The document provides an overview of the historical development of science and technology from early civilizations to the Middle Ages. It describes key contributions and innovations in science, technology, and engineering from ancient societies like Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, China, Greece, Rome, Mesoamerica, and the Middle Ages. These civilizations made advancements in fields like agriculture, architecture, astronomy, medicine, metallurgy, and more that helped lay the foundations for modern science.
The document provides an overview of the historical development of science and technology from early civilizations to the Middle Ages. It describes key contributions and innovations in science, technology, and engineering from ancient societies like Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, China, Greece, Rome, Mesoamerica, and the Middle Ages. These civilizations made advancements in fields like agriculture, architecture, astronomy, medicine, metallurgy, and more that helped lay the foundations for modern science.
The document provides an overview of the historical development of science and technology from early civilizations to the Middle Ages. It describes key contributions and innovations in science, technology, and engineering from ancient societies like Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, China, Greece, Rome, Mesoamerica, and the Middle Ages. These civilizations made advancements in fields like agriculture, architecture, astronomy, medicine, metallurgy, and more that helped lay the foundations for modern science.
The document provides an overview of the historical development of science and technology from early civilizations to the Middle Ages. It describes key contributions and innovations in science, technology, and engineering from ancient societies like Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, China, Greece, Rome, Mesoamerica, and the Middle Ages. These civilizations made advancements in fields like agriculture, architecture, astronomy, medicine, metallurgy, and more that helped lay the foundations for modern science.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology HELLO, DEAR STUDENTS!
I hope you are as ready as I am to start learning and
have fun. We're in this together, so let's respect and support each other. SCIENCE Latin word" scientia" meaning knowledge Systematic and methodical activity of building and organizing knowledge about how universe behave through observation, experimentation or both Other definitions of Science 1. Science as an idea 2. Science as an intellectual activity 3. Science as a body of knowledge 4. Science as a personal and social activity TECHNOLOGY Application of full knowledge, laws and principles to produce services, materials, tools and machines aimed at solving real-world problems.
Greek word "techne" =art, skill, or cunning at hand
Science, Technology & Society combines previously independent and older disciplines.
In general, STS applies methods drawn from history,
philosophy, and sociology to study the nature of science SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY THROUGHOUT HISTORY Early Civilizations contributed to the development of science and technology. The earliest civilizations of the world were born along rivers because people needed fresh water to survive. IN THE WORLD: ANCIENT AGES mesopotamia 3300-750 B,C.- recorded the first civilization of the world existed Iraq, Iran, Syria, Kuwait and Turkey-present day regions of Mesopotamia Mesopotamia from the Greeks means " between two rivers"
Early Civilizations that flourished: Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian Civilzations
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION Sumer(modern day Iraq) earliest known civilization in Mesopotamia called themselves "the black-headed people"; In land in cuneiform script "the land of the black-headed people" Cuneiform- one of the earliest form of writing(3000 B.C) Sailboats- allowed to travel goods Sumerian wheel - first used for pottery making (3500 B.C)and later for transportation (3200 B.C) Construction of high leeves or flood banks known as first astronomers
Sumerian Number System
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION Its ruins lie on modern- day Iraq.
served as the center of Mesopotamian civilization for nearly two
millenia derived from the bav-il or bav-ilim meaning " Gates of the Gods" mention in biblical references: Genesis 10 and Genesis 11 Robert Koldeway- excavated Babylon in 1899 -Temple of Etemanki and Hanging Gardens of Babylon Invented sundials and water clocks to determine time. AFRICA Agriculture- using plants as source of food and medicinal purposes. Advancement in metallurgy and tool making: -bow(vurha/ uta); arrows (matlhari/ miseve); knives(mukwanga/banga; and axes(xihloka/demo) -Villagers dug pits lined with poisoned-tipped stakes (goji/ hunza) Scientific advancements emerged 40,000 years ago but were minimized due to lack technological dominance Science Advancement tools in Ancient Period in Africa ANCIENT EGPYT known as Kemet(Black Land)- rich dark soil along the river
Canal for irrigation- 1st scientific innovation of the civilization
Shadoof Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt(2613-2181 BC)- architectural feats: Great Sphinx of Giza and Pyramid of Giza For Egyptians: death was not the end but transition from one state to another. Djoser- pharaoh of the third dynasty of the Old Kingdom in Saqqara designed by Imhotep. *Khufu, Khafre& Menkaure- constructed during Djoser's reign ANCIENT EGYPT Papyrus Ancient Egypt was responsible for cosmetic inventions(wigs, make-ups) Imhotep- a physician, who wrote texts describing 200 diseases& corresponding treatments. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION present- day Pakistan & Northwest India
Bronze-Age Civilization largest of the four urban civilizations: Egypt, Mesopotamia, South Asia and China. 1920s archeologist unearthed the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization. Mohenjo- Daro(4,600 year old city) The civilization did not have massive monument, buried mummies in tombs and records of wars and battles. Introduced new techniques of metallurgy and handicraft Cities are well-known for baked brick houses, complex drainage system and water drainage system as well as agricultural practices. ANCIENT CHINA oldest and longest lasting civilizations of the world
China comes from the Sanskrit word "Cina" (pronounced "Chin") from Qin Dynasty Greeks and Romans called China "Seres" meaning "the land where the silk comes from" It made important advancements in science, technology, mathematics and astronomy. First to record astronomical phenomena(solar eclipse) Abacus (between 1000BC and 500BC) not only use for counting but for basic and complex mathematical operations. Acupuncture Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD): *Paper(105AD) *First Movable printing press(960 AD) *Porcelain *Silk -created as early as Chinese Neolithic Period -during Han Dynasty that sericulture- the cultivation and production of silk was refined and mastered. - the demand eventually paved way for its trade to other parts of the world and the creation Silk Road. *Gunpowder- initially for fireworks, one of the popular creations of Chinese Taoist alchemist in 142 AD -used in Mongol Wars in 10th century and European domination of China in the 1800s.
