
 A compiler converts a high-level program that can be executed many times.

Disadvantages of compiler

 It is slow to execute as you have to finish the whole program.

 It is not easy to debug as errors are shown at the end of the execution.

Difference between Compiler and Interpreter

S. No. Compiler Interpreter

A compiler takes the whole program as a Interpreter each line in translated or

1
single unit and compiles it at once converted one by one and executed

2 It stores an object file. It does not store an object file.

3 Occupies more memory space Occupies less memory space

4 Program execution is very fast. Program execution is slow.

5 Debugging is harder Debugging is easier

Translator program is required to Translator program is not required to

6 translate the program each time you translate the program each time you
want to run the program. want to run the program.

7 More useful for commercial purpose More useful for learning purpose

8 Costlier then interpreter Cheaper than compiler

Compiler are good for a very long

9 Interpreter is good for small programs.
program

Example :C compiler, PASCAL compiler, Example : Basic interpreter, Prolog

10
FORTRAN compiler etc interpreter, LISP, APL etc.

O p e r a t i n g s y s t e m

Definition

An operating system is a program which acts as an interface between a user and the
Hardware.
What is an operating system?

An operating system is an important component of a computer system which controls all

other Components of a computer system. Major components of a computer system are:
1. The hardware.
2. The operating system.
3. The application program.

A p p l i c a t i o n s

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 1. Program execution.
2. Handling input / output operations.
3. Manipulation of file system.
4. Error detection and handling.
5. Resource allocation.
6. Accounting.
7. Information and resource protection.

All these services are ensured by the functions provided by an operating system .the
function offered by different operating system differ from one operating system to another,
but more or less they provide the same services. These OS functions are offered for the
convenience of the programmer, to make the programming task easier.

O p e r a t i n g s y s t e m ’ s f u n c t i o n

Major os functions are listed below:

1. Processor management.
2. Storage management.
3. Information management.

T y p e s o f o p e r a t i n g s y s t e m

Single program OS: This OS is single user operating system, so only one user can
be supported and executed by it at any point of time.
Multi program OS: It supports multi programming; more than one user can be
supported by it. These active programs are executed using some more techniques,
one by one.
Some popular operating system

1. Dos
2. Windows
3. Unix

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Types of Operating System (OS)
Following are the popular types of OS (Operating System):
 Batch Operating System
 Multitasking/Time Sharing OS
 Multiprocessing OS
 Real Time OS
 Distributed OS
 Network OS
 Mobile OS

Types of Operating Systems: Some widely used operating systems are as

follows-
1. Batch Operating System –
This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There
is an operator which takes similar jobs having the same requirement and groups
them into batches. It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar
needs.

Advantages of Batch Operating System:

 It is very difficult to guess or know the time required for any job to complete.
Processors of the batch systems know how long the job would be when it is in
queue
 Multiple users can share the batch systems
 The idle time for the batch system is very less
 It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System:
 The computer operators should be well known with batch systems
 Batch systems are hard to debug
 It is sometimes costly
 The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails
Examples of Batch based Operating System: Payroll System, Bank
Statements, etc.

2. Time-Sharing Operating Systems –

Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each
user gets the time of CPU as they use a single system. These systems are also
known as Multitasking Systems. The task can be from a single user or different
users also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum. After this
time interval is over OS switches over to the next task.

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Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:
 Each task gets an equal opportunity
 Fewer chances of duplication of software
 CPU idle time can be reduced

Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:

 Reliability problem
 One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user programs
and data
 Data communication problem

Examples of Time-Sharing OSs are: Multics, Unix, etc.

3. Distributed Operating System –

These types of the operating system are a recent advancement in the world of
computer technology and are being widely accepted all over the world and, that too,
with a great pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate with
each other using a shared communication network. Independent systems possess
their own memory unit and CPU. These are referred to as loosely coupled
systems or distributed systems. These system’s processors differ in size and
function. The major benefit of working with these types of the operating system is
that it is always possible that one user can access the files or software which are not
actually present on his system but some other system connected within this network
i.e., remote access is enabled within the devices connected in that network.

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Advantages of Distributed Operating System:

 Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all
systems are independent from each other
 Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed
 Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable
 Load on host computer reduces
 These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to
the network
 Delay in data processing reduces

Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:

 Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication

 To establish distributed systems the language which is used are not well
defined yet
 These types of systems are not readily available as they are very
expensive. Not only that the underlying software is highly complex and not
understood well yet

Examples of Distributed Operating System are- LOCUS, etc.

4. Network Operating System –

These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage data, users,
groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. These types of
operating systems allow shared access of files, printers, security, applications,
and other networking functions over a small private network. One more important
aspect of Network Operating Systems is that all the users are well aware of the
underlying configuration, of all other users within the network, their individual
connections, etc. and that’s why these computers are popularly known as tightly
coupled systems.

Advantages of Network Operating System:

1. Highly stable centralized servers
2. Security concerns are handled through servers
3. New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated into the
system
4. Server access is possible remotely from different locations and types of
systems

Disadvantages of Network Operating System:

1. Servers are costly
2. User has to depend on a central location for most operations
3. Maintenance and updates are required regularly

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Examples of Network Operating System are: Microsoft Windows Server 2003,
Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and
BSD, etc.

5. Real-Time Operating System –

These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval required to process
and respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is called response time.
Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements that are very strict
like missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots, etc.

BSP( Board support Package)

Advantages of RTOS:

1. Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and system, thus

more output from all the resources
2. Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems are
very less. For example, in older systems, it takes about 10 microseconds in
shifting one task to another, and in the latest systems, it takes 3
microseconds.
3. Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less importance
to applications which are in the queue.
4. Real-time operating system in the embedded system: Since the size of
programs is small, RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like in
transport and others.
5. Error Free: These types of systems are error-free.
6. Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these types of
systems.

Disadvantages of RTOS:
1. Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their
concentration is very less on few applications to avoid errors.
2. Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are not
so good and they are expensive as well.
3. Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the
designer to write on.
4. Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device drivers and
interrupts signals to respond earliest to interrupts.
5. Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these systems are
very less prone to switching tasks.

Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are: Scientific experiments, medical

imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic
control systems, etc.

Mobile OS
Mobile operating systems are those OS which is especially that are designed to
power smart phones, tablets, and wearable devices.

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Some most famous mobile operating systems are Android and iOS, but others
include BlackBerry, Web, and watchOS.

DOS Operating System

Linux/ UNIX Operating system

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Windows 7 Operating System

Windows 10 Operating System

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Windows 11 Operating System

File and Folder

File
File can be described as a set of related data/information and is stored on secondary storage device. A file can be a
data/information file or program file and can contain data in any format. For example, text files, audio files, executable
program files and so on.

Folder
Folder is a container to carry files. A folder can have sub folders as well.

Following are the important difference between File and Folder.

Sr. Key File Folder

No.

Extension Files may or may not have Folders do not have extensions.
1
extensions.

Container A File can not contain another A folder can contain any number of
2
file/folder. file/folders.

Memory A file has certain size and memory A folder has no size of its own. It derives the
3
size consumption. size from the files it contains.

Attributes Name, Extension, Date, Time, Name, Date, Time and Protection (Read-
4 Length and Protection (Read-Only, Only, hidden etc.)
hidden etc.)

Supported Open, save, rename, print, email Move, rename, delete and share.
5
operations and modify file content.

Sharing Files cannot be shared on network Folders can be shared on network.

6
on their own.

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