Work Sheet 6

The Skeletal System

Bone Markings
1. Match the terms in column B with the appropriate description in column A:
Column A Column B

Spine 1. sharp, slender process condyle

tubercle 2. small rounded projection foramen

tuberosity 3. large rounded projection fossa

head 4. structure supported on neck head

ramus 5. armlike projection meatus

condyle 6. rounded, convex projection ramus

meatus 7. canal-like structure sinus

foramen 8. round or oval opening through a bone spine

fossa 9. shallow depression trochanter

sinus 10. air-filled cavity tubercle

trochanter 11. large, irregularly shaped projection tuberosity

Classification of Bones

2. The four major anatomical classifications of bones are long, short, flat, and irregular. Which category
has the least amount of spongy bone relative to its total volume? Long bones

3. Classify each of the bones in the following chart into one of the four major categories by checking the
appropriate column. Use appropriate references as necessary.

Long Short Flat Irregular

Humerus
Phalanx
Parietal (skull
bone)
Calcaneus (tarsal
bone)
Rib
Vertebra
Axial Skeleton
The Skull
1.The skull is one of the major components of the axial skeleton. Name the other two.
Vertebral column (Spine), and Bony Thorax

What structures does each of these three components of the axial skeleton protect?

1. Skull - protects brain

2. Spine - provides axial support

3. Bony Thorax - protects organs of the Thoracic cavity.

2. Define suture: Sutures are fibrous bands of tissue that connect the bones of the skull. The sutures or
anatomical lines where the bony plates of the skull join together.

3. With one exception, the skull bones are joined by sutures. Name the exception. With the exception of
2 paired bones (the parietal and temporal), are all single bones.

4. What are the four major sutures of the skull, and what bones do they connect?

1. Coronal - the suture between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones
2. lamboid - the suture between the two parietal bones and the occipital bone
3. saggital - the suture between the two parietal bones
4. squamous - the suture between the temporal and parietal bones

5. Name the eight bones composing the cranium.

Frontal, Parietal R, Temporal R, Sphynoid, Parietal L, Temporal L, Occificle, and Ethnoid

6. Give two possible functions of the sinuses.

They lighten the facial bones and act as resonance chambers for speech.

7. What is the orbit? Eye Socket

8. Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone of the cranial floor?

Because it is in contact with all of the other cranial bones.

9. Match the bone names in column B with the descriptions in column A. (Some choices may be used
more than once.)

Column A Column B

Frontal 1. bone forming anterior cranium, or forehead ethmoid

Zygomatic 2. Cheekbone frontal

Maxilla 3. upper jaw hyoid

Frontal 4. bridge of nose lacrimal

Palatine 5. posterior roof of mouth mandible

Parietal 6. bone pair united by the sagittal suture maxilla

Occipital 7. site of jugular foramen and carotid canal nasal

Sphenoid 8. contains a “saddle” that houses the pituitary gland occipital

Lacrimal 9. has an opening that allows tears to pass palatine

Maxilla 10. forms most of hard palate parietal

Ethmoid 11. superior and medial nasal conchae are part of this bone sphenoid

Temporal 12. site of external auditory meatus temporal

Sphenoid 13. has greater and lesser wings vomer

Ethmoid 14. its “holey” plate allows olfactory fibers to pass zygomatic

Maxilla 15. facial bone that contains a sinus , ,

Frontal, Sphenoid and Ethmoid 16. three cranial bones containing paranasal sinuses

Occipital 17. its oval-shaped protrusions articulate with the atlas

Occipital 18. spinal cord passes through a large opening in this bone

Zygomatic 19. not really a skull bone

Mandible 20. forms the chin

Vomer 21. inferior part of nasal septum ,

Maxilla,Mandible 22. contain alveoli bearing teeth

Ethmoid 23. bears an upward protrusion called the rooster’s comb

10. Using the terms listed, identify each of the fontanels shown on the fetal skull below.

Key terms: anterior fontanel mastoid fontanel posterior fontanel sphenoidal

fontanel
Anterior fontanel
sphenoidal fontanel
parietal bone

posterior fontanel Frontal bone

occipital bone

mastoid fontanel

temporal bone

11. The distinguishing characteristics of the vertebrae composing the vertebral column are noted below.
Correctly identify each described structure or region by choosing a response from the key. (Some
choices may be used more than once.)

