Electric Field Due To A Point Charge of Strength

Electric field due to a point charge of strength q
1 q
E= r ̂
4πϵ0 r 2
The magnitude of the field is indicated by the density of the field lines:
it's strong near the center where the field lines are close together, and
weak farther out, where they are relatively far apart.
1
Electrostatic force
Several point charge creates a net electric field

Coulomb's law.
2
Discrete Charge Distributions
Continuous Charge Distributions
3
Field lines begin on positive charges and end on negative ones;
Field Lines, Flux, and Gauss's Law
they cannot simply terminate in midair
∫S
The electric flux ΦE = E ⋅ da field lines can never cross-at the intersection, the field would
through any closed surface is a have two diﬀerent directions at once!

measure of the total charge inside.
4
Field Lines, Flux, and Gauss's Law
∮
What is the electric flux ΦE = E ⋅ da through a sphere which has a point charge q at the centre?
Use spherical symmetry

Need not be a sphere.
Any closed surface, would be pierced
by the same number of field lines.
the flux through any surface enclosing the charge is q/ϵ0

Consider a collection of several charges
Principle of superposition E = Ei
∑
i
Gauss's law (integral form)

Gauss's law (diﬀerential form)
2
5ϵ0kr
5
4πϵ0kR
ρ
h1h2h3 [ ∂x1 ]
1 ∂(h2h3 A1) ∂(h1h3 A2) ∂(h1h2 A3) ∇⋅E=
∇⋅A= + + ϵ0
Differential form
∂x2 ∂x3
Qenc
∮
Spherical coordinates: x1 = r, x2 = θ, x3 = ϕ E ⋅ da = Integral form
ϵ0
and h1 = 1, h2 = r, h3 = r sin θ
8
Dirac delta “function”: what and why?
Consider a function f(x)
Can we construct an object which gives the value of the function at some point, say x = a
{0, x ≤ 0
1, x > 0
The Heaviside step function: H(x) := :
d
Dirac delta function δ(x) = H(x)
dx
∫−∞
Area is one: δ(x − a) dx = 1
∫−∞
We also have f(x) δ(x − a) dx = f(a)
Dirac delta “function” and the density of a point charge q
3
The three-dimensional Dirac delta function: δ (r) = δ(x) δ(y) δ(z)
A point charge at the origin of strength q has charge density: ρ = q δ 3(r)
1 q
The electric field of such a point charge is: E = r ̂
4πϵ0 r 2
( r2 )
r̂ 3 ρ
So, we should have ∇ ⋅ = 4π δ (r) since ∇ ⋅ E = .
ϵ0
Draw a "Gaussian pillbox," extending equal distances above and below the plane
Use Gauss’s law
By symmetry E is perpendicular to the plane
σ
E= n̂
2ϵ0
Electric field due to a point charge of strength q
1 q b
4πϵ0 ( ra rb )
1 q q
∫a
E= r ̂ E ⋅ dl = −
4πϵ0 r 2
∮
E ⋅ dl = 0
1
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rtheorem,
Using Stokes · E =we can
⇢,write r ⇥ E = 0
✏
Maxwell’s equations for electrostatics
The electric field E due to a volume charge density ρ is
1⇢
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r ·· E
E== ⇢, r⇥E=0
✏✏0
13
Maxwell’s equations for electrostatics Slido.com with #2409441
E = yx̂
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A valid electric field?
The electric field E due to a volume charge density ρ is
1⇢
r ·· E
E== ⇢, r⇥E=0
✏✏0
15
Two for electric field and one for potential
1⇢
The Maxwell’s equation for electrostatic are r ·· E

E== ⇢, r⇥E=0
✏✏0
The electrostatic potential is define as E= rV

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Laplace equation: ∇2 V = − ρ/ϵ0

The Potential of a Localized Charge Distribution
The Potential of a Localized Charge Distribution
Principle of superposition

Electric Field Due To A Point Charge of Strength

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Electric field due to a point charge of strength q

Several point charge creates a net electric field

Continuous Charge Distributions

through any closed surface is a have two diﬀerent directions at once!

Use spherical symmetry

the flux through any surface enclosing the charge is q/ϵ0

Gauss's law (integral form)

A point charge at the origin of strength q has charge density: ρ = q δ 3(r)

Use Gauss’s law

By symmetry E is perpendicular to the plane

The electric field E due to a volume charge density ρ is

A valid electric field?

The electric field E due to a volume charge density ρ is

The Maxwell’s equation for electrostatic are r ·· E

The electrostatic potential is define as E= rV

Laplace equation: ∇2 V = − ρ/ϵ0

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