 Screws have been used as fasteners for a long time.

 Screw or thread joints are separable joints held

together by screw fastenings, such as screws, bolts,
studs and nuts, or by thread cut on the parts to be
joined.
 According to their purpose, screw threads are
classified as:
1. Fastening threads;
2. Fastening and sealing threads;
3. Power threads
Terms used in screw threads
Important terms
 Major diameter = outside or nominal diameter
 Minor diameter = core or root diameter
 Pitch diameter = effective diameter
 Pitch:

 Lead = It is the distance between two

corresponding points on the same helix.
It may also be defined as the distance
which a screw thread advances axially in
one rotation of the nut.
= pitch (single start threads)
= 2 x pitch (double start)
 Crest
 It is the top surface of the thread.
 Root:
 It is the bottom surface created by the two adjacent flanks of
the thread.
 Depth of thread
 It is the perpendicular distance between the crest and root.
 Flank
 It is the surface joining the crest and root.
 Angle of thread
 It is the angle included by the flanks of the thread.
 Slope
 It is half the pitch of the thread.
Forms of Screw Threads
Metric Thread
Metric Thread
SCREW FASTENINGS
Depending upon the type of screw joint involved,
screw fastenings are classed as:
(1) Screws with nuts, generally called bolts;
(2) Cap screws inserted into tapped holes in the parts
being fastened;
(3) Studs, or stud-bolts, used with nuts and having
threads on both ends.
Types of Cap Screws
Designation of Screw Threads
 Set screws are
another form of
fastener; the usual
use for them is to
prevent relative
circular motion
between two parts
such as shafts and
pulleys.
 They may be used
only where the
torque requirements Applications of setscrews
are low.
 If the bolt is not initially stressed, then the maximum
safe axial load which may be applied to it, is given by
P = Permissible stress × Cross-sectional area
at bottom of the thread
(i.e. stress area)
 The stress area may be obtained from Table 11.1 or it
may be found by using the relation:
Designation of Screw Threads
Stresses in Screwed Fastening due
to Static Loading
1. Internal stresses due to screwing up forces,
2. Stresses due to external forces, and
3. Stress due to combination of stresses at (1) and (2).
5. Bending stress if the surfaces under the head or
nut are not perfectly parallel to the bolt axis.
 If the bolt is not initially stressed, then the maximum
safe axial load which may be applied to it, is given by
P = Permissible stress × Cross-sectional area
at bottom of the thread
(i.e. stress area)
 The stress area may be obtained from Table 11.1 or it
may be found by using the relation:
2. Torsional shear stress caused by the frictional
resistance of the threads during its tightening.
3. Shear stress across the threads.
 The average thread shearing stress for the screw (τs) is
obtained by using the relation :

 The average thread shearing stress for the nut is:

4. Compression or crushing stress on threads.
5. Bending stress if the surfaces under the head or
nut are not perfectly parallel to the bolt axis.
Stresses due to external forces
1. Tensile stress.
The bolts, studs and screws usually carry a load in
the direction of the bolt axis which induces a tensile
stress in the bolt.
Let
 dc = Root or core diameter of the thread, and
 σt = Permissible tensile stress for the bolt material.
2. Shear stress.
Sometimes, the bolts are used to prevent the relative
movement of two or more parts, as in case of flange
coupling, then the shear stress is induced in the bolts.
The shear stresses should be avoided as far as possible.
It should be noted that when the bolts are subjected to
direct shearing loads, they should be located in such a
way that the shearing load comes upon the body (i.e.
shank) of the bolt and not upon the threaded portion.
3. Combined tension and shear stress.
When the bolt is subjected to both tension and
shear loads, as in case of coupling bolts or bearing,
then the diameter of the shank of the bolt is
obtained from the shear load and that of threaded
part from the tensile load.
A diameter slightly larger than that required for
either shear or tension may be assumed and stresses
due to combined load should be checked for the
following principal stresses.
Design of a Nut
 When a bolt and nut is made of mild steel, then the
effective height of nut is made equal to the
nominal diameter of the bolt.
 If the nut is made of weaker material than the bolt,
then the height of nut should be larger, such as 1.5 d
for gun metal (bronze), 2 d for cast iron and 2.5 d
for aluminium alloys (where d is the nominal
diameter of the bolt).
Bolted Joints under Eccentric
Loading
 The eccentric load may be
1. Parallel to the axis of the bolts,
2. Perpendicular to the axis of the bolts, and
3. In the plane containing the bolts.
Eccentric Load Acting Parallel to
the Axis of Bolts
 Each bolt is subjected to a direct tensile load of:
The upward force acting on the
cylinder cover