AGEAN CIVILIZATION Ancient Greece (between 800BC and 500 BC) known as Hellas or Ellada which is "Greece" in Greek made up of mainland and groups of smaller islands characterized by expansion of villages and development of marketplaces and meeting places. early inhabitants rely on trade. Commercial sea trading- primary source of income It is also known for its achievements in politics, art, philosophy, and science. Greek Philosophy- Philosophers: Plato, Aristotle, Socrates Advancements in Mathematics and Science: Pythagoras (Pythagorean Theorem) and Thales of Miletus- first Western Philosopher & Mathematician; Milesian School Hippocrates- Father of Western Medicine - Hippocratic Oath- promise to uphold values of ethics in the practice of medicine. Innovations and Engineering and Mechanics flourished: * Water Mills- Philo's Perachora wheel (pioneering invention contributed to the creation of water mills. *Aqueducts *Ctesibius- known for developing of water clock or clepysydra. It works using water droppings and clay vessels to track time. *Odometer- attributed to Archimedes of Syracuse during the First Punic War. ANCIENT ROME small town near the Tiber when August Caesar became the 1st Emperor they borrowed & enriched culture of Greece and became powerful empire, encompassing most of continental Europe, Britain, Western Asia, Mediterranean and Northern Africa took pride of technological advancements that were lost in Middle Ages
In Pergamum (present-day Turkey)
Galen- a physician first to describe and diagnose symptoms of different diseases and their corresponding treatments Surgical Instruments
Ancient Rome's innovation maybe attributed to their use of concrete
Appius Claudius Caecius- built the first aqueduct (Aqua Appia (312BC)) Architectural feats: Colosseum and Pantheon Ballista- used to penetrate enemy frontiers. The Greek Fire- combustible weapon. Fall of Roman Empire- debatable but agreed on 476AD historians disagree on the causes. The Western half fell, ending the classical antiquity and marking the beginning of the new era in world history called " Dark Ages" otherwise known " Middle Ages" MESOAMERICA Mexico to Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and El Salvador Olmec civilization (around 1,200 BC)- earliest known civilization in Mesoamerica Other early Mesoamerica civilization: (from 900 to 1500AD) *Maya *Aztec *Inca MAYA CIVILIZATION Most scientifically advanced individual in Mesoamerica Maya hieroglyphics-1000 characters Codices- Maya texts written in tree bark They built a number of observatories. 360-day solar year & 260-day sacred year annual cycles- these two cycles are called Calendar Round Long Count- another calendar. They are technologically advanced for its innovations in architecture, art & warfare Cities were well- developed They produced textile in looms to weave colorful pattern Aztec Civilization thrived the capital city of Tenochtitlan (now called Mexico City) Chinampas/ Artificial Islands able to predict astronomical events & performed celestial observations used the Maya Calendar in agricultural & religious activities preserve literature through codices Sun stone- image of the Aztec God at the center. Advanced in terms of their established cultural & social systems Nahuatl- a pictograph used for writing & language known for massive stone temples INCA CIVILIZATION also known as the Incan Empire largest Mesoamerican civilization known as Great innovative engineers elaborate systems of roads from mountain & valleys built bridges over bodies of water & canals for irrigation Architectural buildings are still standing until today Medicine: performed surgeries Musical Instruments Official Language: Quechua Quipu- set of strings used to record information. Middle Ages it is associated with tasteless, vulgar & old fashioned it continues to boast many valuable inventions even though Roman Empire had been lost. it is also known as Dark Ages- invasions of various Germanic tribes on the previous domain of the Roman Empire Alaric I- king of the Visgoths; invaded Rome thrice; appointed Magister Militum (Master of the Soldiers)
Scholars believe that Middle Ages lasted from the 6th
century up to the end of 15th century. It split into three period: early, high & late middle ages Byzantine empire Byzantine- located at the Eastern part became capital after the collapse of Roman Empire. Renamed Constantinople (captured by Emperor Constantine) in 4th century (320-330) peak of Byzantine Empire during the rule of Emperor Justinian. Notable weapons used: Greek Fire and Handheld Trebuchet (called cheiromangana) Tidal Mill- an invention made to improve agriculture. ISLAMIC EMPIRE
