COMPANA LABORATORY EXERCISE (REPORT) 5
CIRCULATORY AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS OF THE CAT
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I. Instructions: In each table below the image/s,
(1) Identify the specific parts pointed corresponding to the number (1 st Column).
(2) Briefly describe each part (2 nd Column).
A. VENTRAL VIEW OF THE HEART
2
6
8
4
1. Brachiocephalic vein large vein of the embryonic stages which later unite to form the single
precaval vein of adult anatomy by crossing over the left vein to join the
right one
2. Superior vena cava made up of different branches; also known as the anterior vena cava
and descending vena cava
large vein which enters the anterior margin of the right auricle
3. Right atrium anterior to the base of each ventricle; smaller thin-walled and dark
colored chamber
4. Apex posterior pointed apex in the left ventricle
5. Left subclavian artery at the first rib it has 4 branches: internal mammary, vertebral,
costocervical axis, and thyrocervical axis
passes in front of the first rib into the axilla, the axillary artery
6. Brachiocephalic artery gives of small branches into the thymus gland and trachea
divides into the right subclavian and right and left common carotid
7. Aorta from the base of the left ventricle to the left of, and dorsal to the
pulmonary artery
a large trunk
8. Left pulmonary artery conspicuous vessel extending from the base of the right ventricle
forward between the auricles
B. DORSAL AND VENTRAL VIEWS OF THE BRAIN
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5
1
3 6
4
2
8
1. Longitudinal cerebral deep median sagittal fissure which separates two cerebral
fissure hemispheres
2. Vermis or worm a median lobe in the cerebellum that corresponds to the entire
cerebellum of lower vertebrates
3. Cerebral hemispheres enlarged pear-shaped left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum
4. Pyriform lobe a lobe in which the olfactory tract terminates
5. Olfactory bulb found at the anterior end of the brain
small, rounded mass into whose anterior surfaces the fibers of
olfactory nerve enter
6. Optic chiasma found anteriorly from which the optic nerves project
7. Tuber cinereum slight young elevation behind optic chiasma
posterior to this is mammillary body
8. Pons situated in the hindbrain including medulla
heavy band of fibers which acts as a bridge between two
hemispheres of cerebellum
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C. MEDIAN SAGITTAL SECTION OF THE BRAIN
1 3
4
2
1. Corpus callosum obliquely placed longitudinal band of white matter
2. Pineal body stalked body lying in tela choroidea
found in diencephalon region, specifically epithalamus
3. Arbor vitae the arrangement of the gray and white matter resulting in section
in a treelike appearance
4. Medulla Oblongata posterior to the cerebellum and partly overlapped by vermis
incloses the cavity of the 4th ventricle
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: Special thanks to Ma’am Sarah Zamudio, Faculty of the Department of Biology, for
providing the pictures of the dissected heart and brain of the cat.
II. Guide Questions:
1. What are the differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries? What makes the pulmonary
circulation different from systemic circulation? What is a portal system?
Arteries are a type of blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart, while veins carry
deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body back to the heart. Arteries have thick walls due to the
pressure of the pump of the heart while veins have thin walls. Capillaries connect the arteries and veins.
This is where the gaseous exchange across blood vessels and tissues occurs. Furthermore, systemic
circulation is where oxygenated blood from the heart is carried out by the arteries and the non
oxygenated blood from the body is carried back to the heart by veins. On the other hand,
pulmonary circulation is when the non-oxygenated blood reaching the heart is taken by the
pulmonary artery to the lungs, and oxygenation occurs. Then, the oxygenated blood will flow
through the pulmonary veins and reach the heart. Additionally, a portal system is a form of
circulatory system of the blood where the origin and end of blood circulation is the capillaries.
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2. Trace the flow of blood in the cat’s heart, including closely associated blood vessels. Please
illustrate and label the blood vessels and sections of the heart.
3. What are the different regions of the cat’s brain? Briefly describe each. Tabulate your answers
below. Use images or illustrations to complement your answer.
Images or illustrations of the cat’s brain.
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Regions of the Cat’s Description
Brain
This is the bottom part of the brain and
Brain stem connects the brain to the different parts of
the body
This is the center of conscious decision-
Cerebrum
making
This part of the brain controls the cat’s motor
Cerebellum
skills, balance, and coordination.
