Short Questions: Normed Spaces

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Q: What do you know about a linear space?

Ans: By a linear space we shall always means a vector space over a field F where F is the
field of real or complex numbers.

Q: Define Norm & Normed space.

Ans: Let N be linear space over the field F where F is R or C (field of real or complex
numbers). A norm on X is a function g : N → R satisfying the following conditions
N1 ! For all x ∈ N , x ≥ 0 and x = 0 iff x=0
N2 ! ax = a g x for all a ∈ F , x ∈ N
N3 ! x + y ≤ x + y for all x, y ∈ N ( the triangle inequality)
The pair ( N , g ) , where N is a linear space and g a norm defined on N, is called a
normed linear space or simply a normed space.

Q: Is the norm function g : N → R uniformly continuous?

Ans: Yes.

Q: Give some examples of normed linear space.

Ans: a) The linear spaces R space of real numbers and C space of complex numbers
over themselves are normed linear spaces under the usual modulus norm.
n n
b) The spaces R and C are normed linear spaces under the norms
defined as follows: for X = ( x1 , x2 ,..........xn )∈ R , we put
n

n
add for Z = ( z1 , z2 ,...............zn )∈ C n , we take Z = ∑z
2
i
i =1

c) The space 1 is normed space . The elements of this space are elements of R n (or C n )
n

with norm defined by:

x = supin=1 xi .
d) The space 1∞ , with the norm
x = supi∞=1 xi is a normed linear space.
e) The space C[a, b] consists of all continuous real valued functions defined on [a, b].
we define the norm in C[a, b] as: for f ∈ C[a, b]
f = sup x∈[ a ,b ] f ( x) is a norm linear space.
Q: What is n-dimensional Euclidean space?
Ans: The space R n with the norm defined by
n
For X = ( x1 , x2 ,................xn )∈ R n , we put X = ∑z
2
i is called the n-dimensional
i −1

Euclidean space.

Q: What is n-dimensional Unitary space?

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Ans: The space C n with the norm defined by :For Z = ( z1 , z2 ,...............zn )∈C n , we take
n
Z = ∑z
2
i is called the n-dimensional Unitary space.
i −1

Q: Define the space 1p .

Ans: This space consists of all the sequences X= {xn }, xn ∈ F with the norm defined by:
∞ n
Z =p ∑ , ∑ xi <∞
p p
xi
i =1 i =1

Q: Is 1p a normed space?
Ans: Yes.

Q: Can we conclude 11 ,12 spaces from 1p space?

Ans: Yes.

Q: Define the space 1np .

Ans: The elements of 1np are the n-tuples
X = ( x1 , x2 ,................xn ) , xi ∈ R n with the norm in 1np defined by
∞
x = [∑ xi ]1/ p .
p

i =1

Q: is 1np a normed space?

Ans: Yes.

Q: What are C and C0 spaces?

Ans: The spaces C and C0 are subspaces of 1α , the first consists of all convergent
srquences in 1α , while C0 consists of this sequences in 1α which converges to zero. Both these
spaces have the norm as defined for 1α .

Q: Define the space B(X , R).

Ans: This space consists of all bounded real valued functions defined on an arbitrary
topological space X.

Q: Is the space B(X , R) a linear space?

Ans: Yes.

Q: Define the norm in B(X , R).

Ans: This is a linear space with addition and scalar multiplication defined by: (f+g)
=f(x)+g(x), (cf)(x)=cf(x) for f, g ∈ B(X , R), c∈R. The norm in B(X , R) is defined by:
f = sup x∈X f ( x) .

Q: Is L p [a, b] space (P>1) the normd space?

Ans: Yes. This is one of the classical examples of normed spaces.

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Q: What is L p [a, b] space?
Ans: The element of L p = L p [a, b] are all lebesgue integrable functions on [a, b]. Thus
b

∫ f ( x) dx < ∞ . Here the function on L p defined by

p
f∈ L p if and only if
a
b
f = [ ∫ f ( x)
p
dx ] 1/ p
a

b
f = [ ∫ f ( x)
p
Q: dx ] 1/ p . Is it norm in L p [a, b]?
a

Ans: Yes.

Q: What is Cauchy sequence in normed space?

Ans: A sequence {xn } is normed space N is said to be Cauchy’s sequence in N if for any
ε > 0 , there is a natural number n0 such that m, n ≥ n0 ⇒ xm − xn < ε .

