OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

College of Pharmacy

PHARMACEUTICAL
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY lab
PORG 111

Organic and
Inorganic Chemistry
EXERCISE 1
 UNIT OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, the students are expected to:

• Differentiate organic and inorganic

chemistry.
• Identify the different properties of organic
and inorganic compounds.
• Identify properties of Carbon.
 CHECKLIST

 Read course outcomes

 Read course guide prior to class
attendance
 Proactively participate in discussions
 Read articles and watch videos related to
the topic
 Participate in discussion board (Canvas)
 Answer and submit course unit tasks
Readings and videos
General Characteristics of Organic Molecules
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Missouri/
MU%3A__1330H_(Keller)/25%3A_Chemistry_of_Life%3A
_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry/25.01%3A_General_
Characteristics_of_Organic_Molecules
Properties of Organic Compounds
https://youtu.be/dZFSVRKkLsw
 Organic vs Inorganic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry
 Organic compounds  It is the study of the
contain carbon that is formation, synthesis, and
covalently bonded to non- properties of compounds that
metals do not contain
 The study of carbon & carbonhydrogen bonds.
carbon compounds  Sodium chloride (NaCl): used
 Organic compounds are
as table salt
the primary constituents  Silicon dioxide (SiO2): used in
computer chips and solar cells
of all living organisms.
 Sapphire (Al2O3): a wellknown
gemstone
Characteristic of Organic
Compounds

They are nonpolar compounds – they do not

dissolve in polar solvents
They have low melting points
They react slower than ionic compounds
Highly flammable
Low boiling points

Covalent -“sharing” 2 NM
Ionic -“transferring” METAL AND NON METAL
 Organic or Inorganic?
IO Table salt (NaCl) O Paracetamol/Acetaminophen
IO Muriatic Acid (HCl Acid) APAP-N-acetyl-para-aminophenol
(antipyretic&analgesic)
O Caffeine / 1,3,7, trimethyl xanthine (stimulant, palpitation)
O Table sugar
IO Potassium chloride (KCl- hypokalemia low potassium can
(sucrose=fructose+glucose)
lead to paralysis/ irreg heart rhythm)
IO Sodium hydroxide (basic)
O Vinegar- (Acetic Acid / glacial acetic acid)
O Ethyl alcohol
IO Magnesium hydroxide- Mg(OH)2 (Mgtatae/diarrhea)
IO Agua oxigenada - H2O2 (hydrogen
O Menthol – “counterirritant” peroxide) (enzyme in blood/water to
IO Baking Soda – NaHCO3 (Sodium Bicarbonate) oxygen- catalase)
O Clindamycin- antibacterial, need Rx (mixed in eskinol is O Amoxicillin (Penicillin- Dr Alexander
wrong) Flemming) (P. Notatum)
IO Ammonia- NH3 IO Aluminum hydroxide
NH4- ammonium (alakatae/constipation)
O Acetone (solvent)
Mono unsaturated Fatty Acid- oleic acid IO Sulfuric Acid – H2SO4
Poly unsat FA- Linoleic Acid
O Virgin coconut oil – cocus nucifera
90% saturated fats
Comparison of Properties of Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Property Organic Inorganic

Solubility in inorganic Generally not soluble soluble

solvent (water) POLAR
Solubility in organic Generally soluble Not soluble
solvent (toluene) NP
Conductivity Non-conductive conductive
Flammability Generally flammable Not flammable
Volatility More volatile Not volatile
Melting Point Low High
Boiling Point Low High
 Carbon
The position of carbon Carbon is able to form
in the periodic table 4 covalent bonds (4
valence electrons)
with other carbon or
other elements.
Carbon
Can form a maximum of four bonds
Usually combined with H and often bonds with O, S, N and P
Forms of Carbon

Hardest – Diamond
Softest – Graphite
End of discussion
OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
College of Pharmacy

PHARMACEUTICAL
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY lab
PORG 111

Determination of pH
EXERCISE 2
 UNIT OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, the students are expected to:
1. Know the differences between acids and
bases
2. Know how to identify acids and bases
based on their pH
3. Know the importance of indicators
 CHECKLIST

 Read course outcomes

 Read course guide prior to class
attendance
 Proactively participate in discussions
 Watch videos related to the topic
 Participate in discussion board (Canvas)
 Answer and submit course unit tasks
Related Videos
Acids and Bases and Salts - Introduction
https://youtu.be/i2x4foEuRcI
pH of substances
https://youtu.be/mkAnvRIeATE
 Acid or Base?
Bleach – Base, NaOCl, disinfectant
Vitamin C – Acid, Ascorbic Acid / Sodium Ascorbate (salt form/physiological form) anti-oxidant reducing agent
 Scurvy- vit. C deficiency)
Soap – Base (Hard soap *NaOH, soft soap *KoH)
 Saponification
Detergent- Base hard soap
Spoiled Milk – Acid, Lactose= Galactose+ Glucose
Baking Soda – Base NaHOO3
Lemon – Citric Acid & Malic Acid, Citrus limon
Vinegar – Acetic Acid CH3COOH (Carboxyl Group)
Soft drinks – H2CO3
Toothpaste – Base NaF

