Detail Design of Bridge Piers On Pile Fo

Detail Design of Bridge Piers on Pile Foundations in AASHTO-LRFD
Pier Design for Bridges in AASHTO-LRFD 7

Sandipan Goswami
B.Sc, BE, M.Tech, FIE, C.Eng, PE (M)
Abstract: This chapter describes the step wise design procedure for Pier-Pier cap-Pile Cap-
Piles-Footings with structural reinforcement details by describing about the general
conditions and common practices, design criteria, bridge length limits, soil conditions, skew
angle, Alignment and geometry, girder layouts, arrangement of piles under pile cap,
construction sequence, Maximum Positive & Negative Moments and Reinforcement,
Transverse Reinforcement for Compression Members, Limits for reinforcement, Control of
Cracking by Distribution of Reinforcement, Shear analysis and Foundation soil bearing
resistance at the Strength Limit State. This chapter also dealt with design of bearing pads.
Based on the design criteria Selecting Optimum Bearing Type from its Properties, the design
is described by considering Compute Shape Factor, Compressive Stress, Compressive
Deflection, Shear Deformation, Rotation or Combined Compression and Rotation, Stability,
Reinforcement, Anchorage for Fixed Bearings and drawing Schematic of Final Bearing
Design.
Piers are the medium which act as an integral part of the load path between the
superstructure and the foundation. Piers are designed to resist the vertical loads, as well as
the horizontal loads from the bridge superstructure. These the horizontal loads are not
resisted by the abutments. The configuration of the fixed and expansion bearings, the
bearing types and the relative stiffness of all of the piers are determined by the magnitude
of the superstructure loads applied to each pier. To estimate the horizontal loads applied
at each pier must consider the entire system of piers and abutments and not just an
individual pier. The piers shall also resist wind loads, ice loads, water pressures and vehicle
impact, the loads applied directly to them. Design of Bridges by considering staged
construction, whether new or rehabilitation, is to satisfy the requirements of LRFD for each
construction stage and by utilizing the same load factors, resistance factors, load
combinations, etc. as required for the final configuration.
Note: The various formulas used in the design may be seen from the design Excel Worksheet of
software ASTRA Pro by downloading from web site www.techsoftglobal.com under ‘downloads’.
The values in ‘Red and Blue Color’ in Excel Worksheet, are Design Input Data which may be
changed by the User, but in Tab Pages the colored values are taken from other pages and should
not be changed by the user. For any query write to [email protected].
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In the following sections, the word “pier” is used to refer to the intermediate pier or
intermediate bent. The values in ‘Red Color’ are Design Input Data by the User.
Dead load
Notice that the LRFD specifications include a maximum and minimum load factor for dead
load. The intent is to apply the maximum or the minimum load factors to all dead loads on
the structure. It is not required to apply maximum load factors to some dead loads and
minimum load factors simultaneously to other dead loads to obtain the absolute maximum
load effects.
Live load transmitted from the superstructure to the substructure
Accurately determining live load effects on intermediate piers always represented an

interesting problem. The live load case of loading producing the maximum girder reactions
on the substructure varies from one girder to another and, therefore, the case of loading
that maximizes live load effects at any section of the substructure also vary from one
section to another. The equations used to determine the girder live load distribution
produce the maximum possible live load distributed to a girder without consideration to
the live load distributed concurrently to the surrounding girders. This is adequate for girder
design but is not sufficient for substructure design. Determining the concurrent girder
reactions requires a three-dimensional modeling of the structure. For typical structures,
this will be cumbersome and the return, in terms of more accurate results, is not
justifiable. In the past, different jurisdictions opted to incorporate some simplifications in

the application of live loads to the substructure and these procedures, which are
independent of the design specifications, are still applicable under the AASHTO-LRFD
specifications. The goal of these simplifications is to allow the substructure to be analyzed
as design a two-dimensional frame. One common procedure is as follows:
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• Live load reaction on the intermediate pier from one traffic lane is determined. This
reaction from the live load uniform load is distributed over a 10 ft. width and the reaction
from the truck is applied as two concentrated loads 6 ft. apart. This means that the live
load reaction at the pier location from each traffic lane is a line load 10 ft. wide and two
concentrated loads 6 ft. apart. The loads are assumed to fit within a 12 ft. wide traffic lane.
The reactions from the uniform load and the truck may be moved within the width of the
traffic lane, however, neither of the two truck axle loads may be placed closer than 2 ft.
from the edge of the traffic lane.
• The live load reaction is applied to the deck at the pier location. The load is
distributed to the girders assuming the deck acts as a series of simple spans supported on
the girders. The girder reactions are then applied to the pier. In all cases, the appropriate
multiple presence factor is applied.
• First, one lane is loaded. The reaction from that lane is moved across the width of
the bridge. To maximize the loads, the location of the 12 ft. wide traffic lane is assumed
to move across the full width of the bridge between gutter lines. Moving the traffic lane
location in this manner provides for the possibility of widening the bridge in the future
and/or eliminating or narrowing the shoulders to add additional traffic lanes. For each
load location, the girder reactions transmitted to the pier are calculated and the pier
itself is analyzed.
• Second, two traffic lanes are loaded. Each of the two lanes is moved across the
width of the bridge to maximize the load effects on the pier. All possible combinations of
the traffic lane locations should be included.
• The calculations are repeated for three lanes loaded, four lanes loaded and so forth
depending on the width of the bridge.
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• The maximum and minimum load effects, i.e. moment, shear, torsion and axial
force, at each section from all load cases are determined as well as the other concurrent
load effects, e.g. maximum moment and concurrent shear and axial loads. When a design
provision involves the combined effect of more than one load effect, e.g. moment and
axial load, the maximum and minimum values of each load effect and the concurrent
values of the other load effects are considered as separate load cases. This results in a
large number of load cases to be checked. Alternatively, a more conservative procedure

that results in a smaller number of load cases may be used. In this procedure, the
envelopes of the load effects are determined. For all members except for the columns and
footings, the maximum values of all load effects are applied simultaneously. For columns
and footings, two cases are checked, the case of maximum axial load and minimum
moment and the case of maximum moment and minimum axial load.
This procedure is best suited for computer programs. For hand calculations, this procedure
would be cumbersome. In lieu of this lengthy process, a simplified procedure used
satisfactorily in the past may be utilized.
Load combinations
The live load effects are combined with other loads to determine the maximum factored
loads for all applicable limit states. For loads other than live, when maximum and
minimum load factors are specified, each of these two factored loads should be
considered as separate cases of loading. Each section is subsequently designed for the
controlling limit state.
Temperature and shrinkage forces
The effects of the change in superstructure length due to temperature changes and, in
some cases, due to concrete shrinkage, are typically considered in the design of the
substructure.
In addition to the change in superstructure length, the substructure member lengths also
change due to temperature change and concrete shrinkage. The policy of including the
effects of the substructure length change on the substructure forces varies from one
jurisdiction to another. These effects on the pier cap are typically small and may be
ignored without measurable effect on the design of the cap. However, the effect of the
change in the pier cap length may produce a significant force in the columns of multiple
column bents. This force is dependent on:
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• The length and stiffness of the columns: higher forces are developed in short, stiff
columns
• The distance from the column to the point of equilibrium of the pier (the point that
does not move laterally when the pier is subjected to a uniform temperature change):
Higher column forces develop as the point of interest moves farther away from the point
of equilibrium. The point of equilibrium for a particular pier varies depending on the
relative stiffness of the columns. For a symmetric pier, the point of equilibrium lies on the
axis of symmetry. The column forces due to the pier cap length changes are higher for the
outer columns of multi-column bents. These forces increase with the increase in the width
of the bridge.
Torsion
Another force effect that some computer design programs use in pier design is the torsion
in the pier cap. This torsion is applied to the pier cap as a concentrated torque at the girder
locations. The magnitude of the torque at each girder location is calculated differently
depending on the source of the torque.
• Torque due to horizontal loads acting on the superstructure parallel to the bridge
longitudinal axis: The magnitude is often taken equal to the horizontal load on the bearing
under the limit state being considered multiplied by the distance from the point of load ft.
above the deck surface.
• Torque due to non-composite dead load on simple spans made continuous for live
load: Torque at each girder location is taken equal to the difference between the product
of the non-composite dead load reaction and the distance to the mid-width of the cap for
the two bearings under the girder line being considered.
According to SC5.8.2.1, if the factored torsion moment is less than one-quarter of the
factored pure torsion cracking moment, it will cause only a very small reduction in shear
capacity or flexural capacity and, hence, can be neglected. For pier caps, the magnitude of
the torsion moments is typically small relative to the torsion cracking moments and,
therefore, is typically ignored in hand calculations.
For the purpose of this example, a computer program that calculates the maximum and
minimum of each load effect and the other concurrent load effects was used. Load effects
due to substructure temperature expansion/contraction and concrete shrinkage were not
included in the design. The results are listed in Appendix C. Selected values representing
the controlling case offloading are used in the sample calculations.
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Superstructure dead load
These loads can be obtained from Section 5.2 of the superstructure portion of this design
example.
Summary of the un-factored loading applied vertically at each bearing (12 bearings total, 2
per girder line):
Girders (E/I) 61.6 k

Deck slab and haunch (E) 55.1 k
Deck slab and haunch (I) 62.2 k
Intermediate diaphragm (E) 1.3 k
Intermediate diaphragm (I) 2.5 k
Parapets (E/I) 14.8 k
Future wearing surface (E) 13.4 k
Future wearing surface (I) 19.9 k
(E) – exterior girder

(I) – interior girder
Substructure dead load
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Pier cap un-factored dead load
Wcap = (cap cross-sectional area)(unit weight of concrete)
Varying cross-section at the pier cap ends:
Wcap1 = varies linearly from 2x(2)x(0.15) = 0.6 k/ft

to 4x(4)x(0.15) = 2.4 k/ft
Constant cross-section:
Wcap2 = 4x(4)x(0.15)
= 2.4 k/ft
Or
Pcap = 2.4(45.75) + [(2 + 4)/2](0.15)(13.167)
= 115.7 k
Single column un-factored dead load
Column cross sectional area =

Wcolumn = (column cross sectional area) x (unit weight of concrete)
= π x (1.75)2 x (0.150)
= 1.44 k/ft
Or
Pcolumn = 1.44x(18)
= 25.92 k
Single footing un-factored dead load
Wfooting = (footing cross sectional area)(unit weight of concrete)
= 12 x 12 x 0.150
= 21.6 k/ft
Or
Pfooting = 21.6x(3)
= 64.8 k
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Live load from the superstructure
Use the output from the girder live load analysis to obtain the maximum un-factored live
load reactions for the interior and exterior girder lines.
Summary of HL-93 live load reactions, without distribution factors or impact, applied
vertically to each bearing (truck pair + lane load case governs for the reaction at the pier,
therefore, the 90% reduction factor from S3.6.1.3.1 is applied):
Maximum truck = 59.50 k

Minimum truck = 0.00 k
Maximum lane = 43.98 k
Minimum lane = 0.00 k
Braking force (BR) (S3.6.4)
According to the specifications, the braking force shall be taken as the greater of:
25 percent of the axle weight of the design truck or design tandem

Or
5 percent of the design truck plus lane load or 5 percent of the design tandem plus
lane load
The braking force is placed in all design lanes which are considered to be loaded in
accordance with S3.6.1.1.1 and which are carrying traffic headed in the same direction.
These forces are assumed to act horizontally at a distance of 6 ft. above the roadway
surface in either longitudinal direction to cause extreme force effects. Assume the example
bridge can be a one-way traffic bridge in the future. The multiple presence factors in
S3.6.1.1.2 apply.
BR1 = 0.25(32 + 32 + 8)(4 lanes)(0.65)/1 fixed support

= 46.8 k
Or
BR2A = 0.05[72 + (110 + 110)(0.64)]
= 10.64 k
BR2B = 0.05 x [(25 + 25) + 220 x (0.64)]

= 9.54 k
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where the subscripts are defined as:
1 – use the design truck to maximize the braking force

2A – check the design truck + lane
2B – check the design tandem + lane
Therefore, the braking force will be taken as 46.8 k (3.9 k per bearing or 7.8 k per girder)
applied 6 ft. above the top of the roadway surface.
Deck thickness = 0.667 ft

Haunch thickness = 0.333 ft
Girder depth = 6 ft
Moment arm = 6 ft. + deck thickness + haunch + girder depth

= 6 + 0.667 + 0.333 + 6
= 13 ft. above the top of the bent cap
Apply the moment 2(3.9)(13) = 101.4 k-ft at each girder location.
Wind load on superstructure (S3.8.1.2)
The pressures specified in the specifications are assumed to be caused by a base wind
velocity, VB., of 100 mph.
Wind load is assumed to be uniformly distributed on the area exposed to the wind. The
exposed area is the sum of all component surface areas, as seen in elevation, taken
perpendicular to the assumed wind direction. This direction is varied to determine the
extreme force effects in the structure or in its components. Areas that do not contribute to
the extreme force effect under consideration may be neglected in the analysis.
Base design wind velocity varies significantly due to local conditions. For small or low
structures, such as this example, wind usually does not govern.
Pressures on windward and leeward sides are to be taken simultaneously in the assumed
direction of wind.
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The direction of the wind is assumed to be horizontal, unless otherwise specified in

S3.8.3. The design wind pressure, in KSF, may be determined as:
PD = PB(VDZ/VB)2 (S3.8.1.2.1-1)
= PB (VDZ2/10,0)
where:
PB = base wind pressure specified in Table S3.8.1.2.1-1 (ksf)
Since the bridge component heights are less than 30 ft. above the ground line,
VB is taken to be 100 mph.
Wind load transverse to the superstructure
FTSuper = pwT x (Hwind) x [(Lback + Lahead)/2]
Girder height = 6 ft
Haunch height = 0.333 ft
Deck height = 0.667 ft
Parapet height = 3.5 ft
where:
Hwind = The exposed superstructure height (ft.)

