3/6/2023

A programming problem
• Given a file of cities' (x, y) coordinates,
which begins with the number of cities:

BSM 104
6
50 20
90 60
Algoritmalar ve Programlama II 10 72
74 98
5 136
150 91
Bahar 2023

• Write a program to draw the cities on a DrawingPanel, then drop a

"bomb" that turns all cities red that are within a given radius:
Blast site x? 100
Blast site y? 100
Blast radius? 75
Kaboom! 4

1 4

Güz 2022 – Alg. ve Prog. I A bad solution

• Primitive Data Types Scanner input = new Scanner(new File("cities.txt"));
int cityCount = input.nextInt();
• Definite Loops int[] xCoords = new int[cityCount];
int[] yCoords = new int[cityCount];
• Conditional Executions
for (int i = 0; i < cityCount; i++) {
• Programming Logic and Indefinite Loops xCoords[i] = input.nextInt(); // read each city
yCoords[i] = input.nextInt();
• Parameters and Objects }
...
• Arrays

– parallel arrays: 2+ arrays with related data at same indexes.

• Considered poor style.

2 5

2 5

Observations
• The data in this problem is a set of points.
• It would be better stored as Point objects.
Building Java Programs – A Point would store a city's x/y data.

Chapter 8 – We could compare distances between Points

to see whether the bomb hit a given city.

Classes
– Each Point would know how to draw itself.

Copyright (c) Pearson 2020.

– The overall program would be shorter and cleaner.
All rights reserved.

3 6

1
 3/6/2023

Clients of objects Abstraction

• client program: A program that uses objects. • abstraction: A distancing between ideas and details.
– Example: Bomb is a client of DrawingPanel and Graphics. – We can use objects without knowing how they work.

Bomb.java (client program)

DrawingPanel.java (class) • abstraction in an iPod:
public class DrawingPanel {
public class Bomb {
... – You understand its external behavior (buttons, screen).
main(String[] args) {
new DrawingPanel(...)
} – You don't understand its inner details, and you don't need to.
new DrawingPanel(...)
...
}
}

7 10

7 10

Classes and objects Our task

• class: A program entity that represents either: • In the following slides, we will implement a Point class as a
1. A program / module, or way of learning about defining classes.
2. A template for a new type of objects.
– We will define a type of objects named Point.
– The DrawingPanel class is a template for creating – Each Point object will contain x/y data called fields.
DrawingPanel objects. – Each Point object will contain behavior called methods.
– Client programs will use the Point objects.

• object: An entity that combines state and behavior.

– object-oriented programming (OOP): Programs that perform
their behavior as interactions between objects.

8 11

8 11

Blueprint analogy Point objects (desired)

iPod blueprint Point p1 = new Point(5, -2);
state: Point p2 = new Point(); // origin, (0, 0)
current song
volume
battery life • Data in each Point object:
behavior:
power on/off Field name Description
change station/song
change volume x the point's x-coordinate
choose random song
y the point's y-coordinate
creates

iPod #1 iPod #2 iPod #3 • Methods in each Point object:

state: state: state: Method name Description
song = "1,000,000 Miles" song = "Letting You" song = "Discipline"
volume = 17 volume = 9 volume = 24
battery life = 2.5 hrs battery life = 3.41 hrs battery life = 1.8 hrs setLocation(x, y) sets the point's x and y to the given values
behavior: behavior: behavior: translate(dx, dy)
power on/off power on/off power on/off adjusts the point's x and y by the given amounts
change station/song change station/song change station/song
change volume change volume change volume distance(p) how far away the point is from point p
choose random song choose random song choose random song
draw(g) displays the point on a drawing panel
9 12

9 12

2
 3/6/2023

Point class as blueprint Fields

state:
Point class
• field: A variable inside an object that is part of its state.
int x, y – Each object has its own copy of each field.
behavior:
setLocation(int x, int y)
translate(int dx, int dy)
distance(Point p)
draw(Graphics g)
• Declaration syntax:
type name;
Point object #1 Point object #2 Point object #3
state:
x = 5, y = -2
state:
x = -245, y = 1897
state:
x = 18, y = 42 – Example:
behavior: behavior: behavior:
setLocation(int x, int y) setLocation(int x, int y) setLocation(int x, int y) public class Student {
translate(int dx, int dy) translate(int dx, int dy) translate(int dx, int dy)
distance(Point p) distance(Point p) distance(Point p) String name; // each Student object has a
draw(Graphics g) draw(Graphics g) draw(Graphics g)
double gpa; // name and gpa field
}
– The class (blueprint) will describe how to create objects.
– Each object will contain its own data and methods.
13 16

13 16

Accessing fields
• Other classes can access/modify an object's fields.
– access: variable.field
– modify: variable.field = value;
Object state: Fields
• Example:
Point p1 = new Point();
Point p2 = new Point();
System.out.println("the x-coord is " + p1.x); // access
p2.y = 13; // modify

17

14 17

Point class, version 1 A class and its client

public class Point { • Point.java is not, by itself, a runnable program.
int x;
– A class can be used by client programs.
int y;
} Point.java (class of objects)
PointMain.java (client program) public class Point {
– Save this code into a file named Point.java. public class PointMain { int x;
main(String args) { int y;
Point p1 = new Point(); }
• The above code creates a new type named Point. p1.x = 7;
p1.y = 2;
– Each Point object contains two pieces of data:
Point p2 = new Point(); x 7 y 2
• an int named x, and p2.x = 4;
• an int named y. p2.y = 3;
...
} x 4 y 3
}
– Point objects do not contain any behavior (yet).