Q: What is convergent sequence in normed space?

Ans: A sequence {xn } in normed space N is said to be convergent to x ∈ N, if for any ε > 0
, there is a natural number n0 such that n ≥ n0 , ⇒ xn − x < ε .

Q: What is a complete metric space?

Ans: A complete metric space is a metric space in which every Cauchy sequence
converges.

Q: Define Banach space.

Ans: A complete normed linear space is called a Banach space.

Q: Who was Stefan Banach?

Ans: The famous polish mathematician Stefan Banach (1892-1945) who was on of the
founder of Functional Analysis.

Q: Give some examples of Banach Spaces.

Ans: a) The space R and C of ral and complex numbers are Banach spaces.
b) The spaces R n and C n are Banach spaces.
c) The space 1α is a Banach space.
d) The space C of all Convergent real (or complex) sequences is Banach space.
e) The space C0 of all sequences which convergent to zero is also a Banach
space.

Q: Is 1p , ( p ≥ 1) the Banach space?

Ans: Yes.

Q: Is the space C[a, b] of all continuous functions from [a, b] to R ( or C) Banach?

Ans: No.

Q: Is every subspace of Banach space Banach?

Ans: No.
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 Q: Is a space of rational numbers complete?
Ans: No.

Q: Is the space of rational Banach?

Ans: No.

Q: Give examples of any incomplete space?

Ans: The space Q of rational numbers is not closed in R of real numbers and so is not
complete.

Q: Define linearly independent and dependent sets in normed space.

Ans: Let N be a normed linear space. A subset ( x1 , x2 ,................xn )
Of N is said to be linearly independent if, for every choice of scalers a1 , a2 ,..............an , the
n
equation ∑a x
i =1
i i =0 implies ai =0 for all I=1,2,3,….,n. otherwise ( x1 , x2 ,................xn ) is

said to be linearly dependent.

Q: Give an equivalent definition of linearly independent set.

Ans: An infinite subset A of N is said to be linearly independent if every finite subset of A is
linearly independent.

Q: Define linear Combination.

Ans: An element x of Nomed space N is said to be a linear combination of
( x1 , x2 ,................xn ) , xi ∈ N , 1 ≤ i ≤ n , if there are scalers a1 , a2 ,..............an , such that
n
X = ∑ ai xi .
i =1

Q: Can we sum of an infinite number of terms in Functional Analysis?

Ans: Yes, in general but not always.

Q: Where we an sum of an infinite number of terms?

Ans: In the general theory of vector spaces, sum of an infinite number of terms in not
defined. However, in the theory of normed linear spaces, we can define such a sum.

Q: May an absolutely convergent series convergent?

Ans: No.

Q: When an absolutely convergent series is not convergent?

Ans: An absolutely convergent series may not be convergent if the space under
consideration is not complete.

Q: Define basis of a normed space.

Ans: A collection B = { e1 , e2 ,............en ,.........} of elements, of a normed space N is said to
be a basis for N if;
1) The set B is linearly independent.

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 2) For each x ∈ N , there are uniquely determined scalers a1 , a2 ,..............an ,
n
such that lim n →∞ x − ∑ ai ei = 0
i =1

Q: Can we express basis of a normed space N uniquely?

Ans: Yes.

Q: How can we express basis of a normed space N uniquely?

n
Ans: If B is a basis for N, then each x ∈ N is uniquely expressable as: X = ∑ ai ei . The
i =1
series on the right hand side of (1) is called the expansion of x with respect to the basis
e1 , e2 ,............en ,.........

Q: What is finite dimensional space?

Ans: A normd space N is said to be finite dimensional if it has a finite basis.

Q: What is infinite dimensional space?

Ans: A normed space N is said to be infinite dimensional if it has infinite basis.

Q: Give an example of basis.

Ans: The soaces R n has
e1 = (1,0,0,………..0)
e2 = (0,1,0,……….0)
…
..
.
.
.
en = (0.0,…………1) as a basis.

Q: Give a counter example of basis. OR

Give a counter example of countable basis.
Ans: The space 1∞ of all bounded real or complex sequence does not have a countable
basis.

Q: What about basis of the space C0 ?

Ans: In the space C0 of sequence which converges to 0, subset { e1 , e2 ,............en ,.........}
where ei = {δ in }, δ in the Kronecker delta is a base for C0 .

Q: What is line segment and end points of a normed space?