= Girder + Haunch + Deck + Parapet
= 6 + 0.333 +0.667 + 3.5
= 10.5 ft.
pwT = Transverse wind pressure values (ksf)

= PB (use Table S3.8.1.2.2-1)
Lback = Span length to the deck joint, or end of bridge, back station from pier (ft.)
= 110 ft.
Lahead = Span length to the deck joint, or end of bridge, ahead station from pier (ft.)
= 110 ft.
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FT Super = 0.05x(10.5)x[(110 + 110)/2] = 57.8 k (0 degrees)
0.044x(1155) = 50.8 k (15 degrees)

0.041x(1155) = 47.4 k (30 degrees)
0.033x(1155) = 38.1 k (45 degrees)
0.017x(1155) = 19.6 k (60 degrees)
Wind load along axes of superstructure (longitudinal direction)
The longitudinal wind pressure loading induces forces acting parallel to the longitudinal
axis of the bridge.
FL Super = pwL x (Hwind) x (Lback +Lahead)/nfixed piers
where:
Hwind = 10.5 ft.
pwL = Longitudinal wind pressure values (ksf)

= PB (use Table S3.8.1.2.2-1)
Lback = 110 ft.
Lahead = 110 ft.
FL Super = 0 x (10.5) x [(110 + 110)]/1 = 0 k (0 degrees)
= 0.006 x (2310)/1 = 13.9 k (15 degrees)
= 0.012 x (2310)/1 = 27.7 k (30 degrees)
= 0.016 x (2310)/1 = 37 k (45 degrees)
= 0.019 x (2310)/1 = 43.9 k (60 degrees)
The transverse and longitudinal pressures should be applied simultaneously.
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Resultant wind load along axes of pier
The transverse and longitudinal superstructure wind forces, which are aligned relative to
the superstructure axis, are resolved into components that are aligned relative to the pier
axes.
Load perpendicular to the plane of the pier:
skew = 20 deg
FL Pier = FL Super cos(θskew) + FT Super sin(θskew)
At 0 degrees:
FL Pier = 0 cos 20 + 57.8 sin 20 = 19.8 k
At 60 degrees:
FT Pier = 43.9 cos 20 + 19.6 sin 20 = 48 k
Load in the plane of the pier (parallel to the line connecting the columns):
FL Pier = FL Super cos(θskew) + FT Super cos(θskew)
At 0 degrees:
FL Pier = 0 sin 20 + 57.8 cos 20 = 54.3 k
At 60 degrees:
FT Pier = 43.9 sin 20 + 19.6 cos 20 = 33.4 k
The superstructure wind load acts at 10.5/2 = 5.25 ft. from the top of the pier cap.
The longitudinal and transverse forces applied to each bearing are found by dividing the
forces above by the number of girders. If the support bearing line has expansion bearings,
the FL Super component in the above equations is zero.
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Wind load on substructure (S3.8.1.2.3)
The transverse and longitudinal forces to be applied directly to the substructure are
calculated from an assumed base wind pressure of 0.040 ksf (S3.8.1.2.3). For wind
directions taken skewed to the substructure, this force is resolved into components
perpendicular to the end and front elevations of the substructures. The component
perpendicular to the end elevation acts on the exposed substructure area as seen in end
elevation, and the component perpendicular to the front elevation acts on the exposed
areas and is applied simultaneously with the wind loads from the superstructure.
Wwind on sub = Wcap + Wcolumn
Transverse wind on the pier cap (wind applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the
superstructure):
cap width = 4 ft
Wcap = 0.04 x (cap width)
= 0.04 x (4)
= 0.16 k/ft of cap height
Longitudinal wind on the pier cap (wind applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of the
superstructure):
cap length along the skew = 58.93 ft
Wcap = 0.04 x (cap length along the skew)

= 0.04 x 58.93
= 2.36 k/ft of cap height
Transverse wind on the end column, this force is resisted equally by all columns:
column diameter = 3.5 ft

ncolumns = 4
WT, column = 0.04 x (column diameter)/ncolumns

= 0.04 x 3.5/4
= 0.035 k/ft of column height above ground
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Longitudinal wind on the columns, this force is resisted by each of the columns
individually:
WL, column = 0.04(column diameter)

= 0.04 x 3.5
= 0.14 k/ft of column height above ground
There is no wind on the footings since they are assumed to be below ground level.
Total wind load on substructure:
WT wind on sub = 0.16 + 0.035 = 0.2 k/ft

WL wind on sub = 2.36 + 0.14 = 2.5 k/ft
Wind on live load (S3.8.1.3)
When vehicles are present, the design wind pressure is applied to both the structure and
vehicles. Wind pressure on vehicles is represented by an interruptible, moving force of
0.10 klf acting normal to, and 6.0 ft. above, the roadway and is transmitted to the
structure.
When wind on vehicles is not taken as normal to the structure, the components of normal
and parallel force applied to the live load may be taken as follows with the skew angle
taken as referenced normal to the surface.
Use Table S3.8.1.3-1 to obtain FW values,
FT Super = FWT(Lback + Lahead)/2
FT Super = 0.1x(110 + 110)/2 = 11 k (0 degrees)

= 0.088x(110) = 9.68 k (15 degrees)
= 0.082x(110) = 9.02 k (30 degrees)
= 0.066x(110) = 7.26 k (45 degrees)
= 0.034x(110) = 3.74 k (60 degrees)
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FL Super = FWL(Lback + Lahead)/nfixed piers
FL Super = 0(110 + 110)/1 = 0 k (0 degrees)

= 0.012x (220) = 2.64 k (15 degrees)
= 0.024x (220) = 5.28 k (30 degrees)
= 0.032x (220) = 7.04 k (45 degrees)
= 0.038x (220) = 8.36 k (60 degrees)
FW LL = 11 k (transverse direction, i.e., perpendicular to

longitudinal axis of the superstructure)
Temperature force (S3.12.2)
Due to the symmetry of the bridge superstructure, no force is developed at the

intermediate bent due to temperature expansion/shrinkage of the superstructure.
Shrinkage (S3.12.4)
Due to the symmetry of the bridge superstructure, no force is developed at the

intermediate bent due to shrinkage of the superstructure.
Load combinations
Figures 7.2-2 and 7.2-3 show the un-factored loads applied to the bent from the
superstructure and wind.
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Required information:
General (these values are valid for the entire pier cap):
f′c = 3.0 ksi

β1 = 0.85
fy = 60 ksi
Cap width = 4 ft.
Cap depth = 4 ft. (varies at ends)
No. stirrup legs = 6
Stirrup diameter = 0.625 in. (#5 bars)
Stirrup area = 0.31 in2 (per leg)
Stirrup spacing = varies along cap length
Side cover = 2 in. (Table S5.12.3-1)
Cap bottom flexural bars:
No. bars in bottom row, positive region = 9 (#8 bars)

Positive region bar diameter = 1.0 in.
Positive region bar area, As = 0.79 in2
Bottom cover = 2 in. (Table S5.12.3-1)
Cap top flexural bars:
No. bars in top row, negative region = 14 (7 sets of 2 #9 bars bundled

horizontally)
Negative region bar diameter = 1.128 in.
Negative region bar area, As = 1.0 in2
Top cover = 2 in. (Table S5.12.3-1)
From the analysis of the different applicable limit states, the maximum load effects on the
cap were obtained. These load effects are listed in Table 7.2-1. The maximum factored
positive moment occurs at 44.65 ft. from the cap end under Strength I limit state.
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Notes:
DC: Superstructure dead load (girders, slab and haunch, diaphragms, and
parapets) plus the substructure dead load (all components)
DW: Dead load due to the future wearing surface

LL + IM: Live load + impact transferred from the superstructure
BR: Braking load transferred from the superstructure

Str-I: Load responses factored using Strength I limit state load factors
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Pier cap flexural resistance (S5.7.3.2)
The factored flexural resistance, Mr, is taken as:
Mr = ϕMn (S5.7.3.2.1-1)
where:
ϕ = Flexural resistance factor as specified in S5.5.4.2
= 0.9
Mn = Nominal resistance (k-in)
For calculation of Mn, use the provisions of S5.7.3.2.3 which state, for rectangular sections
subjected to flexure about one axis, where approximate stress distribution specified in
S5.7.2.2 is used and where the compression flange depth is not less than “c” as determined
in accordance with Eq. S5.7.3.1.1-3, the flexural resistance Mn may be determined by using
Eq. S5.7.3.1.1-1 through S5.7.3.2.2-1, in which case “bw” is taken as “b”.
Rectangular section behavior is used to design the pier cap. The compression
reinforcement is neglected in the calculation of the flexural resistance.
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Maximum positive moment
Applied Strength I moment, Mu = 1,015.50 k-ft
Applied Service I moment, Ms = 653.3 k-ft (from computer software)
Axial load on the pier cap is small, therefore, the effects of axial load is neglected in this
example.
Check positive moment resistance (bottom steel)
Calculate the nominal flexural resistance according to S5.7.3.2.3.
Mn = As x fy x (ds – a/2) (S5.7.3.2.2-1)
Determine ds, the corresponding effective depth from the extreme fiber to the centroid of
the tensile force in the tensile reinforcement.
ds = cap depth – CSGb
where:
Cover = 2 in
Stirrup diameter = 0.625 in
Bar diameter = 1 in
Bar area = 0.79 in
CGSb = distance from the centroid of the bottom bars to the bottom of the
cap (in.)
= Cover + Stirrup diameter + (½) x Bar diameter
= 2 + 0.625 + (½) x (1)
= 3.125 in.
ds = 4(12) – 3.125
= 44.875 in.
(nbars Tension) = 9
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As = (nbars Tension) x (Asbar)

= 9 x (0.79)
= 7.1 in2
Determine “a” using Eq. S5.7.3.1.1-4
a = Asfy/0.85f′cb (S5.7.3.1.1-4)
= 7.1 x 60/[0.85 x 3 x 4 x 12] Capdepth = 4 ft
= 3.48 in.
Calculate the nominal flexural resistance, Mn
Mn = As x fy x (ds – a/2) (S5.7.3.2.2-1)