Key: atlas coccyx sacrum axis lumbar vertebra thoracic vertebra

cervical vertebra—typical

cervical vertebra—typical 1. vertebral type with a bifid (forked) spinous process

thoracic vertebra 2. pivots on C2; lacks a body

thoracic vertebra 3. bear facets for articulation with ribs; form part of bony thoracic cage

sacrum 4. forms a joint with the hip bone

lumbar vertebra 5. vertebra with blocklike body and short, stout spinous process

coccyx 6. “tailbone”

atlas 7. articulates with the occipital condyles

lumbar vertebra 8. five components; unfused

thoracic vertebra 9. twelve components; unfused

sacrum 10. five components; fused

12. On this illustration of an articulated vertebral column, identify the structure that are listed below.

Key: atlas axis intervertebral disc two thoracic vertebrae

two lumbar vertebrae sacrum

coccyx

The Bony Thorax

13. The major components of the bony thorax (excluding the vertebral column) are the sternum and the
ribs.

14. What is the general shape of the thoracic cage? Conical

15 . Using the terms at the right, identify the regions and landmarks of the bony thorax. Write the letter
of the correct answer.

16. Differentiate a true rib from a false rib.

Seven pairs of ribs are called true ribs. They are dorsally attached to the thoracic vertebrae and are
ventrally connected to the sternum with help of hyaline cartilage. Lungs are protected by them. On the
other hand, three pairs of ribs are called false ribs. False ribs generally articulate with both thoracic
vertebrae and sternum but these ribs do not articulate with the sternum directly.They seem to attach
but they float.

17. What is a floating rib?

The last two pairs of ribs are known as the floating ribs, i.e. 11th and 12th pair. The floating ribs are
comparatively smaller and have cartilaginous tips. They are only connected to the thoracic vertebrae, so
they are also known as the vertebral ribs and there is no attachment present ventrally, hence the name
“floating ribs”.
Appendicular Skeleton
18. Give the bone names or markings that corresponds with the descriptions below. (Some terms may
be used more than once, and some terms may not be used.)

Key: Acromion capitulum carpals clavicle coracoid process coronoid fossa

deltoid tuberosity glenoid cavity humerus metacarpals olecranon fossa
olecranon process phalanges radial tuberosity radius scapula
sternum styloid process trochlea ulna

deltoid tuberosity 1. raised area on lateral surface of humerus to which deltoid muscle attaches
humerus 2. arm bone ,

clavicle, scapula 3. bones of the shoulder girdle ,

radius, ulna 4. forearm bones

Acromion 5. scapular region to which the clavicle connects

scapula 6. shoulder girdle bone that is unattached to the axial skeleton

clavicle 7. shoulder girdle bone that articulates with and transmits forces to the bony thorax

glenoid cavity 8. depression in the scapula that articulates with the humerus

corocoid process 9. process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment

clavicle 10. the “collarbone”

trochlea 11. distal condyle of the humerus that articulates with the ulna

ulna 12. medial bone of forearm in anatomical position

capitulum 13. rounded knob on the humerus; articulates with the radius

coronoid fossa 14. anterior depression, superior to the trochlea, that receives part of the ulna when the
forearm is flexed

ulna 15. forearm bone involved in formation of the elbow joint

carpals 16. wrist bones

phalanges 17. finger bones

metacarpals 18. heads of these bones form the knuckles ,

scapula, sternum 19. bones that articulate with the clavicle

19. Identify the following bones.