COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

LABORATORY 03: Operational Amplifier

MEMBERS: Alcantara Joshua GROUP: ____________

Didulo Ric Joseph

Javier Christian

Yazon Jude Anthony

Objective:
● Compare the calculated and simulated results.

Tools:
NI Multisim

I. CLOSE LOOP CONFIGURATION

1) INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Figure 1. Inverting Operational Amplifier

Compute the following:

Voltage gain of the given circuit. Av = -5

Vout when Vin = 0.5Vdc Vout = -2.5V
Vout when Vin = 5Vdc Vout = -25V
Voutpk when Vin = 0.5Vpk sinusoid, f = 1kHz Voutpk = -2.5V

Simulate the circuit of Figure 1 in NI Multisim using LM741 OpAmp, then measure the
following:

Vout when Vin = 0.5Vdc Vout = -2.5

Compute the voltage gain Av = Vout/Vin = -5V
Vout when Vin = 5Vdc Vout = -24.999V
Compute the voltage gain Av = Vout/Vin = -4.999V

Voutpk when Vin = 0.5Vpk sinusoid, f = 1kHz Voutpk = 2.499V

Compute the voltage gain Av = Voutpk/Vinpk = 4.998

Voutpk when Vin = 0.5Vpk sinusoid, f = 200kHz Voutpk = 2.489V

Compute the voltage gain Av = Voutpk/Vinpk = 4.978
 Questions:
1. Does the obtained voltage from each measurement, both by computation and
simulation, match when Vin = 0.5V?
-Yes, the simulation and the computed values were mostly the same.
2. Compare the actual Vout and simulated Vout when Vin = 5Vdc. Are they equal?
Explain.
-The simulated and the computed values were mostly the same with a very
minimal marginal error. It is because the computed value uses the ideal theory
which neglect the internal tolerance in the circuit while the simulation use
practical application which consider 1% internal tolerance in the circuit. This was
achieved by adjusting the maximum voltage swing of the circuit, to the value
greater than the amplification of the 5 Vin.

2) NON-INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Figure 2. Non-inverting Operational Amplifier

Compute the following

Voltage gain of the given circuit. Av = 6

Vout when Vin = 0.5Vdc Vout = 3
Vout when Vin = 5Vdc Vout = 30 V
Voutpk when Vin = 0.5Vpk sinusoid, f = 1kHz Voutpk = 2.963
Simulate the circuit of Figure 2 in NI Multisim using LM741 OpAmp, then measure the
following:

Vout when Vin = 0.5Vdc Vout = 3

Compute the voltage gain Av = Vout/Vin = 6

Vout when Vin = 5Vdc Vout = 12.08

Compute the voltage gain Av = Vout/Vin = 2.416
 Voutpk when Vin = 0.5Vpk sinusoid, f = 1kHz Voutpk = 2.9988
Compute the voltage gain Av = Voutpk/Vinpk = 5.9976

Voutpk when Vin = 0.5Vpk sinusoid, f = 200kHz Voutpk =2.9872

Compute the voltage gain Av = Voutpk/Vinpk = 5.9744

Questions:
1. Does the obtained voltage from each measurement, both by computation and
simulation, match when Vin = 0.5V?
-Yes, the simulated and the computed values were mostly the same.
2. Compare the actual Vout and simulated Vout when Vin = 5Vdc. Are they equal?
Explain.
-The Vout of the simulated and the computed value are different. Unlike the first
part, the maximum voltage swing in this part was not changed. It is at +- 12 thus
making the output unable to reach 30V

3) SUMMING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

 Figure 3. Summing Operational Amplifier

Compute the following

Vout when V1 = 0.5Vdc and V2 = 1Vdc Vout = -7.5 V

Simulate the circuit of Figure 3 in NI Multisim using LM741 OpAmp, then measure the
following:

Vout when V1 = 0.5Vdc and V2 = 1Vdc Vout = -7.5

Voutpk when V1 = 0.5Vpk and V2 = 1Vpk sinusoid, f = 1kHz Voutpk = 7.4922 V

 4) DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER

Figure 4. Difference Amplifier

Measure the Vout with an input voltage equal to the value given from the table
below.
V1 V2 Vout