= 7.1 x 60 x [44.875 – (3.48/2)]/12
= 1531 k-ft
Therefore, the factored flexural resistance, Mr , can be calculated as follows:
Mr = 0.9x(1531)
= 1378 k-ft > Mu = 1,015.50 k-ft OK
Limits for reinforcement (S5.7.3.3)
Check if the section is over-reinforced.
The maximum amount of non-pre-stressed reinforcement shall be such that:
c/de ≤ 0.42 (S5.7.3.3.1-1)
where:
c = a/β1
= 3.48/0.85
= 4.1 in.
de = ds
= 44.875 in.
c/de = 4.1/44.875
= 0.091 < 0.42 OK
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Check the minimum reinforcement requirements (S5.7.3.3.2)
Unless otherwise specified, at any section of a flexural component, the amount of non-pre-
stressed tensile reinforcement must be adequate to develop a factored flexural resistance,
Mr, at least equal to the lesser of:
1.2 x Mcr = 1.2 x fr x S
where:
fr = 0.24√f'c (S5.4.2.6)
= 0.24 √3
= 0.42 ksi
S = bh2/6
2/6
= 4 x (12) x [4 x (12)]
= 18,432 in3
1.2 x Mcr = 1.2(0.42)(18432)/12

= 774.1 k-ft
Or
1.33 x Mu = 1.33 x (1015.5) = 1,351 k-ft
Minimum required section resistance = 774 k-ft

Provided section resistance = 1,378 k-ft > 774.1 k-ft OK
Check the flexural reinforcement distribution (S5.7.3.4)

Check allowable stress, fs
fs, allow = Z/[(dcA)1/3] ≤ 0.6fy (S5.7.3.4-1)
where:
Z = crack width parameter (k/in)
= 170 k/in (moderate exposure conditions are assumed)
dc = Distance from the extreme tension fiber to the center of the closest bar (in.)
= Clear cover + Stirrup diameter + (½) x Bar diameter
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The cover on the bar under investigation cannot exceed 2.0 in., therefore, the stirrup
diameter is not taken into account for dc is:
Bar diameter = 1 in
dc = 2 + (½) x(1)
= 2.5 in
A = Area having the same centroid as the principal tensile reinforcement

and bounded by the surfaces of the cross-section and a straight line
parallel to the neutral axis, divided by the number of bars (in2)
nbars = 2 x dc x (cap width)/nbars

= 2 x (2.5) x (48)/9
= 26.7 in2
1/3
fs, allow = Z/[(dc x A) ]
= 170/[(2.5) x (26.7)]^(1/3)
= 41.91
0.6 x (60) = 36 ksi, fs, allow = 36

Therefore, 41.91 > 36
Check service load applied steel stress, fs, actual
Modular ratio, n = 9
f'c = 3 ksi
For 3 ksi concrete, the modular ratio, n = 9 (see S6.10.3.1.1b or calculate by dividing the
steel modulus of elasticity by the concrete and rounding up as required by S5.7.1)
Assume the stresses and strains vary linearly.
From the load analysis of the bent:

Dead load + live load positive service
load moment = 653.3 k-ft
24
The transformed moment of inertia is calculated assuming elastic behavior, i.e., linear
stress and strain distribution. In this case, the first moment of area of the transformed
steel on the tension side about the neutral axis is assumed equal to that of the concrete in
compression.
Assume the neutral axis at a distance “y” from the compression face of the section.
The section width = 48 in.
Transformed steel area = (total steel bar area)(modular ratio)

2
= 7.1x9 = 63.9 in
By equating the first moment of area of the transformed steel about that of the concrete,
both about the neutral axis:
63.9 x (44.875 – y) = 48y x (y/2)
Solving the equation results in y = 9.68 in.
2 3
Itransformed = Ats x (ds – y) + by /3
2 3
= 63.9 x (44.875 – 9.68) + 48 x (9.68) /3
= 93,665 in4
Stress in the steel, fs, actual = (Msc/I)n, where M is the moment action on the section.
fs,actual = [653.3 x 12 x 35.195/93664.79] x 9
= 26.51 ksi < fs, allow = 36 ksi OK
25
& 5! & 5) * 0 #/ 0$ $ 1$ $ 3
1$ # + & ' 3# $ '
( , 2 +&+ 3 $+ and
1$ # +
Maximum negative moment
From the bent analysis, the maximum factored negative moment occurs at 6.79 ft. from
the cap edge under Strength I limit state:
Applied Strength I moment, Mu = -2,259.40 k-ft

Applied Service I moment, Ms = -1,572.40 k-ft (from computer analysis)
Check negative moment resistance (top steel)
Calculate Mn using Eq. S5.7.3.2.2-1.
Determine ds, the corresponding effective depth from the extreme fiber to the centroid of
the tensile force in the tensile reinforcement. The compressive reinforcement is neglected
in the calculation of the nominal flexural resistance.
ds = Cap depth – CGSt
26
where:
CGSt = distance from the centroid of the top bars to the top of the cap (in.)
= cover + stirrup diameter + ½ bar diameter
= 2 + 0.625 + ½ x (1.128)
= 3.19 in.
ds = 4 x (12) – 3.19
= 44.81 in.
nbars Tension = 14
As = (nbars Tension) x (As bar) = 14 x 1 = 14 in2
Determine “a” using Eq. S5.7.3.1.1-4

a = As x fy/0.85f′cb (S5.7.3.1.1-4)
= 14 x (60)/[(0.85 x 3 x 4 x 12)]
= 6.86 in.
Calculate the nominal flexural resistance, Mn

Mn = 14 x (60) x [44.81 – (6.86/2)]/12
= 2,897 k-ft
Therefore, the factored flexural resistance, Mr:

Mr = 0.9(2896.6)
= 2,607 k-ft > |Mu |= 2,259.40 k-ft OK
Limits for reinforcement (S5.7.3.3)
Check if the section is over-reinforced.

The maximum amount of non-pre-stressed reinforcement shall be such that:
c/de ≤ 0.42 (S5.7.3.3.1-1)

where:
c = a/β1
= 6.86/0.85
= 8.07 in.
de = ds
= 44.81 in.
c/de = 8.07/44.81
= 0.18 < 0.42 OK
27
Check minimum reinforcement (S5.7.3.3.2)
Unless otherwise specified, at any section of a flexural component, the amount of

Non-pre-stressed tensile reinforcement shall be adequate to develop a factored flexural
resistance, Mr, at least equal to the lesser of:
1.2Mcr = 1.2frS
where:
fr = 0.24√f'c (S5.4.2.6)
= 0.24√3 = 0.42 ksi
2
S = bh /6
2
= 4 x (12) x [4 x (12)] /6 = 18432 in3
1.2 x Mcr = 1.2 x (0.42) x (18432)/12

= 774.14 k-ft
Or
1.33 x Mu = 1.33 x (-2259.4)
= Absolute(-3005.002) k-ft
= 3005.002 k-ft
Minimum required section resistance = 774.14 k-ft

Provided section resistance = 2,607 k-ft > 774.1 k-ft OK
Check the flexural reinforcement distribution (S5.7.3.4)
Check the allowable stress, fs
fs, allow = Z/[(dc x A)1/3] ≤ 0.6 x fy (S5.7.3.4-1)
where:
Z = 170 k/in. (moderate exposure conditions are assumed)
dc = 2 + ½(1.128)
= 2.56 in.
A = area having the same centroid as the principal tensile reinforcement
and bounded by the surfaces of the cross-section and a straight line
parallel to the neutral axis, divided by the number of bars (in2).
28
nbars = 14
A = 2 x dc x (cap width)/nbars
= 2 x 2.56 x 48/14
= 17.6 in2
fs, allow = Z/[(dcA)1/3]

= 170/[2.56 x (17.6)]^(1/3)
= 47.8 ksi > 0.6(60) = 36 ksi OK
therefore, use, fs,allow = 36 ksi
Check the service load applied steel stress, fs, actual
For 3 ksi concrete, the modular ratio, n = 9

Assume the stresses and strains vary linearly.
From the load analysis of the bent:

Dead load + live load negative service load moment = -1,572.40 k-ft
compression.
Section width = 48 in.

Total steel bar area = 14 in2
2
Transformed steel area = (total steel bar area) x (modular ratio) = 14 x 9 = 126 in
126 x (44.81 – y) = 48 x (y) x (y/2)
29
2 3
Itransformed = Ats(ds – y) + by /3
2 3
= 126x(44.81 – 12.9) + (48x(12.9 ))/3
4
= 1,62,646 in
Stress in the steel, fs, actual = (Msc/I)n, where M is the moment action on the section.
fs,actual = [Absoulte(-1572.4) x (12) x (31.91) / 162646] x 9

& (! & () * 0 #/ 0$ $ 1$ 3
1$ # + 6 ' 3# $ '
30
7 5 0" #/ +&+ + & '

" /
Check minimum temperature and shrinkage steel (S5.10.8)
Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses is provided near the surfaces of the
concrete exposed to daily temperature changes and in structural mass concrete.
Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement is added to ensure that the total reinforcement
on exposed surfaces is not less than that specified below.
Using the provisions of S5.10.8.2,
As, min1 = 0.11Ag/fy (S5.10.8.2-1)
where:
Ag = gross area of section (in2)

= [4 x (12)]^2
= 2304 in2
As, min1 = 0.11 x (2304)/60

= 4.22 in2
This area is to be divided between the two faces, i.e., 2.1 in2 per face. Shrinkage and
temperature reinforcement must not be spaced farther apart than 3.0 times the
component thickness or 18.0 in.
Use 4 #7 bars per face.
As provided = 4 x (0.6)
= 2.4 in2 > 2.11 in2 OK
31
( / 1$ # +
Skin reinforcement (S5.7.3.4)
If the effective depth, de, of the reinforced concrete member exceeds 3 ft., longitudinal
skin reinforcement is uniformly distributed along both side faces of the component for a
distance of d/2 nearest the flexural tension reinforcement. The area of skin reinforcement
(in2/ft of height) on each side of the face is required to satisfy:
Ask ≥ 0.012 x (de – 30) ≤ (As + Aps)/4 (S5.7.3.4-4)
where:
Aps = area of prestressing (in2)
de = flexural depth taken as the distance from the compression face of
the centroid of the steel, positive moment region (in.)
= 44.875
As = 14
Ask = 0.012 x (44.875 – 30)

2
= 0.179 in2/ft ≤ 14/4 3.5 in /ft
2 2
Required Ask per face = 0.179 x (4) = 0.72 in < 2.4 in provided OK
& 7! & 7) 0 0$ # $
32
8 7 2 +&+ "
Maximum shear
From analysis of the bent, the maximum factored shear occurs at 34.96 ft. from the cap
end under Strength I limit state:
Shear, Vu = 798.3 k
Calculate the nominal shear resistance using S5.8.3.3.
The factored shear resistance, Vr
Vr = ϕVn (S5.8.2.1-2)
where:
ϕ = 0.9, Shear resistance factor as specified in S5.5.4.2
Vn = nominal shear resistance (k)
The nominal shear resistance, Vn, shall be determined as the lesser of:
Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp (S5.8.3.3-1)
Or
Vn = 0.25f′cbvdv + Vp (S5.8.3.3-2)
where:
Vc = Shear resistance due to concrete (k)
= 0.0316β√f'cbvdv (S5.8.3.3-3)
where:
bv = Effective web width taken as the minimum web width within the
depth dv as determined in S5.8.2.9 (in.)
= 48 in.
dv = Effective shear depth as determined in S5.8.2.9 (in.). It is the

distance, measured perpendicular to the neutral axis between the
resultants of the tensile and compressive force due to flexure. It
need not be taken less than the greater of 0.9de or 0.72h.
= de – a/2 a= 6.86
33
44.81 – (6.86/2) = 41.4 in.
0.9de = 0.9 x (44.81)

= 40.3 in.
0.72h = 0.72x (48) h= 48 in

= 34.6 in.
Therefore, use dv = 41.4 in. for Vc calculation.
β = factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit

tension as specified in S5.8.3.4
= for non-pre-stressed sections, β may be taken as 2.0
Vc = 0.0316 x (2)√3x(48) x (41.4)

= 217.5 k
Vs = Shear resistance due to steel (k)

= [Av x fy x dv x (cot θ + cot α)sin α]/s (S5.8.3.3-4)
where:
s = Spacing of stirrups (in.)
= 7 in assume
θ = Angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses as determined in

S5.8.3.4 (deg)
= 45 deg for non-pre-stressed members
α = Angle of inclination of transverse reinforcement to longitudinal axis (deg)