Acid- lower than seven

Base- higher than 7
Neutral- exactly seven
pH
2.34 – Acid 9.12 - Base
7.99 – Base 12.56 – Base
1.50 – Acid
4.56 – Acid
 Acids
pH of 0 - <7
React with metals and Bases = to form salt and water
Tend to taste sour
Give off/ contribute H+ ions into a solution
Ex.) HCl H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

(aq) stands for aqueous, which means it is a solution

in which the solvent is water
(dissolved in water)

Proton donor acid

e-pair acceptor acid
weak acid- partial dissociation strong acid- complete dissociation
Bases
pH of >7 - 14
Do not react with metals
React with acids = salt and water
Tend to taste bitter
Give off/ contribute hydroxide ions ( OH- )to a solution
Ex.) NaOH Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Proton acceptor base

E-pair donor base
Neutral
pH of 7
Neither acidic nor basic
Example: Pure water
Neutralization
We can neutralize an acid with a base, or
neutralize a base with an acid.
Ex.) There are bases secreted in our intestines
that neutralize the acid from our stomach.
Indicator = color
transition
A substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or base.
Ex. Cabbage Juice, litmus paper
Examples of indicators used in acid base reactions

Litmus
Phenolphthalein (titration)
Methyl orange (titration)

thymol blue, tropeolin, methyl yellow, methyl orange, bromphenol blue,

bromocresol green, methyl red, bromthymol blue, phenol red, neutral
red, phenolphthalein, thymolphthalein, alizarin yellow, tropeolin O,
nitramine, and trinitrobenzoic acid.
 The pH range of indicators

Indicators pK nd i

Litmus paper 6.5

Methyl orange 3.7

Phenophthalein 9.3

Indicators do not change colour

sharply at one particular pH, they
change over a narrow range of
pH
LITMUS
What happened when
Adding hydrogen ions

Adding hydroxide ion

PHENOLPHTHALEIN
is a chemical compound with the formula
C20H14O4 (often written as "HIn" or "phph").
Often used in titrations, it turns colorless in acidic
solutions and pink in basic solutions
Titration
METHYL ORANGE
Methyl orange is an intensely colored compound
used in dyeing and printing textiles.
Other Names
C.I. Acid Orange 52,
C.I. 13025,
helianthine B,
Orange III,
Gold orange, and
Tropaeolin D.
 METHYL ORANGE
Chemists use methyl orange as an indicator in
the titration of weak bases with strong acids. It

red (at pH 3.1) to

changes from

orange-yellow (at pH 4.4)

Methyl orange in basic solution. Methyl orange in acidic solution.

Aliphatic –
Aromatic -
 Sorensen

pH
pHs
is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration,
[H+], in an aqueous (water) Solution

pH = - log [H+]
pOH = - log [OH-]

At 25 degrees Celsius: pH + pOH = 14

Room temp – IUPAC INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED

CHEMISTRY

COMFORTABLE TEMP – 20-22 CELCIUS

The hydronium ion concentration of a 0.05 M solution
of HCl is 0.05M. What is the pH of the solution?
pH= -log (0.05)
= 1.30

If the pH of a solution is 4.72, what is the hydronium

ion concentration?

Antilog / 10^- 4.72

10 raise to negative 4.72
= 1.91 x 10^-5
pKa and pKb

pKa and pKb are measures of the

strengths of acids and bases, respectively.

The operator p may mean "take the

negative logarithm of".
Acids (pKa)

pKa = − log Ka

The smaller the value of pKa , the

stronger the acid.
Base (pKb)

pKb = − log Kb

The smaller the value of pKb , the

stronger the base.
Calculate the pKa of salicylic acid, which has a
ka = 1.06 x 10-3.
pH= -log (1.06 x 10^ -3)
= 2.97

Calculate the pKb of a 0.01 M solution, which

has a kb = 1.74 x 10-5.
pH= -log (1.74 x 10^ -5)
= 4.76
Ka is the acid Kb is the base
dissociation constant. dissociation constant.
The greater the value The greater the value of
Ka , the stronger of Kb , the stronger the
acid. the base.

Greater Ka / Stronger acid

Greater Kb / Stronger Base
 Calculate the Kb of of salicylic acid,
which has a pKb = 9.80
Antilog
10 ^-9.80
= 1.58 x 10 ^-10
Calculate the Ka of ammonium,
which has a pKa = 8.24

Antilog
10^-8.24
= 5.75 x 10^-9
Paracetamol
Indication: Antipyretic, Analgesic
Direction to use: PO
Precaution: Do not take this medication
for fever for more than 3 days unless
directed by your doctor. For adults, do
not take this product for pain for more than 10 days (5 days in
children) unless directed by your doctor. pH range: is 5.5 -
6.5

Maalox
Indication: Antacid
 used to treat the symptoms of too much
stomach acid such as stomach upset,
heartburn, and acid indigestion.
Direction for Use: PO, after meals
Precaution: If your acid problems persist or
worsen after you have used this product for 1
week, seek immediate medical attention.
pH range: Approximately 8
Ceelin
Indication: Prevention and treatment of
Vitamin C deficiency in infants and
children.

The most trusted and

most prescribed
Vitamin C supplement for
kids which helps boost the
 immune system for their
protection from sickness.
Direction for Use: PO,
with or without
food
pH range: 1.0 to 2.5
End of discussion
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