15 18

15 18

3
 3/6/2023

PointMain client example Null pointer exception

public class PointMain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
• dereference: To access data or methods of an object with the
// create two Point objects dot notation, such as s.length() .
Point p1 = new Point(); – It is illegal to dereference null (causes an exception).
p1.y = 2;
Point p2 = new Point(); – null is not any object, so it has no methods or data.
p2.x = 4;
System.out.println(p1.x + ", " + p1.y); // 0, 2 String[] words = new String[5];
System.out.println("word is: " + words[0]);
// move p2 and then print it
p2.x += 2; words[0] = words[0].toUpperCase(); // ERROR
p2.y++;
System.out.println(p2.x + ", " + p2.y); // 6, 1 index 0 1 2 3 4
} Output: value null null null null null
}
word is: null
Exception in thread "main"
• Exercise: Modify the Bomb program to use Point objects. java.lang.NullPointerException
at Example.main(Example.java:8)
19 22

19 22

Arrays of objects Looking before you leap

• null : A value that does not refer to any object. • You can check for null before calling an object's methods.
– The elements of an array of objects are initialized to null. String[] words = new String[5];
words[0] = "hello";
String[] words = new String[5]; words[2] = "goodbye"; // words[1], [3], [4] are null
DrawingPanel[] windows = new DrawingPanel[3];
for (int i = 0; i < words.length; i++) {
if (words[i] != null) {
index 0 1 2 3 4 words[i] = words[i].toUpperCase();
words value null null null null null
}
}

index 0 1 2
index 0 1 2 3 4
windows
value null null null words
value "HELLO" null "GOODBYE" null null

20 23

20 23

Things you can do w/ null Two-phase initialization

• store null in a variable or an array element 1) initialize the array itself (each element is initially null)
String s = null; 2) initialize each element of the array to be a new object
words[2] = null;
String[] words = new String[4]; // phase 1
• print a null reference for (int i = 0; i < words.length; i++) {
System.out.println(s); // null coords[i] = "word" + i; // phase 2
}
• ask whether a variable or array element is null
if (words[2] == null) { ... index 0 1 2 3
words
• pass null as a parameter to a method value "word0" "word1" "word2" "word3"
System.out.println(null); // null

• return null from a method (often to indicate failure)

return null;
21 24

21 24

4
 3/6/2023

Bomb answer 1 Client code redundancy

import java.awt.*;
import java.io.*; • Our client program wants to draw Point objects:
import java.util.*;
// Displays a set of cities and simulates dropping a "bomb" on them.
// draw each city
public class Bomb { g.fillOval(cities[i].x, cities[i].y, 3, 3);
public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException { g.drawString("(" + cities[i].x + ", " + cities[i].y + ")",
DrawingPanel panel = new DrawingPanel(200, 200);
Graphics g = panel.getGraphics(); cities[i].x, cities[i].y);

Scanner input = new Scanner(new File("cities.txt"));

Point[] cities = readCities(input, g);

// drop the "bomb"

• To draw them in other places, the code must be repeated.
Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
Point bomb = new Point(); – We can remove this redundancy using a method.
System.out.print("Blast site x? ");
bomb.x = console.nextInt();
System.out.print("Blast site y? ");
bomb.y = console.nextInt();
System.out.print("Blast radius? ");
int radius = console.nextInt();
boom(bomb, radius, cities, g);
}
...

25 28

25 28

Bomb answer 2 Eliminating redundancy, v1

// Reads input file of cities and returns them as array of Points.
public static Point[] readCities(Scanner input, Graphics g) { • We can eliminate the redundancy with a static method:
int numCities = input.nextInt(); // first line = # of cities
Point[] cities = new Point[numCities]; // Draws the given point on the DrawingPanel.
for (int i = 0; i < cities.length; i++) {
cities[i] = new Point(); public static void draw(Point p, Graphics g) {
cities[i].x = input.nextInt(); // read city x/y from file
cities[i].y = input.nextInt(); g.fillOval(p.x, p.y, 3, 3);
g.fillOval(cities[i].x, cities[i].y, 3, 3);
g.drawString("(" + cities[i].x + ", " + cities[i].y + ")",
g.drawString("(" + p.x + ", " + p.y + ")", p.x, p.y);
cities[i].x, cities[i].y); }
}
return cities;
}
// Simulates dropping a bomb at the given location on the given cities.
public static void boom(Point bomb, int radius, Point[] cities, Graphics g) {
g.setColor(Color.RED);
• main would call the method as follows:
g.drawOval(bomb.x - radius, bomb.y - radius, 2 * radius, 2 * radius);
for (int i = 0; i < cities.length; i++) { // draw each city
int dx = cities[i].x - bomb.x;
int dy = cities[i].y - bomb.y; draw(cities[i], g);
double distance = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
if (distance <= radius) {
g.fillOval(cities[i].x, cities[i].y, 3, 3);
g.drawString("(" + cities[i].x + ", " + cities[i].y + ")",
cities[i].x, cities[i].y);
}
}
System.out.println("Kaboom!");
}
}

26 29

26 29

Problem with static method

• We are missing a major benefit of objects: code reuse.
– Every program that draws Points would need a draw method.