Resisting force offered by n

number of bolts or studs
Bolted Joints under Eccentric
Loading
 The eccentric load may be
1. Parallel to the axis of the bolts,
2. Perpendicular to the axis of the bolts, and
3. In the plane containing the bolts.
Eccentric Load Acting Parallel to
the Axis of Bolts
 Each bolt is subjected to a direct tensile load of:
 Let w be the load in a bolt per unit distance due to the turning effect of the
bracket and let W1 and W2 be the loads on each of the bolts at distances L1
and L2 from the tilting edge.
 Load on each bolt at distance L1,
W1 = w.L1
 and moment of this load about the tilting edge
= w.L1 × L1 = w (L1)2
 Similarly, load on each bolt at distance L2,
W2 = w.L2
 and moment of this load about the tilting edge
= w.L2 × L2 = w (L2)2
 ∴ Total moment of the load on the bolts about the tilting edge
= 2w (L1)2 + 2w (L2)2 ...(i)
(There are two bolts each at distance of L1 and L2)
 Also the moment due to load W about the tilting edge
= W.L ...(ii)
 From equations (i) and (ii), we have

 The most heavily loaded bolts are those which are

situated at the greatest distance from the tilting edge.
 ∴ Tensile load on each bolt at distance L2,
 The total tensile load on the most heavily loaded bolt,
Wt = Wt1 + Wt2

 If dc is the core diameter of the bolt and σt is the

tensile stress for the bolt material, then total tensile
load,
Eccentric Load Acting
Perpendicular to the Axis of Bolts
 In this case, the bolts are subjected to direct shearing load
which is equally shared by all the bolts. Therefore direct
shear load on each bolts,
Ws = W/n
where n is number of bolts.
 The eccentric load W will try to tilt the bracket in the
clockwise direction about the edge A-A.
 As discussed earlier, the bolts will be subjected to tensile
stress due to the turning moment.
 The maximum tensile load on a heavily loaded bolt (Wt)
may be obtained in the similar manner as discussed in the
previous article. In this case, bolts 3 and 4 are heavily
loaded.
Eccentric Load Acting in the Plane
Containing the Bolts
 When the eccentric load acts
in the plane containing the
bolts, as shown in the figure,
then the same procedure may
be followed as discussed for
eccentric loaded riveted
joints.
Fig. 11.45 shows a solid forged bracket to carry a vertical load
of 13.5 kN applied through the centre of hole. The square flange
is secured to the flat side of a vertical stanchion through four
bolts. Estimate the tensile load on each top bolt and the
maximum shearing force on each bolt.
Example
 For supporting the travelling crane in a
workshop, the brackets are fixed on steel
columns. The maximum load that comes
on the bracket is 12 kN acting vertically
at a distance of 400 mm from the face of
the column. The vertical face of the
bracket is secured to a column by four
bolts, in two rows (two in each row) at a
distance of 50 mm from the lower edge of
the bracket. Determine the size of the
bolts if the permissible value of the
tensile stress for the bolt material is 84
MPa.
Fig. 11.45 shows a solid forged bracket to carry a vertical load
of 13.5 kN applied through the centre of hole. The square flange
is secured to the flat side of a vertical stanchion through four
bolts. Estimate the tensile load on each top bolt and the
maximum shearing force on each bolt.