= 90 deg for vertical stirrups
Av = (6 legs of #5 bars)(0.31)
= 1.86 in2
Vs = [1.86 x 60 x (41.4) x (1/tan 45)]/7

= 660 k
34
Vp = Component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective pre-

stressing force; positive if resisting the applied shear (k), not applicable in
the pier cap
= 0 for non-pre-stressed members
Therefore, Vn is the lesser of:

Vn = 217.5 + 660 + 0
= 877.5 k
Or
Vn = 0.25 x f′c x bv x dv + Vp
= 0.25 x 3 x 48 x 41.4 + 0
= 1,490.40 k
Use Vn = 877.50 k
Therefore,
Vr = ϕVn
= 0.9 x (877.5)
= 789.8 k < Vu = 798.3 k NOT OK
Check the minimum transverse reinforcement (S5.8.2.5)
A minimum amount of transverse reinforcement is required to restrain the growth of

Diagonal cracking and to increase the ductility of the section. A larger amount of
transverse reinforcement is required to control cracking as the concrete strength is
increased.
Where transverse reinforcement is required, as specified in S5.8.2.4, the area of steel must
satisfy:
Av = 0.0316√f'cbvs/fy (S5.8.2.5-1)
where:
bv = width of web adjusted for the presence of ducts as specified in S5.8.2.9 (in.)
Av = 0.0316 x √3x(48)x(7)/60
= 0.307 in2 < 1.86 in2 provided OK
35
Check the maximum spacing of the transverse reinforcement (S5.8.2.7)
The spacing of the transverse reinforcement must not exceed the maximum permitted
spacing, smax, determined as:
If vu < 0.125 x f′c, then,

smax = 0.8dv ≤ 24.0 in. (S5.8.2.7-1)
If vu ≥ 0.125f′c, then,
smax = 0.4dv ≤ 12.0 in. (S5.8.2.7-2)
The shear stress on the concrete, vu, is taken to be:
vu = Vu/(ϕbvdv) (S5.8.2.9-1)
= 798.3/[0.9 x 48 x (41.4)]
= 0.446 ksi > 0.125x3 = 0.375 ksi
Therefore, use Eq. S5.8.2.7-2

smax = 0.4x41.4
= 16.56 in.
smax cannot exceed 12 in., therefore, use 12 in. as maximum
Use, Smax = 12 in
sactual = 7 in. < 12 in. OK
& ! & * & %& $ " . 0
36
9 , 0$ &+ '
General:
f′c = 3.0 ksi
Ec = 3,321 ksi (S5.4.2.4)
n = 9
fy = 60 ksi
Circular Columns:
Column diameter = 3.5 ft.

Column area, Ag = 9.62 ft2
Side cover = 2 in. (Table S5.12.3-1)
Vertical reinforcing bar diameter (#8) = 1.0 in.

Steel area = 0.79 in2
Number of bars = 16
Total area of longitudinal reinforcement = 12.64 in2
Type of transverse reinforcement = Ties

Tie spacing = 12 in.
Transverse reinforcement bar diameter (#3) = 0.375 in. (S5.10.6.3)

Transverse reinforcement area = 0.11 in2/bar
The example bridge is in Seismic Zone 1, therefore, a seismic investigation is not necessary
for the column design. Article S5.10.11 provides provisions for seismic design where
applicable.
Applied moments and shears
The maximum biaxial responses occur on column 1 at 0.0 ft. from the bottom (top face of
footing).
From the load analysis of the bent, the maximum load effects at the critical location were
obtained and are listed in Table 7.14 (AASHTO-LRFD Table 7.2-2).
37
% ! % )* 2 +&+ # $ ' $ ' 11 # '

" 0$ #& $ ' 11 # 1$ " +
where:
Mt: Factored moment about the transverse axis
Ml: Factored moment about the longitudinal axis
Pu: Factored axial load
Sample hand calculations are presented for the case of maximum positive Ml from Table
7.14 (AASHTO-LRFD Table 7.2-2).
Maximum shear occurs on column 1 at 0.0 ft. from the bottom (top face of footing)
Factored shears – strength limit state:

Vt = 44.8 k (Str-V)
Vl = 26 k (Str-V)
38
Check limits for reinforcement in compression members (S5.7.4.2)
The maximum area of non-pre-stressed longitudinal reinforcement for non-composite

compression components shall be such that:
As/Ag ≤ 0.08 (S5.7.4.2-1)
where:
2
As = Area of non-pre-stressed tension steel (in )
2
Ag = Gross area of section (in )
= 12.64/[9.62 x (144)]
= 0.009 < 0.08 OK
The minimum area of non-pre-stressed longitudinal reinforcement for non-composite

compression components shall be such that:
As x fy/Ag x f′c ≥ 0.135 (S5.7.4.2-3)

= 12.64 x 60/[9.62 x (144 x 3)]
= 0.182 > 0.135 OK
Therefore, the column satisfies the minimum steel area criteria, do not use a reduced
effective section. For oversized columns, the required minimum longitudinal
reinforcement may be reduced by assuming the column area is in accordance with
S5.7.4.2.
Strength reduction factor, ϕ, to be applied to the nominal axial resistance (S5.5.4.2)
For compression members with flexure, the value of ϕ may be increased linearly from axial
(0.75) to the value for flexure (0.9) as the factored axial load resistance, ϕPn, decreases
from 0.10f′cAg to zero. The resistance factor is incorporated in the interaction diagram of
the column shown graphically in Figure 7.58 (AASHTO-LRFD Figure 7.2-8 and in tabulated
form in Table 7.15 (AASHTO-LRFD Table 7.2-3).
39
& 8! & 8) * 0$ &+ # $ +
% ,! % ,) * 0$ &+ # $ +
%& ' $+
40
Slenderness effects
The effective length factor, K, is taken from S4.6.2.5. The slenderness moment
magnification factors are typically determined in accordance with S4.5.3.2.2. Provisions
specific to the slenderness of concrete columns are listed in S5.7.4.3.
Typically, the columns are assumed un-braced in the plane of the bent with the effective
length factor, K, taken as 1.2 to account for the high rigidity of the footing and the pier cap.
In the direction perpendicular to the bent K may be determined as follows:
• If the movement of the cap is not restrained in the direction perpendicular to the
bent, the column is considered not braced and the column is assumed to behave as
a free cantilever. K is taken equal to 2.1 (see Table SC4.6.2.5-1)
• If the movement of the cap is restrained in the direction perpendicular to the bent,
the column is considered braced in this direction and K is taken equal to 0.8 (see
Table SC4.6.2.5-1)
For the example, the integral abutments provide restraint to the movements of the bent in
the longitudinal direction of the bridge (approximately perpendicular to the bent).
However, this restraint is usually ignored and the columns are considered un-braced in this
direction, i.e.
K= 2.1
The slenderness ratio is calculated as K x u/r
where:
K = effective length factor taken as 1.2 in the plane of the bent and 2.1 in the
direction perpendicular to the bent
effective length in the plane of the bent = 1.2

effective length in the direction perpendicular to the bent = 2.1
u = Un-braced length calculated in accordance with S5.7.4.3 (ft.)

= Distance from the top of the footing to the bottom of the cap
= 18 ft.
41
r = radius of gyration (ft.)

= ¼ the diameter of circular columns
= 0.875 ft.
For a column to be considered slender, Klu/r should exceed 22 for un-braced columns and,
for braced columns, should exceed 34–12(M1/M2) where M1 and M2 are the smaller and
larger end moments, respectively. The term (M1/M2) is positive for single curvature
flexure (S5.7.4.3)
Slenderness ratio in the plane of the bent
Kx u /r = 1.2 x (18)/(0.875)
= 24.69 > 22 therefore, the column is slightly slender
Slenderness ratio out of the plane of the bent
Kx u /r = 2.1 x (18)/(0.875)
= 43.2 > 22 therefore, the column is slender
With the column slender in both directions, effect of slenderness needs to be considered.
Moment magnification in the bent
Longitudinal direction:
Mcl = δbM2b + δsM2s (S4.5.3.2.2b-1)
where:
δb = Cm/[1 – (Pu/ϕPe)] ≥ 1.0 (S4.5.3.2.2b-3)
δs = 1/[1 – ΣPu/ϕΣPe] (S4.5.3.2.2b-4)
where:
Cm = parameter of the effect of moment-curvature
= 1.0 for members not braced for side sway (S4.5.3.2.2b)
Pu = factored axial load for critical case, see Table 7.2-2 (k)
= 1,070 k
Pe = Euler buckling load (k)
ϕ = 0.75, resistance factor for axial compression (S5.5.4.2)
42
M2b = Moment on compression member due to factored gravity loads that

result in no appreciable side sway calculated by conventional first -
order elastic frame analysis, always positive (k-ft)
M2s = moment on compression member due to factored lateral or gravity

loads that result in side sway, Δ, greater than lu/1500, calculated by
conventional first-order elastic frame analysis, always positive (k-ft)
Calculate Pe,
Pe = π2EI/(Klu)2 (S4.5.3.2.2b-5)
where:
EI = Column flexural stiffness calculated using the provisions of S5.7.4.3
and is taken as the greater of:
EI = [EcIg/5 + EsIs]/(1 + βd) (S5.7.4.3-1)
and
EI = [EcIg/2.5]/(1 + βd) (S5.7.4.3-2)
where:
Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete per S5.4.2.4 (ksi)
Wc = 0.15
f'c = 3
Ec = 3321 ksi
Ig = Moment of inertia of gross concrete section about the centroidal
4
axis (in )
4
= πr /4
r = 1.75 ft
4
Ig = π x [1.75 x (12)] /4
= 1,52,745 in4
43
βd = Ratio of the maximum factored permanent load moment to the

maximum factored total load moment, always positive. This can be
determined for each separate load case, or for simplicity as shown
here, it can be taken as the ratio of the maximum factored
permanent load from all cases to the maximum factored total load
moment from all cases at the point of interest.
= Ml permanent / Ml total
Ml permanent = 118.3
Ml total = 822
βd = 118.3 / 822
= 0.144
As a simplification, steel reinforcement in the column is ignored in calculating EI, therefore,

neglect Eq. S5.7.4.3-1.
EI = [3321 x (152745)/2.5]/(1 + 0.144)

= 1.77E+08 k-in2
K = Effective length factor per Table SC4.6.2.5-1

= 2.1
lu = unsupported length of the compression member (in.)

= 18 x 12
= 216 in.
Pe = π^2(1.77E+08)/[2.1(216)]^2
= 8508 k
Therefore, the moment magnification factors δb and δs can be calculated.
δb = 1.0/[1 – (1070/[0.75(8508)])]
= 1.2
δs = 1/[1 – ΣPu/ϕΣPe]
44
ΣPu and ΣPe are the sum of the applied factored loads and the sum of the buckling loads of
all columns in the bent, respectively. For hand calculations, it is not feasible to do
calculations involving several columns simultaneously. Therefore, in this example, Pu and
Pe of the column being designed are used instead of ΣPu and ΣPe.
δs = 1.2
Therefore, the magnified moment in the longitudinal direction is taken as:
Mc1 = δb x M2b + δs x M2s (S4.5.3.2.2b-1)

= 1.2 x (M2b + M2s)
= 1.2 x (total factored moment, Ml)
= 1.2 x 822
= 986.4 k-ft
Transverse direction:
Mct = δb x M2b + δs x M2s (S4.5.3.2.2b-1)
Calculate Pe,
2 2
Pe = π EI/(K x u) (S4.5.3.2.2b-5)
where:
EI = Column flexural stiffness calculated using the provisions of S5.7.4.3
and is taken as the greater of:
EI = [EcIg/5 + EsIs]/(1 + βd) (S5.7.4.3-1)

and
EI = [EcIg/2.5]/(1 + βd) (S5.7.4.3-2)
where:
Ec = 3,321 ksi
Ig = 1,52,745 in4
βd = Mt permanent/Mt total
Mt permanent= 101.7
Mt total = 342
βd = 101.7/342 = 0.3
45
For simplification, steel reinforcement in the column is ignored in calculating EI, therefore,
neglect Eq. S5.7.4.3-1.
EI = [3321 x (152745)/2.5]/(1 + 0.3)

= 1.56E+08 k-in2
K = 1.2
u = 216 in.
2 2
Pe = π (1.56E+08)/[1.2x(216)]
= 22,929 k
Therefore, the moment magnification factors δb and δs can be calculated.
δb = 1/[1 – (1070/[0.75 x (23064)])]

= 1.07
δs = 1/[1 – ΣPu/ϕΣPe]
Similar to longitudinal, use Pu and Pe instead of ΣPu and ΣPe.

