But policy and technological developments of the past few decades have spurred increases in

cross-border trade, investment, and migration so large that many observers believe the world has
entered a qualitatively new phase in its economic development. Since 1950, for example, the
volume of world trade has increased by 20 times, and from just 1997 to 1999 flows of foreign
investment nearly doubled, from $468 billion to $827 billion. Distinguishing this current wave of
globalization from earlier ones, author Thomas Friedman has said that today globalization is
“farther, faster, cheaper, and deeper.”

This current wave of globalization has been driven by policies that have opened economies
domestically and internationally. In the years since the Second World War, and especially during
the past two decades, many governments have adopted free-market economic systems, vastly
increasing their own productive potential and creating myriad new opportunities for international
trade and investment. Governments also have negotiated dramatic reductions in barriers to
commerce and have established international agreements to promote trade in goods, services, and
investment. Taking advantage of new opportunities in foreign markets, corporations have built
foreign factories and established production and marketing arrangements with foreign partners. A
defining feature of globalization, therefore, is an international industrial and financial business
structure.

Technology has been the other principal driver of globalization. Advances in information
technology, in particular, have dramatically transformed economic life. Information technologies
have given all sorts of individual economic actors—consumers, investors, businesses—valuable
new tools for identifying and pursuing economic opportunities, including faster and more
informed analyses of economic trends around the world, easy transfers of assets, and collaboration
with far-flung partners.

Globalization is deeply controversial, however. Proponents of globalization argue that it allows

poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living, while
opponents of globalization claim that the creation of an unfettered international free market has
benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local enterprises, local
cultures, and common people. Resistance to globalization has therefore taken shape both at a
popular and at a governmental level as people and governments try to manage the flow of capital,
labor, goods, and ideas that constitute the current wave of globalization.

To find the right balance between benefits and costs associated with globalization, citizens of all
nations need to understand how globalization works and the policy choices facing them and their
societies. Globalization101.org tries to provide an accurate analysis of the issues and controversies
regarding globalization, without the slogans or ideological biases generally found in discussions of
the topics.

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What Is Globalization?
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided
by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political
systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies
around the world.

Globalization is not new, though. For thousands of years, people—and, later, corporations—have
been buying from and selling to each other in lands at great distances, such as through the famed
Silk Road across Central Asia that connected China and Europe during the Middle Ages.
Likewise, for centuries, people and corporations have invested in enterprises in other countries. In
fact, many of the features of the current wave of globalization are similar to those prevailing
before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.

Map of the Silk Road

But policy and technological developments of the past few decades have spurred increases in
cross-border trade, investment, and migration so large that many observers believe the world has
entered a qualitatively new phase in its economic development. Since 1950, for example, the
volume of world trade has increased by 20 times, and from just 1997 to 1999 flows of foreign
investment nearly doubled, from $468 billion to $827 billion. Distinguishing this current wave of
globalization from earlier ones, author Thomas Friedman has said that today globalization is
“farther, faster, cheaper, and deeper.”

This current wave of globalization has been driven by policies that have opened economies
domestically and internationally. In the years since the Second World War, and especially during
the past two decades, many governments have adopted free-market economic systems, vastly
increasing their own productive potential and creating myriad new opportunities for international
trade and investment. Governments also have negotiated dramatic reductions in barriers to
commerce and have established international agreements to promote trade in goods, services, and
investment. Taking advantage of new opportunities in foreign markets, corporations have built
foreign factories and established production and marketing arrangements with foreign partners. A
defining feature of globalization, therefore, is an international industrial and financial business
structure.

Technology has been the other principal driver of globalization. Advances in information
technology, in particular, have dramatically transformed economic life. Information technologies
have given all sorts of individual economic actors—consumers, investors, businesses—valuable
new tools for identifying and pursuing economic opportunities, including faster and more
informed analyses of economic trends around the world, easy transfers of assets, and collaboration
with far-flung partners.

Globalization is deeply controversial, however. Proponents of globalization argue that it allows

poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living, while
opponents of globalization claim that the creation of an unfettered international free market has
benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local enterprises, local
cultures, and common people. Resistance to globalization has therefore taken shape both at a
popular and at a governmental level as people and governments try to manage the flow of capital,
labor, goods, and ideas that constitute the current wave of globalization.

To find the right balance between benefits and costs associated with globalization, citizens of all
nations need to understand how globalization works and the policy choices facing them and their
societies. Globalization101.org tries to provide an accurate analysis of the issues and controversies
regarding globalization, without the slogans or ideological biases generally found in discussions of
the topics. We welcome you to our website.