grew as one largest empire in history estimated from mid-7th to 13th century Koran- Holy Book of the Muslims Muslims scientist played significant role in the development of science: *placing more emphasis on observation & experimentation than Greeks Paper making technologies The House of Wisdom-result of translations of Greek and Syriac texts to Arabic; belonging to Abbasid Caliphs Golden Age of Science (8th century & continued up to 13th century) Ibn Al-Haytham or Alhazen- foundation of modern optics - devised the Law of Refraction Abu Ali al-Hussein Ibn Sina or Avicenna- physician & philosopher -wrote a book: al-Qanun fi al-Tibb or The Cannon of Medicine Abu Qasim Khalaf ibn Abbas Al Zahrawi or Al Zahrawi- Father of Surgery & greatest surgeon in Middle Ages Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi- developed Algebra Al-Biruni- devised a method of determining radius of the earth Jabir ibn Hayyan- known as "Father of Chemistry" medieval europe Charles the Great or Charlemagne (8th century)- assisted Alcuin of York(an English monk) that founded the Carolingian Empire. Numerous scientific innovation are know to have occurred after the decline of the Carolingan Empire Rise & fall of Germanic Kingdoms in Western Europe Viking Age (793-1006AD)- notable in changing geopolitical landscape of Europe *Vikings- cruel warriors, pillagers & skillful navigators. - Axe- was most commonly used weapon. Crusades- series of religious wars by the Latin Church to curb the spread of Islamic faith in Europe. MEDIEVAL EUROPE 12 th century- realms of scientific knowledge & literature translation of these works led to rediscovery of works *Aristotle(philosopher) *Claudius Ptolemy(astronomer) *Euclid( mathematicians) *Archimedes(mathematicians) Stadium Generale Establishment of medieval universities Christian scholasticism Two main religious order spearheaded the methodology of scholasticism: a. Franciscans- founded by St. Francis of Assisi (1209) b. Dominicans- by St. Dominic (1215) Roger Bacon- repeating cycle of scientific theory: a. Observation b. Formulation of hypothesis c. Experimentation Medieval scholars delved deeper into various fields of science& technology: Alchemy and Astrology
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14th Century- known as " Period of characterized intellectual progress" Nicholas Oresme- establish Mean Speed Theorem or Theorem on Uniform Acceleration John Buridan- developed a theorem that described how a body in motion continues to stay in motion through the body's intrinsic natural quality called impetus Scientific and technological innovations in Late Middle Ages: a. Spectacles b. Magnets c. Spinning wheels d. Astrolabs e. Clocks
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Modern Ages Renaissance period from 14th to the 17th century. it is a french word which means "Rebirth" Industrialization took place with greater risks.
Compound Microscope -*Zacharias Janssen- credited for the invention of compound microscope in 1590. It was an important progression from a single lens
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INDUSTRIAL began in the 18th century REVOLUTION period characterized by the shift from agricultural process to urbanized industrial process
Arnold Toynbee one who popularized the term "Industrial Revolution" " substitutions of competition for the medieval regulations that previously controlled the production and distribution of wealth" (1884) Telescope Galileo Galilei invented a practical telescope that could magnify objects 20 times larger than a Dutch perspective first to use the telescope skyward and made important astronomical discoveries and identified the presence of craters & mountains on the moon.
Jacquard Loom considered as one of the most critical drivers of the revolution Built by Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French weaver Jacquard Loom, simplifies the textile manufacturing: "the weaver" and a "drawboy" Engine Powered Airplane Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright credited the designed and successfully operating the 1st engine-power aircraft approached the design of the power aircraft and flight scientifically. They proved that aircrafts could fly without airfoil- shaped wings.
Television John Logie Baird- a Scottish engineer invented the modern television 1924- he televised objects in outline. 1925- recognizable human 1928- projected colored images 1929- BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation) used this for its earliest television programming Thank You!