= 1.07
Therefore, the magnified moment in the transverse direction is taken as:
Mct = 1.07 (total factored moment, Mt)
Mt = 174
= 1.07 x 174
= 186 k-ft
The combined moment Mu is taken as:
Mu = √(Mc1 + Mct)
2 2
= √(986.4 + 186 )
= 1004 k-ft
Factored axial load on the column for the load case being checked =1070 k
By inspection, from the column interaction diagram Figure 7.58 (AASHTO-LRFD Figure 7.2-
8) or Table 7.15 (AASHTO-LRFD Table 7.2-3), the applied factored loads (M = 1004 k-ft
and P = 1070 k) are within the column resistance.
46
, 3 1$ # + 1$
0$+ $ +%
Transverse reinforcement for compression members (S5.10.6)
Transverse reinforcement for compression members may consist of either spirals or ties.
Ties are used in this example. In tied compression members, all longitudinal bars are
enclosed by lateral ties. Since the longitudinal bars are #8, use #3 bars for the ties
(S5.10.6.3).
The spacing of ties is limited to the least dimension of the compression member or 12.0
in., therefore, the ties are spaced at 12.0 in. center-to-center.
Ties are located vertically no more than half a tie spacing above the footing and not more
than half a tie spacing below the lowest horizontal reinforcement in the cap.
Figure 7.59 (AASHTO-LRFD Figure 7.2-9) shows the column cross-section.
& 9! & 9) * 0$ &+ 0 $ # $
47
5 $$
Based on the intermediate bent load analysis, the critical footing is Footing 1 supporting
Column 1
General:
f′c = 3.0 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
Side concrete cover = 3 in. (Table S5.12.3-1)
Top concrete cover = 3 in.
Bottom concrete cover = 3 in.
Top bars Transverse (T) or Longitudinal (L) in bottom mat = L
Direction of bottom bars in bottom mat = T
A preliminary analysis of the footing yielded the following information:
Footing depth = 3 ft.

Footing width, W = 12 ft.
Footing length, L = 12 ft.
Top mat reinforcing bar diameter, #5 bars = 0.625 in.
Top mat reinforcing bar area, #5 bars = 0.31 in2
Bottom mat reinforcing bar diameter, #9 bars = 1.128 in.
Bottom mat reinforcing bar area, #9 bars = 1.0 in2
Number of bars = 13 bars in each direction in both the top and bottom mats
Location of critical sections
According to S5.13.3.6.1, the critical section for one-way shear is at a distance dv, the
shear depth calculated in accordance with S5.8.2.9, from the face of the column. For two-
way shear, the critical section is at a distance of dv/2 from the face of the column.
For moment, the critical section is taken at the face of the column in accordance with
S5.13.3.4.
For the circular column in this example, the face of the column is assumed to be located at
the face of an equivalent square area concentric with the circular column in accordance
with S5.13.3.4.
Determine the critical faces along the y-axis for moment
48
Since the column has a circular cross-section, the column may be transformed into an
effective square cross-section for the footing analysis.
Critical face in y-direction = ½ footing width, W – ½ equivalent column width
Shaft area = 9.62 ft2

Equivalent column width = √shaft area
= √9.62
= 3.10 ft
Critical face in y-direction = ½ footing width, W – ½ equivalent column width

= ½ (12) – ½ (3.1)
= 4.45 ft.
Critical faces in the y-direction = 4.45 ft. and 7.55 ft.

Determine the critical faces along the x-axis for moment
Determine the critical faces along the x-axis for moment
For a square footing with an equivalent square column:
Critical face in the x-direction = Critical face in the y-direction

= 4.45 ft.
Critical faces in the x-direction = 4.45 ft. and 7.55 ft.
See Figure 7.2-10 for a schematic showing the critical sections for moments.
49
& ! & )*0 # # $ 1$ $+
50
Design factored loads at the critical section
From the analysis of the intermediate bent computer program, the cases of loading that
produced maximum load effects and the other concurrent load effects on the footing are
shown in Table 7.16 (AASHTO-LRFD Table 7.2-4).
% 5! % 5) * $ ' $ 0 # $$
! $$ & $ 0$ &+ )
Each row in Table 7.16 (AASHTO-LRFD Table 7.2-4) represents the maximum value of one
load effect (max. +Mt, -Ml, etc.). The corresponding concurrent load effects are also given.
Many engineers design the footing for the above listed cases. However, computer design
programs are able to check many more cases of loading to determine the most critical
case. For example, a load case that does not axial load or maximum moment may still
produce the maximum combined effects on produce maximum the footing. From the
output of a footing design program, the critical case for the footing design was found to
produce the following factored footing loads under Strength I limit state:
Pu = 1,374 k
Mt = -121 k-ft
Ml = 626 k-ft
The critical Service I loads:
Pu = 891 k
Mt,s = 176 k-ft
Ml,s = 620 k-ft
For the sample calculations below, the factored loads listed above for the critical case of
loading were used.
51
Sample calculations for the critical footing under the critical case of loading
If M/P < L/6 then the soil under the entire area of the footing is completely in compression
and the soil stress may be determined using the conventional stress formula (i.e. σ = P/A ±
Mc/I).
Mt/Pu = 121/1374
= 0.088 < 12/6 = 2 OK
Ml/Pu = 626/1374
= 0.456 < 12/6 = 2 OK
Therefore, the soil area under the footing is under compression.
Moment
For Mux (k-ft/ft), where Mux is the maximum factored moment per unit width of the
footing due to the combined forces at a longitudinal face, see Figure 7.60 (AASHTO-LRFD
Figure 7.2-10):
σ1, σ2 = P/LW ± Ml(L/2)/(L3W/12)
where:
σ1 = stress at beginning of footing in direction considered (see Figure 7.60) (ksf)
σ2 = stress at end of footing in direction considered (ksf)
P = axial load from above (k)

M1 = moment on longitudinal face from above (k-ft)
L = total length of footing (ft.)

W = total width of footing (ft.)
3
σ1 = 1374/[12 x (12)] + 626 x (12/2)/[12 (12)/12]
= 9.54 + 2.17
= 11.71 ksf
3
σ2 = 1374/[12 x (12)] - 626 x (12/2)/[12 (12)/12]
= 9.54 - 2.17
= 7.37 ksf
52
Interpolate to calculate σ3, the stress at critical location for moment (at face of column,
4.45 ft. from the end of the footing along the width.
σ3 = 10.1 ksf
Therefore,
Mux = σ3L1(L1/2) + 0.5(σ1 – σ3)(L1)(2L1/3)
where:
L1 = distance from the edge of footing to the critical location (ft.)
Mux = 10.1(4.45)(4.45/2) + 0.5(11.71 – 10.1)(4.45)[2(4.45)/3]
= 100 + 10.63
= 110.63 k-ft/ft
For Muy (k-ft/ft), where Muy is the maximum factored moment per unit length from the
combined forces at a transverse face acting at 4.45 ft. from the face of the column (see
Figure 7.60):
σ5, σ6 = P/LW ± Mt(W/2)/(W3L/12)
where:
Mt = moment on transverse face from above (k-ft)
σ5 = 1374/[12 x (12)] – (-121) x (12/2)/[(12^3)(12)/12]

= 9.54- (-0.42)
= 9.96 ksf
σ6 = 9.54+ (-0.42)
= 9.12 ksf
Interpolate to calculate σ7, the stress at critical location for moment (at face of column,
4.45 ft. from the end of the footing along the length).
σ7 = 9.65 ksf
Therefore,
Muy = σ7L3(L3/2) + 0.5(σ5 – σ7)(L3)(2L3/3)
= 9.65(4.45)(4.45/2) + 0.5(9.96 – 9.65)(4.45)[2(4.45)/3]
= 95.55 + 2.05
= 97.6 k-ft/ft
53
Factored applied design moment, Service I limit state, calculated using the same method
as above:
Mux,s = 75.9 k-ft/ft

Muy,s = 72 k-ft/ft
Where Mux,s is the maximum service moment from combined forces at a longitudinal face
at 4.45 ft. along the width and Muy,s is the maximum service moment from combined
forces at a transverse face at 7.55 ft. along the length.
Shear
Factored applied design shear.

For Vux (k/ft), where Vux is the shear per unit length at a longitudinal face:
Vux= σ4L2 + 0.5(σ1 – σ4)L2
where:
L2 = distance from the edge of footing to a distance dv from the effective column (ft.)
Based on the preliminary analysis of the footing, dv is estimated as 30.3 in. Generally, for
load calculations, dv may be assumed equal to the effective depth of the reinforcement
minus 1 inch.
Small differences between dv assumed here for load calculations and the final dv will not
result in significant difference in the final results.
dv = 30.3
The critical face along the y-axis = 4.45 – 30.3/12

= 1.925 ft. from the edge of the footing
By interpolation between σ1 and σ2, σ4 = 11.01 ksf
Vux = 11.01(1.925) + 0.5(11.71 – 11.01)(1.925)

= 21.19 + 0.67
= 21.9 k/ft
For Vuy (k/ft), where Vuy is the shear per unit length at a transverse face:
Vux= σ8L4 + 0.5(σ5 – σ8)L4
54
where:
dv = 31.4 in. for this direction (from preliminary design). Alternatively, for load
calculations, dv may be assumed equal to the effective depth of the
reinforcement minus 1 inch).
The critical face along the x-axis = 4.45 – 31.4/12

By interpolation between σ5 and σ6, σ8 = 9.83 ksf
Vux = 9.83(1.83) + 0.5 x (9.96 – 9.83) x (1.83)

= 17.99 + 0.12 = 18.1 k/ft
& ! & )* 0 # $# $ 1$
$+ ' "
55
, 5 2& # ! ( , )
Check the design moment strength (S5.7.3.2)
Article S5.13.3.5 allows the reinforcement in square footings to be uniformly distributed

across the entire width of the footing.
Check the moment resistance for moment at the critical longitudinal face (S5.13.3.4)
The critical section is at the face of the effective square column (4.45 ft. from the edge of
the footing along the width). In the case of columns that are not rectangular, the critical
section is taken at the side of the concentric rectangle of equivalent area as in this
example.
Mrx = ϕMnx (S5.7.3.2.1-1)
where:
ϕ = 0.9 (S5.5.4.2.1)
Mnx = Asfy(dsx – a/2) (S5.7.3.2.2-1)
Determine dsx, the distance from the top bars of the bottom reinforcing mat to the
compression surface.
dsx = footing depth – bottom cvr – bottom bar dia. – ½ top bar dia. in bottom mat
= 3x(12) – 3 – 1.128 – ½ x(1.128)
= 31.3 in.
56
& ! & ) * $$ 1$ # + $# $
Determine As per foot of length. The maximum bar spacing across the width of the footing
is assumed to be 12.0 in. in each direction on all faces (S5.10.8.2). Use 13 #9 bars and
determine the actual spacing.
57
Actual bar spacing = [L – 2 x (side cover) – bar diameter]/(nbars – 1)
= [12 – 2(3)/12 – 1.128/12]/(13 – 1)

= 11.49 in.
As = 1(12/11.49)
= 1.04 in2
Determine “a”, the depth of the equivalent stress block.

a = Asfy/0.85f′cb (S5.7.3.1.1-4)
for a strip 12 in. wide,

b = 12 in
As = 1.04 in2
a = 1.04x(60)/[0.85x(3)x(12)]
= 2.04 in.
Calculate ϕMnx, the factored flexural resistance.
Mrx = ϕMnx
= 0.9x[1.04(60)(31.3 – 2.04/2)]/12 (S5.7.3.2.2-1)