1 0 -997.55 mV

0 1 1V

1 -1 -2

-1 1 2

5 2 -3

4 7 3

-2 3 5

4 2 -2

Questions:
1. What did you observe about the output voltage given the two inputs?
-We observe that the output voltage given in the circuit is the difference
of the input signal in the amplifier.
2. What kind of configuration is the given circuit?
-The kind of configuration of the given circuit is a common mode negative
feedback differential op amp.
3. How does it work?
-The difference amplifier works by finding the difference between the
two input signals which produce output signal voltage depending on the
difference of the two input signals.
4. What is the solution for Vout if R1 ≠ R2 ≠ R3 ≠ R4?
-The solution for Vout is the sum of the negative V1 multiplied by the
quotient of R2 over R3 and V2 multiplied by the quotient of R4 over the sum of
R1&R4 and the sum of R3&R2 over R3.

II. OPEN LOOP CONFIGURATION

a. COMPARATOR (DC Input)

 Measure Vout with input voltages equal to the value given from the table below.
V1 V2 Vout

1 0 14.027 V

0 1 -14.027 V

1 -1 14.027 V

-1 1 -14.027 V

5 2 14.027 V

4 7 -14.027 V

Answer the following questions:

1. What kind of configuration is the given circuit?
-The kind of configuration given in the circuit is a common mode open
loop voltage comparator op amp.
2. How does it work?
-The comparator works by comparing two input signal voltage which
produces output signal voltage that starts depending on which is greater
between the two input signal voltage.
3. What is the maximum output voltage swing?
-The maximum output voltage swing is ±15V. However, the op amp used
is a practical op amp. Meaning there is a small output impedance creating
a small voltage drop at the output. This results the circuit to output a
voltage a little bit lower than that of the Voltage supply.

b. Setup the circuit. Insert a triangular signal with frequency = 1kHz and Vp = 10V.
 Vary the potentiometer by rotating the knob CW/CCW and observe the signals in the
4-Channel oscilloscope.
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the waveform of the output signal?
-The waveform of the output signal is a square wave.
2. What are the frequency and amplitude of the output?
@ 100k ohms – Vm = -14 f = 0 Hz
@ 50 k ohms – Vm = + - 14.027 f = 1000 Hz
3. What happen to the output signal when varying the potentiometer?
-The pulse width of the output square wave enlarged or reduced
depending on the percentage in the potentiometer. It becomes dc at 100k ohms
4. How does it work?
The amplifier transforms the triangular wave form into square wave.
5. What is the maximum output voltage swing?
The maximum output voltage swing is ±15 but since the op amp is a
practical model, the output encounters an impedance, thus creating a
voltage drop. Resulting to a 14.027 out instead of a maximum 15

INDIVIDUAL CONCLUSION:

The actual and the simulated value will not be always the same because of the margin of error
and the type of amplifier affects the result too.( Alcantara)
The output of an amplifier depends on the input signal, type and configuration of an op amp. If the op-
amp has two or more input signals, the output will depend on the greater value of the input signals.
Another thing that an amplifier can do is that it transforms the input signals into an output square wave;
the pulse width of the output will depend on the resistance in the circuit. If the circuit has a high
reactance or resistivity, the pulse width in the positive region decrease which is inversely proportional to
the negative region while if the circuit has a low reactance or resistivity, the pulse width in the positive
region increases which is inversely proportional to the negative region. (Yazon)

Op amps practical values vary differently compared to the ideal. The output is not always equal to the
maximum voltage swing. The amplification is not always infinite as well as the bandwidth. These ideal
values are not achieved due to the materials built in characteristics. Even copper wires have impedance.
In conclusion an op amp can be used in many different applications but the user must always consider
the tiny changes in every characteristics Av, bandwidth, slew rate, cmrr, Zo, Zi. This is vital especially in
microelectronics which uses small voltages. A small change in input or output may create disturbances
or error in the machine. (Christian Javier )

EVIDENCE OF GROUP WORK:

Alcantara, Joshua:
Didulo, Ric Joseph:
Javier, Christian: Simulation, Solving, Documentation, Essay
Yazon, Jude Anthony: Documentation, Simulation, Solving, Essay