4. Enumerate and describe each of the 12 cranial nerves. Place your answers in the table below.
1. Olfactory nerve transmits sensory information to the brain regarding smell
2. Optic nerve sensory nerves involved with vision
3. Oculomotor nerve provides motor functions to four of the six muscles around the eyes and
helps control the size of the pupil in response to light
4. Trochlear nerve controls the superior oblique muscle
5. Trigeminal nerve largest of the cranial nerves that sends sensory information to the upper
and middle part of the face. It also sends information from the ears, lower
lip, and chin.
6. Abducens nerve this controls the muscle called lateral rectus muscle
7. Facial nerve this moves muscles for facial expression, provides sense of taste, supplies
glands in head and neck area, and communicates sensations from the
outer part of the ear
8. Vestibulocochlear it has sensory functions that involve hearing and balance
nerve
9. Glossopharyngeal it sends information from sinuses, back of the throat, parts of the inner
nerve ear and the back of the tongue
10. Vagus nerve this communicates sensations from the ear canal to the parts of the throat,
sends sensory information from organs in the chest and trunk, and allows
control of the muscle of the throat
11. Accessory nerve it is a motor nerve that controls the muscles in the neck
12. Hypoglossal nerve this is the twelfth cranial nerve and is responsible for movement of most
muscles in the tongue
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5. Provide a description and/or function of the following:
a. Papillary muscles
a number of pointed finger-like muscles connected by slender fibers, chordae tendinae to a thin
membrane
b. Mitral valve
2 flap valve that guards the left auriculoventricular opening and prevents the regurgitation of the blood from
the ventricle back into the auricle
c. Ligament of Botallus
a fibrous remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosus and it is formed three weeks after birth
d. Coronary sinus
this is responsible for draining deoxygenated blood leaving the myocardium
e. Pulmonary artery
it carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and it moves deoxygenated blood from the heart to
the lungs
f. Pulmonary vein
it collects oxygenated blood and carries it from the lungs back to the heart
g. Sinoatrial node
the sinoatrial node is located on the right atrium and is the primary site for the initiation of the normal heartbeat
h. Epigastric veins
this drains the anterior part of the abdominal wall inferior to the level of umbilicus
i. Haemorrhoidal arteries
they aid in stool continence by providing bulk to the anal canal
j. Dura mater
the dura mater is a sac that envelops the arachnoid and supports the large venous channels that carry blood from the
brain to the heart
k. Arachnoid
this is connected to the dura mater on the side closest to the CNS and helps protect the brain and spinal cord from
sudden impact
l. Foramen of Monro
these allow the flow of cerebrospinal fluid between lateral ventricles and third ventricle
m. Corpus callosum
this ensures that both sides of the brain can communicate and can signal each other
n. Circle of Willis
it provides collateral blood flow between the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain
o. Tela choroidea
it is a thin membrane that lies between the cerebellum and the lower part of the roof of the fourth ventricle
p. Arbor vitae
this is a tree-like appearance in the vertical section of the cerebellum
q. Hypophysis
this is a neuroendocrine gland that regulates growth, reproduction, metabolism, stress response, and lactation by
relaying signals from the brain to the correct organs
r. Tegmentum
this is responsible for functions like arousal, consciousness, sleep-wake cycles, coordination of movements, and
cardiovascular control
s. Gyri
the gyri is surrounded by the sulci and they work hand in hand to increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex and
form brain divisions
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t. Nerve plexus
bundles of nerves that form the plexus communicate with the brain about pain, temperature, and pressure
Properly cite your references.
REFERENCES:
Hyman, L. H. (1922). A LABORATORY MANUAL FOR COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ANATOMY. THE UNIVERSITY
OF CHICAGO PRESS.
Nicola, S. (2021, November 22). What’s the Difference Between Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries? WebMD.
Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/heart/difference-between-arteries-veins-
capillaries#:~:text=Arteries%20carry%20blood%20away%20from%20your,Vein%20vs
%20Capillary.&text=Veins%20use%20valves%20to%20transport,arteries%20through%20their
%20thin%20walls.
Pulmonary Arteries. cleaveland clinic. (2021, March 10). Retrieved from
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21486-pulmonary-arteries#:~:text=The
%20pulmonary%20arteries%20carry%20blood,the%20blood%20through%20your%20body.
Schubert, T. (2020, October). Parts of the Nervous System in Cats. MSD Manual Veterinary Manual.
Retrieved from https://www.msdvetmanual.com/cat-owners/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-
disorders-of-cats/parts-of-the-nervous-system-in-cats#:~:text=The%20brain%20is%20divided
%20into,in%20movement%20and%20motor%20control.
Weatherspoon, D. (2019, March 14). The 12 Cranial Nerves. healthline. Retrieved from
https://www.healthline.com/health/12-cranial-nerves
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