= 141.71 k-ft/ft > Mux = 110.63 k-ft/ft OK
applied factored moment,
Check minimum temperature and shrinkage steel (S5.10.8)
According to S5.10.8.1, reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses shall be

provided near surfaces of concrete exposed to daily temperature changes and in structural
mass concrete. Footings are not exposed to daily temperature changes and, therefore, are
not checked for temperature and shrinkage reinforcement. Nominal reinforcement is
provided at the top of the footing to arrest possible cracking during the concrete early age
before the footing is covered with fill.
58
5 5 + 1$ 1$ # + ! ( , ,)
Check maximum reinforcement (S5.7.3.3.1)
c/de = ≤ 0.42 (S5.7.3.3.1-1)
where:
c = a/β1
= 2.04/0.85
= 2.4 in/ft
c/de = 2.4/31.3
= 0.077 < 0.42 OK
Minimum reinforcement check (S5.7.3.3.2)

Unless otherwise specified, at any section of a flexural component, the amount of non-pre-
stressed tensile reinforcement shall be adequate to develop a factored flexural resistance,
Mr, at least equal to the lesser of:
1.2Mcr = 1.2frS
where:
fr = 0.24√f 'c (S5.4.2.6)
= 0.24x√3
= 0.42 ksi
For a 1 ft. wide strip,

3 ft. thick,
S = bh2/6
= (1x12)x(3x12)^2/6
= 2592 in3/ft
1.2Mcr = (1.2x0.42x2592)/12
= 108.9 k-ft/ft
Or
1.33Mux = 1.33x110.63
= 147.1 k-ft/ft
Therefore, the minimum required section moment resistance = 108.9 k-ft/ft

Provided moment resistance = 143 k-ft/ft > 108.9 k-ft/ft OK
59
Check the moment resistance for moment at the critical transverse face
The critical face is at the equivalent length of the shaft (7.55 ft. from the edge of the
footing along the length). In the case of columns that are not rectangular, the critical
section is taken at the side of the concentric rectangle of equivalent area.
Mry = ϕMny
= ϕ[Asfy(dsy – a/2)] (S5.7.3.2.2-1)
Determine dsy, the distance from the bottom bars of the bottom reinforcing mat to the
compression surface.
dsy = footing depth – cover – ½ (bottom bar diameter)

= 3x(12) – 3 – ½ x(1.128)
= 32.4 in.
Determine As per foot of length
Actual bar spacing = [W – 2(side cover) – bar diameter]/(nbars – 1)

= (12 – (2X3)/12– 1.128/12)/(13 – 1)
= 11.49 in.
As = 1X(12/11.49)
= 1.04 in2
Determine “a”, depth of the equivalent stress block.
a = As x fy/(0.85 x f′c x b)
For a strip
wide = 12 in,
b = 12 in
As = 1.04 in2
a = (1.04X60)/(0.85X3X12) = 2.04 in.
Calculate ϕMny, the factored flexural resistance

Mry = ϕMny
= ((0.9X1.04X60)X(32.4 – 2.04/2))/12
= 146.9 k-ft/ft > Muy = 97.6 k-ft/ft OK
60
( 5 , 0$ $ $1 0 #/ %: %& $
$1 1$ # + ! ( , 5)
Check distribution about footing length, L
fs, allow = Z/(dcA)1/3 ≤ 0.60fy (S5.7.3.4-1)
where:
Z= 170 k/in. (moderate exposure conditions assumed, no dry/wet cycles
and no harmful chemicals in the soil)
Notice that the value of the of the crack control factor, Z, used by different jurisdictions
varies based on local conditions and past experience.
dc = bottom cover + ½ bar diameter

= 2+ ½(1.128)
= 2.56 in.
A = 2dc(bar spacing)
= 2X2.56X11.49
= 58.8 in2
1/3
fs, allow = Z/[(dc x A) ]
= 170/((2.56X58.8)^1/3)
= 32 ksi < 0.6X60 = 36 ksi
therefore, use fs, allow = 32 ksi
Check actual steel stress, fs, actual
For 3 ksi concrete, the modular ratio, n = 9

Maximum service load moment as shown earlier = 77.3 k-ft
compression.
Section width = bar spacing = 11.49 in.
61
2
Transformed steel area = (bar area)(modular ratio) = 1 x 9 = 9 in
9.0 x (31.3 – y) = 11.41y(y/2)
2 3
Itransformed = Ats x (dsx – y) + by /3
2 3
= 9 x (31.3 –6.28) +11.49 x (6.28) /3
= 6583 in4
Stress in the steel, fs, actual = (Msc/I)n, where Ms is the moment acting on the 11.41 in.
wide section.
fs,actual = (77.3 x 11.49) x (31.3 – 6.28)/6583) x9

& , ! & , * 0 #/ 0$ $ 1$ $ .
1$ # + & ' 3# $ '
Check distribution about footing width, W
This check is conducted similarly to the check shown above for the distribution about the
footing length and the reinforcement is found to be adequate.
62
7 55 " :
Check design shear strength (S5.8.3.3)
According to S5.13.3.6.1, the most critical of the following conditions shall govern the
design for shear:
• One-way action, with a critical section extending in a plane across the entire width
and located at a distance taken as specified in S5.8.3.2.
• Two-way action, with a critical section perpendicular to the plane of the slab and
located so that its perimeter, bo, is a minimum but not closer than 0.5dv to the
perimeter of the concentrated load or reaction area.
The subscripts “x” and “y” in the next section refer to the shear at a longitudinal face and
shear at a transverse face, respectively.
Determine the location of the critical face along the y-axis
Since the column has a circular cross-section, the column may be transformed into an
effective square cross-section for the footing analysis.
As stated previously, the critical section for one-way shear is at a distance dv, the shear
depth calculated in accordance with S5.8.2.9, from the face of the column and for two-way
shear at a distance of dv/2 from the face of the column.
Determine the effective shear depth, dvx, for a longitudinal face.
dvx = Effective shear depth for a longitudinal face per S5.8.2.9 (in.)
= dsx – a/2 (S5.8.2.9)
= 31.3 – 2.04/2
= 30.3 in.
but not less than:

0.9dsx = 0.9 x 31.3 = 28.2 in.
0.72h = 0.72 x 36 = 25.9 in.
Therefore, use dvx = 30.3 in.
The critical face along the y-axis = 4.45 –30.3/12
63
Determine the location of the critical face along the x-axis
Determine the effective shear depth, dvy, for a transverse face.

dvy = effective shear depth for a transverse face per S5.8.2.9 (in.)
= dsy – a/2 = 32.4 –2.04/2 = 31.4 in.
but not less than:
0.9dsy = 0.9 x32.4 = 29.2 in.
0.72h = 0.72 x 36 = 25.9 in.
Therefore, use dvy = 31.4in.

The critical face along the x-axis = 4.45 –31.4/12
See Figure 7.64 (AASHTO-LRFD Figure 7.2-14) for locations of the critical sections.
& 5! & 5) * 0 # # $ 1$ "
64
Determine one-way shear capacity for longitudinal face (S5.8.3.3)
For one-way action, the shear resistance of the footing of slab will satisfy the requirements
specified in S5.8.3.
Vrx = ϕVnx (S5.8.2.1-2)
The nominal shear resistance, Vnx, is taken as the lesser of:
Vnx = Vc + Vs + Vp (S5.8.3.3-1)
Or
Vnx = 0.25f′cbvdvx + Vp (S5.8.3.3-2)
Vc = 0.0316β√f'cbvdv (S5.8.3.3-3)
Where,
β = 2
bv = 12 in. (to obtain shear per foot of footing)
dvx = effective shear depth for a longitudinal face per S5.8.2.9 (in.)
= 30.3 in. from above
Vp = 0 k
The nominal shear resistance is then taken as the lesser of:
Vnx = 0.0316 x (2) x √3(12) x (30.3)

= 39.8 k/ft
and
Vnx = 0.25 x f′c x bv x dv
= 0.25 x3 x 12x30.3
= 272.7 k/ft
Therefore, use Vnx = 39.8 k/ft

Vrx = ϕ x Vnx
= 0.9 x 39.8
= 35.82 k/ft > applied shear Vux,
Vux = 21.9 k/ft (calculated earlier) OK
65
Determine one-way shear capacity for transverse face
Vry = ϕ x Vny (S5.8.2.1-2)
The nominal shear resistance, Vnx, is taken as the lesser of:
Vny = Vc + Vs + Vp (S5.8.3.3-1)
Or
Vny = 0.25f′cbvdvy + Vp (S5.8.3.3-2)
Vc = 0.0316 x β x √f'c x bv x dvy (S5.8.3.3-3)
where:
β = 2
bv = 12 in. (to obtain shear per foot of footing)
dvy = effective shear depth for a transverse face per S5.8.2.9 (in.)
= 31.4 in. from above
Vp = 0 k
The nominal shear resistance is then taken as the lesser of:
Vcy = 0.0316(2.0)√3(12)(31.4)
= 41.2 k/ft
and
Vny = 0.25 x f′c x bv x dv
= 0.25 x 3 x 12 x 31.4
= 282.6 k/ft
Therefore, use Vny = 41.2 k/ft

Vry = ϕ x Vny
= 0.9 x 41.2
= 37.1 k/ft > applied shear Vuy,
Vuy = 18.1 k/ft (calculated earlier) OK
66
Determine two-way (punching) shear capacity at the column (S5.13.3.6.3)
For two-way action for sections without transverse reinforcement, the nominal shear
resistance, Vn in kips, of the concrete shall be taken as:
Vn = (0.0636 + 0.126 / βc x √f'c x bo x dv ≤ 0.126√f'c x bo x dv (S5.13.3.6.3-1)
where:
βc = Ratio of long side to short side of the rectangular through which the
concentrated load or reaction force is transmitted
= (column equivalent length) / (column equivalent width)
= 3.10/3.10
= 1.0 (notice, for circular columns this ratio is always 1.0)
dv = Average effective shear depth (in.)

= (dvx + dvy)/2
= (30.3 + 31.4)/2
= 30.9 in.
bo = Perimeter of the critical section (in.), the critical section is 0.5dv from
the reaction area (S5.13.3.6.1). Use the circular column cross-section
and cylindrical surface for punching shear.
= 2π x (42/2 + 30.9/2)
= 229 in.
Vn = (0.063 + 0.126/1.0)√3(229) x (30.9)

= 2,316 k
The nominal shear resistance, Vn, cannot exceed 0.126√f'cbodv
Vn = 0.126√3(229)(30.9)
= 1,544 k
Therefore,
Vr = 0.9 x 1,544
= 1,390 k
67
The maximum factored vertical force for punching shear calculations equals the maximum
factored axial load on the footing minus the factored weight of the footing.
P2 way = 1,374 – 1.25 x [12 x (12) x (3)] x (0.150)

= 1,293 k
The maximum shear force for punching shear calculations for a footing with the entire
footing area under compression and the column at the center of the footing:
V2 way = P2 way x (1 – area within punching shear perimeter/footing area)

= 1,293 x [1 – π((42/2 + 30.9/2)/12)2 / 12 x (12)]
= 1,293 x (1 – 0.201)
= 1,033 k < Vr = 1,390 k OK
For footings with eccentric columns or with tension under some of the footing area, the
design force for punching shear is calculated as the applied load, P2way, minus the soil
load in the area within the perimeter of the punching shear failure.
68
5 ( $& ' $ $ . #
" " + ! 7 ,)
Foundation assumptions:
Footings rest on dry cohesionless soil

Angle of internal friction of the soil (ϕf) = 32 degrees
Depth of the bottom of the footing from the ground surface = 6 ft
Soil density = 120 lb/ft3
Footing plan dimensions are 12 ft. by 12 ft
Footing effective dimensions
According to S10.6.3.1.1, where loads are eccentric, the effective footing dimensions L' and
B', as specified in S10.6.3.1.5, shall be used instead of the overall dimensions L and B in all
equations, tables, and figures pertaining to bearing capacity.
Therefore, for each load case shown in Table 7.2-4, a unique combination of the footing
effective dimensions is used. In the following section, the case of maximum axial load on
the footing will be used to illustrate the bearing capacity calculations.
The footing effective dimensions are calculated using S10.6.3.1.5 and Figure SC10.6.3.1.5-1
(shown below).
B′ = B – 2eB
where:
B = Eccentricity parallel to dimension B (ft.)
B′ = 12 – 2(121/1,374)
= 11.82 ft.
L′ = L – 2eL (S10.6.3.1.5-2)
where:
eL = Eccentricity parallel to dimension L (ft.)
L′ = 12 – 2(626/1,374) (S10.6.3.1.5-2)
= 11.09 ft.
69
& (! & 0 7, ( * '&# ' $$

+ $ ! $'&# ' 1 $+ " #1# $ )
According to S10.6.3.1.2c, for cohesionless soil, the nominal bearing resistance of a layer of
the soil in TSF may be determined as:
qult = 0.5γBCw1Nγm + γCw2DfNqm (S10.6.3.1.2c-1)

where:
Df = Depth of footing from ground level (ft.)
= 6 ft.
γ = Total, i.e., moist density of sand or gravel (TCF)
= 120/2,000
= 0.06 TCF
B = footing width (ft.)= smaller of 11.82 and 11.09 ft.
= 11.09 ft.
70
Cw1, Cw2 = Coefficients as specified in Table S10.6.3.1.2c-1 as a function of Dw

(dimensionless)
= for dry soil with a large depth, CW1 = CW2 = 1
Dw = Depth to water surface taken from the ground surface (ft.)