Ans: Let N be linear space and x, y ∈ N . For any α ∈ [0,1] , the set of points.
z = α x + (1 − α ) y is called the line segment from x to y. Also x and y are called the end points
of the segment.

Q: Define convex set in normed space.

Ans: A subset C of normed space N is said to be convex is for all x, y ∈ N and α ∈ [0,1] ,
α x + (1 − α ) y ∈ C .

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 Q: Is empty subset of normed space N convex.
Ans: Yes.

Q: Give some examples of Convex set?

Ans: a) Any subspace of a linear space N is convex.
b) For any subspace S of N and x ∈ N , the set
X + S = {x + s : s ∈ S} is convex.
c) Intersection of any class of convex subsets of N is convex.
d) Let T : N → N / be a linear transformation and C a convex subset of N. Then
T© is convex.
e) For any convex subsets K and L of a linear space N, the set
K + L = {x + y : x ∈ K , y ∈ L} is convex.
f) Let C be a convex subset of N. Then for any scaler α , α c is also convex.
g) For any normed space N, the open and closed balls
B( x0 , r ) = {x ∈ N : x − x0 < r}

B( x0 , r ) = {x ∈ N : x − x0 ≤ r} are Convex.
Q: Are the open and closed unit balls with center at the origin Convex?
Ans: No, in particular, the open and closed unit balls with center at the origin are Convex.

Q: Define convex Combinations.

Ans: Let B be a subset of a linear space N. For any elements ( x1 , x2 ,................xn ) of B, the
n n
linear combination ∑ ai xi ,
i =1
∑a
i =1
i = 1 , α i ≥ 0 , i=1,2,………..n is alled a Convex

Combination.

Q: What is Convex Hull?

Ans: Let B be a subset of a linear space N. For each subset B of N, there is a unique
smallest convex set containing B, namely the intersection of all convex subsets containing B.
We call this intersection the convex hull of B and denote it by C0 ( B) .

Q: Define Quotient spaces.

Ans: Let N be a normed space and S a subspace of N. For any x ∈ N , the set
X + S = {x + s : s ∈ S} is called a coset of S determined by x or a translate of S by x. The set
{x + s : s ∈ N } of all cosets of S in N is a linear space under addition and scaler
multiplication defined by x+x+y+s = x+y+s, x, y ∈ N and α ( x + s ) = α x + s, x ∈ N , α ∈ F .
This set of cosetrs of S in N is called the quotient space of N by S is denoted by N/S.

Q: What is defficencey?
Ans: For any subspace S of a linear space N, the dimension of quotient space N/S is called
the deficiency of S.

Q: What is hyper plane?

Ans: A subspace of linar space N having deficiency 1 is called a hyper plan in N. Its cosets
are also hyper plan.

Q: Define equivalent norm.

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 Ans: Let N be a linar space and . 1 , . 2
be norms on N. Then . 1
is said to be equivalent
to norm . 2
if there exists non-zero positive ral numbers a and b such that
a x 2≤ x1≤a x 2
for all x ∈ N .

Q: Define zeroth norm.

Ans: Let ( N1 , . ) be a finite or infinite dimensional normed space. Let
n
( x1 , x2 ,................xn ,........) be a basis of N.Then each x ∈ N , X = ∑ ai xi , ai ∈ F and also
i =1

x 0 = sup n
i =1 ai define on N1 , called the zeroth norm.

Q: State F.Riez’s lemma.

Ans: Let M be proper closed subspace of a normed space N and a be any real number in
(0, 1). There is an xa ∈ N such that xa = 1 and x − xa ≥ a, for all x ∈ M .

Q: Is there any relation for the following statements? If yes then state?
Let M be a subspace of a linear space N
a) M is hyper plan
b) The quotient space N/S is one-dimensional
c) For a non-zero linear functional f, Kerf=M.

Ans: The above statements about M are equivalent.

Q: Define strictly convex norm.

Ans: A norm . on a normed space N is said to be strictly convex if, for any x, y ∈ N ,
whenever x = 1 , y = 1 , and x + y = 2 then x=y

Q: Define centrally symmetric set.

Ans: A subset A of a normed linear space ( N , . ) is said to be centrally symmetric if,
whenever x is in A, then –x also in A.

Q: Give an example of centrally symmetric set.

Ans: The closed ball B(o, r ) = {x ∈ N : x < r} of radius r and center at O is centrally
symmetric.

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