Object behavior: Methods • The syntax doesn't match how we're used to using objects.
draw(cities[i], g); // static (bad)

• The point of classes is to combine state and behavior.

– The draw behavior is closely related to a Point's data.
– The method belongs inside each Point object.

cities[i].draw(g); // inside object (better)

30

27 30

5
 3/6/2023

Instance methods The implicit parameter

• instance method (or object method): Exists inside each • implicit parameter:
object of a class and gives behavior to each object. The object on which an instance method is called.

public type name(parameters) { – During the call p1.draw(g);

statements; the object referred to by p1 is the implicit parameter.
}
– During the call p2.draw(g);
– same syntax as static methods, but without static keyword the object referred to by p2 is the implicit parameter.

– The instance method can refer to that object's fields.

Example:
• We say that it executes in the context of a particular object.
public void shout() {
•draw can refer to the x and y of the object it was called on.
System.out.println("HELLO THERE!");
}
31 34

31 34

Instance method example Point class, version 2

public class Point { public class Point {
int x; int x;
int y; int y;
// Changes the location of this Point object.
// Draws this Point object with the given pen.
public void draw(Graphics g) {
public void draw(Graphics g) { g.fillOval(x, y, 3, 3);
... g.drawString("(" + x + ", " + y + ")", x, y);
} }
} }

– The draw method no longer has a Point p parameter. – Each Point object contains a draw method that draws that point
– How will the method know which point to draw? at its current x/y position.
• How will the method access that point's x/y data?

32 35

32 35

Point objects w/ method Kinds of methods

• Each Point object has its own copy of the draw method, which • accessor: A method that lets clients examine object state.
operates on that object's state: – Examples: distance, distanceFromOrigin
p1
– often has a non-void return type
Point p1 = new Point();
p1.x = 7;
p1.y = 2;
x 7 y 2
Point p2 = new Point();
• mutator: A method that modifies an object's state.
public void draw(Graphics g) {
p2.x = 4; // this code can see p1's x and y – Examples: setLocation, translate
p2.y = 3; }

p1.draw(g);
x 4 y 3
p2.draw(g); p2 public void draw(Graphics g) {
// this code can see p2's x and y
}

33 36

33 36

6
 3/6/2023

Mutator method questions Accessor method answers

• Write a method setLocation that changes a Point's public double distance(Point other) {
int dx = x - other.x;
location to the (x, y) values passed. int dy = y - other.y;
return Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
}
• Write a method translate that changes a Point's location
by a given dx, dy amount. public double distanceFromOrigin() {
return Math.sqrt(x * x + y * y);
}
– Modify the Point and client code to use these methods.
// alternative solution that uses distance
public double distanceFromOrigin() {
Point origin = new Point();
return distance(origin);
}

37 40

37 40

Mutator method answers Printing objects

public void setLocation(int newX, int newY) { • By default, Java doesn't know how to print objects:
x = newX;
y = newY; Point p = new Point();
} p.x = 10;
p.y = 7;
System.out.println("p is " + p); // p is Point@9e8c34
public void translate(int dx, int dy) {
x = x + dx;
y = y + dy;
// better, but cumbersome; p is (10, 7)
}
System.out.println("p is (" + p.x + ", " + p.y + ")");
// alternative solution that utilizes setLocation
public void translate(int dx, int dy) {
setLocation(x + dx, y + dy); // desired behavior
} System.out.println("p is " + p); // p is (10, 7)

38 41

38 41

Accessor method questions The toString method

• Write a method distance that computes the distance tells Java how to convert an object into a String
between a Point and another Point parameter.
Point p1 = new Point(7, 2);
Use the formula: (x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 System.out.println("p1: " + p1);

// the above code is really calling the following:

• Write a method distanceFromOrigin that returns the System.out.println("p1: " + p1.toString());
distance between a Point and the origin, (0, 0).

• Every class has a toString, even if it isn't in your code.

– Modify the client code to use these methods.
– Default: class's name @ object's memory address (base 16)

Point@9e8c34

39 42

39 42

7
 3/6/2023

toString syntax
public String toString() {
code that returns a String representing this object;
}

– Method name, return, and parameters must match exactly.

– Example:
// Returns a String representing this Point.
public String toString() {
return "(" + x + ", " + y + ")";
}

43

43