= Assume a large distance relative to the footing dimensions
Nγm, Nqm = Modified bearing capacity factor (dimensionless)
Substituting in Eq. S10.6.3.1.2c-1:
qult = 0.5 x (0.06) x (11.09) x (1.0) x Nγm + 0.06 x (1.0) x (6) x Nqm
= 0.334Nγm + 0.36Nqm
From Eqs. S10.6.3.1.2c-2 and -3

Nγm = NγSγcγiγ (S10.6.3.1.2c-2)
Nqm = NqSqcqiqdq (S10.6.3.1.2c-3)
where:
Nγ = Bearing capacity factor as specified in Table S10.6.3.1.2c-2 for
footings on relatively level ground
Nq = Bearing capacity factor as specified in Table S10.6.3.1.2c-2 for

relatively level ground
Sq, Sγ = Shape factors specified in Tables S10.6.3.1.2c-3 and -4,respectively
cq, cγ = Soil compressibility factors specified in Tables S10.6.3.1.2c-5
iq, iγ = Load inclination factors specified in Tables S10.6.3.1.2c-7 and -8
dq = Depth factor specified in Table S10.6.3.1.2c-9
From Table S10.6.3.1.2c-2: Nγ = 30 for ϕf = 32 degrees
From Table S10.6.3.1.2c-2: Nq = 23 for ϕf = 32 degrees
L′/B′ = 11.82/11.09 = 1.07
71
Interpolate between L′/B′ = 1 and 2. However, using values corresponding to L′/B′ = 1.0 will
not lead to significant change because L′/B′ ≈ 1.0.
From Table S10.6.3.1.2c-3: Sq = 1.62 for L′/B′ = 1.0 and ϕf = 30 degrees

From Table S10.6.3.1.2c-4: Sγ = 0.6 for L′/B′ = 1.0 and ϕf = 30 degrees
Soil stress at the footing depth before excavation, q = 0.06(6) = 0.36 TSF
For Tables S10.6.3.1.2c-5 and -6, either interpolate between q = 0.25 and q = 0.5 or, as a
conservative approach, use the value corresponding to q = 0.5. For this example, the value
corresponding to q = 0.5 TSF is used.
From Table S10.6.3.1.2c-5: cq, cγ = 1.0 for q = 0.5 and ϕf = 32 degrees
The maximum factored horizontal load on the bottom of the column from the bent
analysis equals 46.0 and 26.0 kips in the transverse and longitudinal directions,
respectively. In Table S10.6.3.1.2c-7, it is intended to use the unfactored horizontal and
vertical loads. However, due to The small ratio of horizontal to vertical loads, using the
factored loads does not affect the results.
Horizontal-to-vertical load ratio:
H/V = 44.8/1,374
= 0.033 in the transverse direction
H/V = 26.0/1,374
= 0.019 in the longitudinal direction
Table S10.6.3.1.2-7 lists values for iq, iγ that correspond to horizontal-to-vertical load
ratios of 0.0 and 0.1. Interpolation between the two values is acceptable. A more
conservative approach is to use the value corresponding to H/V = 0.1.
From Table S10.6.3.1.2c-7: iq = 0.85 for square footing with H/V = 0.1
From Table S10.6.3.1.2c-7: iγ = 0.77 for square footing with H/V = 0.1
Table S10.6.3.1.2c-9 lists values for dq that correspond to a friction angle, ϕf ≥ 32 degrees
and for Df/B ≥ 1.0. For this example, ϕf = 30 degrees and Df/B = 6/11.13 = 0.54
72
By extrapolation from Table S10.6.3.1.2c-9, use dq = 1.05
Substituting in Eqs. S10.6.3.1.2c-2 and -3:
Nγm = Nγ x Sγ x cγ x iγ (S10.6.3.1.2c-2)
= 30 x 0.6 x 1.0 x 0.77
= 13.86
Nqm = Nq x Sq x cq x iq x dq (S10.6.3.1.2c-3)
= 23 x 1.62 x 1.0 x 0.85 x 1.05
= 33.3
Therefore,
qult = 0.333 x Nγm + 0.36 x Nqm
= 0.333 x (13.86) + 0.36 x (33.3)
= 16.6 TSF
Resistance factor
From Table S10.5.5-1, several resistance factors are listed for cohesionless soil (sand). The
selection of a particular resistance factor depends on the method of soil exploration used
to determine the soil properties. Assuming that ϕ was estimated from SPT data, the
resistance factor = 0.35
According to S10.6.3.1.1,
qR = ϕ x qn = ϕ x qult
= 0.35 x 16.6
= 5.81 TSF
Footing load resistance = (qR) x (footing effective area)

= 5.81 x 11.82 x 11.09
= 762.0 Tons
= 1,524 k > 1,374 k applied OK
The soil load resistance check may be repeated using the same procedures for other load
cases.
73
7 % 0
For this bearing design example, an abutment bearing was chosen. It was decided that the
abutment would have expansion bearings. Therefore, the bearing design will be for an
expansion bearing.
Refer to Design Step 1 for introductory information about this design example. Additional
information is presented about the design assumptions, methodology, and criteria for the
entire bridge, including the bearing design.
The following units are defined for use in this design example:
For bearing design, the required design criteria includes:
1. Longitudinal and transverse movement

2. Longitudinal, transverse, and vertical rotation
3. Longitudinal, transverse, and vertical loads
Most of the above information is typically obtained from the superstructure design
software output, which is the case for this bearing design (first trial of girder design):
DLserv = 78.4 K Service I limit state dead load

LLserv = 110.4 K Service I limit state live load (including
dynamic load allowance)
θsx = 0.0121 rad Service I limit state total rotation about the
transverse axis (see Figure 6-1)
Psd = 67.8 K Strength limit state minimum vertical force

due to permanent loads (used in Design Step 6.12)
74
7 # +&+ . :
Selecting the optimum bearing type depends on the load, movement capabilities, and
economics. Refer to STable 14.6.2-1 and SFigure 14.6.2-1 for guidance on selecting the
most practical bearing type. For the abutment bearing design, a steel-reinforced
elastomeric bearing was selected. If the loads were considerably larger, pot bearings,
which are more expensive than elastomeric bearings, would be an option.
, 7, # + :. $
Once the most practical bearing type has been selected, the preliminary bearing properties
must be defined. The bearing properties are obtained from the Specifications, as well as
from past experience. The following preliminary bearing properties were selected:
Bearing Pad Configuration
Pad length (bridge longitudinal direction): Lpad = 14 in

Pad width (bridge transverse direction): Wpad = 15 in
Elastomer cover thickness: hrcover = 0.25 in
Elastomer internal layer thickness: hrinternal = 0.375 in
Number of steel reinforcement layers: Nstlayers = 9
Steel reinforcement thickness: hreinf = 0.1196 in
Material Properties S14.7.6.2 & S14.7.5.2
Elastomer hardness: HshoreA = 50

Elastomer shear modulus: G= 0.095 ksi STable 14.7.5.2-1
Elastomer creep deflection at 25 years

divided by the instantaneous deflection: Cd = 0.25 STable 14.7.5.2-1
Steel reinforcement yield strength: Fy = 50 ksi
5 75 # "$' ! $ .) 0 5 (
For this design example, Method A will be used. Method A usually results in a bearing with
a lower capacity than a bearing designed with Method B. However, Method B requires
additional testing and quality control. Method A is described in S14.7.6, while Method B is
described in S14.7.5.
75
( 7 ( 0$+ & " #$ 5 7 ;

5 (
The shape factor for individual elastomer layers is the plan area divided by the area of
perimeter free to bulge.
For steel-reinforced elastomeric bearings, the following requirements must be met prior to
calculating the shape factor:
1. All internal layers of elastomer must be the same thickness.
2. The thickness of the cover layers cannot exceed 70 percent of the thickness of the
internal layers.
From Design Step 6.3, all internal elastomer layers are the same thickness, which satisfies
Requirement 1. The following calculation verifies that Requirement 2 is satisfied:
0.70⋅hrinternal = 0.26 in
hrcover = 0.25 in OK
For rectangular bearings without holes, the shape factor for the ith layer is: S14.7.5.1
The shape factor for the cover layers is then:
Scov = 14.48
The shape factor for the internal layers is then:
Sint = 9.66
76
7 7 7 0" #/ 0$+ 3 5 7,
The compressive stress check limits the compressive stress in the elastomer at the service
limit state as follows:
The compressive stress is taken as the total reaction at one of the abutment bearings for
the service limit state divided by the elastomeric pad plan area. The service limit state
dead and live load reactions are obtained from the Opis superstructure output. The shape
factor used in the above equation should be for the thickest elastomer layer.
Service I limit state dead load:
DLserv = 78.4 K
Service I limit state live load

(including dynamic load allowance):
LLserv = 110.4 K
σs = 0.899 ksi
1.0⋅G⋅Sint = 0.918 ksi OK
The service average compressive stress due to live load only will also be computed at this
time. It will be needed in Design Step 6.11. Again, the service limit state live load value was
obtained from Opis superstructure output.
σL = 0.526 ksi
77
7 0" #/ 0$+ 3 1 # $
The compressive deflection due to the total load at the service limit state is obtained from
the following equation:
S14.7.5.3.3
For this design example, the instantaneous compressive strain was approximated from
CTable 14.7.5.3.3-1 for 50 durometer reinforced bearings using a compressive stress of
0.899 ksi and a shape factor of 9.66
εint = 0.04 CTable 14.7.5.3.3-1
The instantaneous deflection is then:
δinst = 0.14 in
The effects of creep should also be considered. For this design example, material-specific
data is not available. Therefore, calculate the creep deflection value as follows:
STable 14.7.5.2-1
δcreep = 0.035 in
The total deflection is then:
δtotal = 0.175
The initial compressive deflection in any layer of a steel-reinforced elastomeric bearing at

the service limit state without dynamic load allowance shall not exceed 0.07hri.
S14.7.6.3.3
In order to reduce design steps, the above requirement will be checked using the
deflection calculated for the service limit state including dynamic load allowance. If the
compressive deflection is greater than 0.07hri, then the deflection without dynamic
loadallowance would need to be calculated.
δint1layer = 0.015 in
0.07hrinternal = 0.026 OK
78
8 7 8 0" #/ " 1$ + $
The shear deformation is checked to ensure that the bearing is capable of allowing the
anticipated horizontal bridge movement. Also, the shear deformation is limited in order to
avoid rollover at the edges and de-lamination due to fatigue caused by cyclic expansion
and contraction deformations. The horizontal movement for this bridge design example is
based on thermal effects only. The thermal movement is taken from Design Step 7.6 for
the controlling movement, which is contraction. Other criteria that could add to the shear
deformation include construction tolerances, braking force, and longitudinal wind if
applicable. One factor that can reduce the amount of shear deformation is the
substructure deflection. Since the abutment height is relatively short and the shear
deformation is relatively small, the abutment deflection will not be taken into account
(S14.7.6.3.4 and C14.7.5.3.4).
The bearing must satisfy:
hrt = 3.50 in
Δcontr = 0.636 in from Design Step 7.6 for thermal contraction
79
9 7 9 0" #/ $ $ $ 0$+% '

