Ix Motion

MOTION
Distance and Displacement

The magnitude of the length covered by a moving object is called distance. It has no direction.
Displacement is the shortest distance between two points or the distance between the starting and
final positions with respect to time. It has magnitude as well direction.
Displacement can be zero, but distance cannot.
Distance VS Displacement
Magnitude
Magnitude is the size or extent of a physical quantity. In physics, we have scalar and vector
quantities.
Scalar quantities are only expressed as magnitude. E.g: time, distance, mass, temperature, area,
volume
Vector quantities are expressed in magnitude as well as the direction of the object. E.g: Velocity,
displacement, weight, momentum, force, acceleration etc.
Time, Average Speed and Velocity
Time and speed

Time is the duration of an event that is expressed in Seconds. Most physical phenomena occur
with respect to time. It is a scalar quantity.
Speed is the rate of change of distance. If a body covers a certain distance in a certain amount of
time, its speed is given by
Speed = /
Average speed = Total distance travelled / Total timetaken
Uniform motion and non-uniform motion

When an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time it is in uniform motion.
When an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time it is said to be in non-uniform
motion.
Velocity
The Rate of change of displacement is velocity. It is a vector quantity. Here the direction of
motion is specified.
Velocity = Displacement/Time.
Average velocity =( InitialVelocity+Finalvelocity)/2 = (u+v)/2.
Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration it is a vector quantity. In non-uniform
motion
velocity varies with time, i.e change in velocity is not 0. It is denoted by “a”
Acceleration = ChangeinVelocity/Time (OR) a = (v-u)/t
Graphical Representation of Motion
Distance-Time graph
 Distance-Time graphs show the change in position of an object with respect to time.
 Linear variation = uniform motion & non-linear variations imply non- uniform motion
 The slope gives us speed
Distance – Time Graph
 OA implies uniform motion with constant speed as the slope is constant

 AB implies the body is at rest as the slope is zero
 B to C is non-uniform motion
Velocity-Time Graph
 Velocity-Time graphs show the change in velocity with respect to time.
 Slope gives acceleration
 The area under the curve gives the displacement
 Line parallel to x-axis implies constant velocity-
Velocity – Time Graph
OA = constant acceleration, AB = constant velocity , BC = constant retardation
Equations of Motion
The motion of an object moving at uniform acceleration can be described with the help of three
equations, namely
(i) v=u+at
(ii) v2−u2=2aS
(iii) S=ut+1/2at2
Derivation of velocity-time relation by graphical method
A body starts with some initial non-zero velocity at A and goes to B with constant acceleration
a.
From the graph BC = v (final velocity), DC = u (initial velocity)–(eq 1).
BD = BC – DC– (eq 2).
We know acceleration a = slope = BD/AD or AD = OC = t (time taken to reach point B).
Therefore BD = at — (eq 3).
Substitute everything we get : at = v – u.
Rearrange to get v = u + at.
Derivation of position-time relation by graphical method
A body starts with some initial non-zero velocity at A and goes to B with constant acceleration a
Area under the graph gives
Displacement =A(ΔABD)+A(□OADC)=(1/2AD×BD)+OA×OC — (eq 1)
OA = u , OC = t and BD = at
Substituting in (eq 1) we get S= ut+1/2at2
Derivation of position-velocity relation by graphical method

A body starts with some initial non-zero velocity at A and goes to B with constant acceleration a
Displacement covered will be the area under the curve which is the trapezium OABC.
( )
We know the area of trapezium is S= ∗OC
OA = u and BC = v and OC = t
( )
Therefor, S= *t—(eq 1)
We also know that t =(v-u)/a —(eq 2)
Substitute (eq 2) in (eq 1) and arrange to get
V2−u2=2aS.
Uniform circular motion
 If an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called uniform
circular motion.
 Velocity is changing as direction keeps changing.
 Acceleration is constant
ASSIGNMENT
CLASS - IX Science (Motion)

1. If a body starts from rest, what can be said about the acceleration of body?
(a) Positively accelerated (b) Negative accelerated
(c) Uniform accelerated (d) None of the above [1]
2. What does slope of position time graph give?

(a) speed (b) acceleration (c) uniform speed
(d) Both (a) and (c) depending upon the type of graph. [1]
3. When a body moves uniformly along the circle, then:-

(a) its velocity changes but speed remains the same
(b) its speed changes but velocity remains the same
(c) both speed and velocity changes
(d) both speed and velocity remains same [1]
4. Which of the following statements is correct?

(a) speed distance are scalar, velocity and displacement are vector
(b) speed distance are vector, velocity and displacement are vector
(c) speed and velocity are scalar, distance and velocity are vector
(d) speed and velocity are vector, distance and displacement are scalar [1]
5. A car travels at a speed of 40km/hr for two hour and then at 60km/hr for three
hours. What is the average speed of the car during the entire journey? [2]
6. The velocity time graph of two bodies A and B traveling along

the +x direction are given in the figure v
(a) Are the bodies moving with uniform acceleration?
(b) Which body is moving with greater acceleration A or B?
[2]
t
7. Calculate the acceleration and distance of the body moving with 5m/s2 which
comes to rest after traveling for 6sec? [2]
8. A body is dropped from a height of 320m. The acceleration due to the gravity is
10m/s2?
(a) How long does it take to reach the ground?
(b) What is the velocity with which it will strike the ground? [3]
9. Derive third equation of motion v u2 2aS graphically?

2
[3]
10. A boy throws a stone upward with a velocity of 60m/s.

(a) How long will it take to reach the maximum height (g = -10m/s2)?
(b) What is the maximum height reached by the ball?
(c) How long will it take to reach the ground? [3]

Ix Motion

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MOTION

Distance and Displacement

Time, Average Speed and Velocity

Time and speed

Uniform motion and non-uniform motion

Graphical Representation of Motion

Distance – Time Graph

 OA implies uniform motion with constant speed as the slope is constant

Velocity – Time Graph

OA = constant acceleration, AB = constant velocity , BC = constant retardation

Derivation of velocity-time relation by graphical method

Velocity – Time Graph

Derivation of position-time relation by graphical method

Velocity – Time Graph

Derivation of position-velocity relation by graphical method

Velocity – Time Graph

CLASS - IX Science (Motion)

2. What does slope of position time graph give?

3. When a body moves uniformly along the circle, then:-

4. Which of the following statements is correct?

6. The velocity time graph of two bodies A and B traveling along

9. Derive third equation of motion v u2 2aS graphically?

10. A boy throws a stone upward with a velocity of 60m/s.

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