0$+ $ ' $ $
Since Design Method A was chosen, combined compression and rotation does not need to
be checked. The rotation check ensures that no point in the bearing undergoes net uplift
and is as follows: S14.7.6.3.5
S14.7.6.3.5d
σs = 0.899 ksi
The service rotation due to the total load about the transverse axis was taken from
Analysis:
θsx = 0.0121 rad
Construction Tolerance
For spans over approximately 100 feet, it is good engineering practice to include an
additional 0.005 radians of rotation about both pad axes to account for construction
tolerances. The number of interior layers is:
n = 8 + 0.5 + 0.5
= 9.00
θsx
- (8 + 1)
= 0.860 ksi < 0.899 ksi OK
The service rotation due to the total load about the longitudinal axis is negligible compared
to the service rotation about the transverse axis. Therefore, the check about the
longitudinal axis will be assumed to be negligible and is not computed in this bearing
design example.
80
7 0" #/ % :
The total thickness of the pad shall not exceed the least of L/3 or W/3. S14.7.6.3.6
Lpad/3 = 4.67 in Wpad/3 = 5.00
The total thickness of the pad based on the preliminary dimensions is:
htotal = 4.5764 in < 4.67 in OK
= 4.5764 in < 5.00 in OK
81
7 0" #/ 1$ # +
The thickness of the steel reinforcement must be able to sustain the tensile stresses
induced by compression in the bearing. The reinforcement thickness must also satisfy the
requirements of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications. S14.7.6.3.7
For the service limit state:
hmax = 0.375 in
σs = 0.899 ksi
Fy = 50 ksi
hreinf = 0.1196 in OK
For the fatigue limit state:
From Design Step 6.6, the service average compressive stress due to live load only is:
σL = 0.526 ksi
ΔFTH = 24 ksi
0.0164 in < hreinf = 0.1196 in OK
82
7 1$ #"$
The bearing pad must be secured against transverse horizontal movement if the factored
shear force sustained by the deformed pad at the strength limit state exceeds one-fifth of
the minimum vertical force due to permanent loads, Psd. S14.7.6.4
Psd = 67.8 K
The maximum factored shear force sustained by the deformed pad at the strength limit
state is obtained from Design Step 7.6, adding wind on superstructure and wind on live
load. The maximum shear force will occur when wind is taken at 0 degrees.
The shear force due to wind on superstructure is taken from Table 7-1:
WS = 30.69 K
The shear force due to wind on live load is taken from Table 7-2:
WL = 6.00 K
The controlling shear force is either from Strength III or Strength V:
Factored shear force per bearing for Strength III:
γWS = 1.4
γWL = 0.00
VwindstrIII = 8.59 K
Factored shear force per bearing for Strength V:
γWS = 0.40
γWL = 1.00
VwindstrV = 3.66 K
83
Use:
= 8.59 K
Since the maximum shear force at the strength limit state does not exceed one-fifth of the
minimum vertical force due to permanent dead loads, the pad does not need to be
secured against horizontal movement.
84
, 7 , #"$ 1$ 2 '.
The abutment bearings are expansion in the longitudinal direction but fixed in the
transverse direction. Therefore, the bearings must be restrained in the transverse
direction. Based on Design Step 6.12, the expansion bearing pad does not need to be
secured against horizontal movement. S14.8.3.1
However, based on S3.10.9.2, the horizontal connection force in the restrained direction
cannot be less than 0.1 times the vertical reaction due to the tributary permanent load and
the tributary live loads assumed to exist during an earthquake. In addition, since all
abutment bearings are restrained in the transverse direction, the tributary permanent load
can be taken as the reaction at the bearing. S3.10.9.2
Also, γEQ is assumed to be zero. Therefore, no tributary live loads will be considered. This
transverse load will be used to design the bearing anchor bolts for this design example.
C3.4.1
For the controlling girder (interior):
DLserv = 78.4 K
The maximum transverse horizontal earthquake load per bearing is then:

S14.8.3.1 and S6.13.2.7
HEQ = 7.84 K
The factored shear resistance of the anchor bolts per bearing is then:
bdia = 0.625 in
Assume two 0.625 inch diameter A 307 bolts with a minimum tensile S6.4.3 strength of 60
ksi: S6.13.2.7
for threads excluded from shear plane
φs = 0.65 resistance factor for A 307 bolts in shear
85
2
Ab = π⋅bdia /4
2
= 0.31 in
Fub = 60 ksi
Ns = 2 (number of bolts)
Rn = 17.86 K
Rr = φs⋅Rn
11.61 K ≥ HEQ = 7.84 OK
Once the anchor bolt quantity and size are determined, the anchor bolt length must be
computed. As an approximation, the bearing stress may be assumed to vary linearly from
zero at the end of the embedded length to its maximum value at the top surface of the
concrete. The bearing resistance of the concrete is based on S5.7.5. S14.8.3.1
Assume: m = 0.75 (conservative assumption)
φb = 0.7 for bearing on concrete S5.5.4.2.1
Stressbrg = φb⋅0.85⋅(4ksi)⋅m
1.785 ksi
The total transverse horizontal load is:
HEQ = 7.84 K
86
The transverse load per anchor bolt is then:
P1bolt = 3.92 K
Using the bearing stress approximation from above, the required anchor bolt area resisting
the transverse horizontal load can be calculated.
A1 = 4.39 in2
A1 is the product of the anchor bolt diameter and the length the anchor bolt is embedded
into the concrete pedestal/beam seat. Since we know the anchor bolt diameter, we can
now solve for therequired embedment length.
Lembed = A1/bdia = 7.02 in
Individual states and agencies have their own minimum anchor bolt embedment lengths.
For this design example, a minimum of 12 inches will be used.
Use: Lembed = 12 in
87
5 7 5 < #" + # $1 .
& 7! & $ 7 ) . ' = <
& ! & $ 7 ) . ' 3 $ = <
88
& 8! & $ 7 ,) * #"$ .$ +% '+
89
, 0$+ & # $ 1$ " $1 . '
This section is continuation of Section 1.3 of ‘Chapter 1 Computer Applications for the
analysis of Bridge Deck-Girder Grillage model with AASHTO LRFD Live Load’ of this book.
We refer to the Final step (Step 46) of Section 1.3, which mentions as below:
“Step 46: Finally, open the tab page ‘Maximum Forces’ and the Support Reactions are
selected for the design of Abutments and Piers.”
Here, we get the indicative Maximum Vertical Reaction and Bending Moments about X and
Z axes. These forces may be taken for the design of ‘Abutments’ and ‘Piers’, but the
designs will also calculate the forces in the design Excel Worksheet as per the actual loads
and boundary conditions during the design process.
90
Step 1 Open the Main Screen of ASTRA Pro by double clicking on desktop icon,
Step 2 Select menu item File >> Select Working Folder,
91
Step 3 The folder “Work” is selected (or may be created and selected) from desktop,
Step 4 Select menu item, File >> Bridge Design >> Pre Stressed Concrete (PSC) I-Girder
Bridge >> Limit State Method
Step 5 Select Design Standard ‘AASHTO – LRFD Standard’,
92
Step 6 This session is continuation of last session described in section 1.3, of Chapter 1
for Grillage Analysis and was created as ‘DESIGN JOB# 01’, which is now opened here.
Step 7 As the project ‘DESIGN JOB #1’ is opened, message comes, click on ‘OK’,
93
Step 8 Open tab page ‘Design Forces’, and select results of ‘Normal analysis’,
Step 9 The results of ‘Normal Analysis’ is selected and the tab page ‘Design Forces’ is
selected, The Reaction Forces at supports are described as obtained from analysis.
94
Step 10 Open tab page ‘Pier’, change default data as required, click on button ‘Process
for New Design….’, message comes, wait to get the ‘Excel Design Worksheet’,
Step 11 View the design details, various step wise pages are provided at the bottom.
Some design data may be changed in the worksheet to modify the design as desired,
95
Step 12 Save the Abutment design with a file name as ‘Pier Design with Pile Foundation
in LSM (AASHTO-LRFD).xlsx’ on the desktop and close the design worksheet,
Step 13 The design worksheet file is password protected, to re-open the saved design
worksheet, Click on button ‘Open User’s Design….’ Select the saved file and open,
96
Step 14 The saved design worksheet is once again opened,
Step 15 The processes for the designs of Deck Slab and PSC I-Girder in AASHTO-LRFD are
now over, and user is finally come back to the ASTRA Pro main screen.
This is the end of the current session for design of Bridge Abutment in AASHTO-LRFD.
97
References:
1. Design Specifications, Customary U.S. Units, Sixth Edition 2012, American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 444 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 249,
Washington, DC 20001, Phone 202-624-5800 / Fax 202-624-5806, Web site:
www.transportation.org
2. Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, Superstructure Design, Edited by Wai

Fah Chen and Lian Duan, Published by CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken
Sound Parkway, NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487, Web site: www.crcpress.com
3. ASTRA Pro User’s Manual and Design Manual, Techsoft Engineering Services, Web site:
www.techsoftglobal.com
98

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Detail Design of Bridge Piers on Pile Foundations in AASHTO-LRFD

Pier Design for Bridges in AASHTO-LRFD 7

Live load transmitted from the superstructure to the substructure

Accurately determining live load effects on intermediate piers always represented an

justifiable. In the past, different jurisdictions opted to incorporate some simplifications in

large number of load cases to be checked. Alternatively, a more conservative procedure

Temperature and shrinkage forces

Superstructure dead load

Girders (E/I) 61.6 k

(E) – exterior girder

Substructure dead load

Pier cap un-factored dead load

Wcap = (cap cross-sectional area)(unit weight of concrete)

Varying cross-section at the pier cap ends:

Wcap1 = varies linearly from 2x(2)x(0.15) = 0.6 k/ft

Single column un-factored dead load

Column cross sectional area =

Single footing un-factored dead load

Wfooting = (footing cross sectional area)(unit weight of concrete)

Live load from the superstructure

Maximum truck = 59.50 k

Braking force (BR) (S3.6.4)

25 percent of the axle weight of the design truck or design tandem

BR1 = 0.25(32 + 32 + 8)(4 lanes)(0.65)/1 fixed support

BR2B = 0.05 x [(25 + 25) + 220 x (0.64)]

where the subscripts are defined as:

1 – use the design truck to maximize the braking force

Deck thickness = 0.667 ft

Moment arm = 6 ft. + deck thickness + haunch + girder depth

Apply the moment 2(3.9)(13) = 101.4 k-ft at each girder location.

Wind load on superstructure (S3.8.1.2)

The direction of the wind is assumed to be horizontal, unless otherwise specified in

Wind load transverse to the superstructure

FTSuper = pwT x (Hwind) x [(Lback + Lahead)/2]

Hwind = The exposed superstructure height (ft.)

pwT = Transverse wind pressure values (ksf)

FT Super = 0.05x(10.5)x[(110 + 110)/2] = 57.8 k (0 degrees)

0.044x(1155) = 50.8 k (15 degrees)

Wind load along axes of superstructure (longitudinal direction)

FL Super = pwL x (Hwind) x (Lback +Lahead)/nfixed piers

pwL = Longitudinal wind pressure values (ksf)

Lback = 110 ft.

Lahead = 110 ft.

FL Super = 0 x (10.5) x [(110 + 110)]/1 = 0 k (0 degrees)

= 0.006 x (2310)/1 = 13.9 k (15 degrees)

= 0.012 x (2310)/1 = 27.7 k (30 degrees)

= 0.016 x (2310)/1 = 37 k (45 degrees)

= 0.019 x (2310)/1 = 43.9 k (60 degrees)

The transverse and longitudinal pressures should be applied simultaneously.

Resultant wind load along axes of pier

Load perpendicular to the plane of the pier:

FL Pier = FL Super cos(θskew) + FT Super sin(θskew)

FL Pier = FL Super cos(θskew) + FT Super cos(θskew)

Wind load on substructure (S3.8.1.2.3)

Wwind on sub = Wcap + Wcolumn

cap length along the skew = 58.93 ft

Wcap = 0.04 x (cap length along the skew)

column diameter = 3.5 ft

WT, column = 0.04 x (column diameter)/ncolumns