REVIEWER

First Quarterly Examinations

READING AND CREATIVE WRITING

LESSON 1- INTRODUCTION TO READING

READING is a complex cognitive process that involves unified skill sets used in deriving
meaning from a text. It deals with many skills such as comprehension, perception, phonemic
awareness, syntax, and semantics. As a skill, reading is difficult as it may seem for it requires
higher order thinking skills and processing of information

READING STRATEGY/IES:

Outlining allows you to identify the basic structure of a text and the main ideas of the text. In an
outline, you are listing the main ideas and supporting evidence of a text. It is especially important
to be able to distinguish between the two. Use your own words when outlining a text.

Annotating One of the first strategies, to begin with is annotating a text. When you annotate,
you underline important parts of the text, such as the thesis statement, topic sentences of body
paragraphs, and explanatory material. Annotating may also include circling keywords and writing
comments or questions you have about the material in the margins. This is also a very good way
to mark material that needs to be studied for exams. See pages 6 and 72-89 in The Presence of
Others.

Paraphrasing- When you paraphrase a text, you put it into your own words. This can be helpful
in understanding a difficult or ambiguous passage. It is also one of the three ways to incorporate
other people’s ideas into your own. The other two are quoting directly and summarizing. Unlike a
summary, a paraphrase contains all of the original information. The purpose of a paraphrase is
to simplify without changing any information. You are not changing what is said, but how it is
said. See The Bedford Handbook, pages 561-562.

Summarizing - Summarizing creates a new text by synthesizing the material of the original.
After outlining the text, the information is put together again in your own words. Summarization
fosters an understanding of the text, as you need to be able to recreate the meaning of the text
in your own words. See The Bedford Handbook, page 561.
LESSON 2- PATTERNS OF WRITING DEVELOPMENT

PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT these are specific ways writers organize their writing for a
specific purpose.

Narration - The purpose of narration is to tell a story or relate an event. Narration is an

especially useful tool for sequencing or putting details and information into some kind of logical
order, usually chronological. Literature uses narration heavily, but it also can be useful in
non-fiction, and academic writing for strong impact.

Description - creates an accurate, vivid, or verbal picture of an object, setting or event, person,
or image.

Classification- breaking a large subject into categories based on the consistent and useful
principle of division

Exemplification -providing enough specific examples to support the main idea. Cause

and Effect- discussing the source of something produced and its eventual result/s

SAMPLE TEXTS

CAUSE AND EFFECT

The homeless epidemic is a serious problem in nearly every major city across the country.
According to the US Department of Housing and Urban Development, there are over 500,000
people experiencing homelessness on any given night. It’s a difficult challenge to tackle
precisely because it is so multi-faceted, both in terms of its causes and its far-reaching effects.
Homelessness affects not only the people who must struggle to survive on the street but also the
business owners or residents in the neighborhoods. Petty crime and drug abuse are common.
While many factors have contributed to the rise in homeless rates, one of the most profound is
the lack of adequate social support services

DESCRIPTION
Sunset is the time of day when our sky meets the outer space solar winds. There are blue, pink,
and purple swirls, spinning and twisting, like clouds of balloons caught in a whirlwind. The sun
moves slowly to hide behind the line of the horizon, while the moon races to take its place in
prominence atop the night sky. People slow to a crawl, entranced, fully forgetting the deeds that
must still be done. There is a coolness, a calmness when the sun does set.

NARRATION
It was late spring the last time we saw Ross. He was standing at the edge of the hill, and he
never so much as looked up even though we were sure he knew we were there. There was a
bunch of flowers clutched to his fist, but there really was no reason for him to be standing there.
We knew that Carrie wasn't coming to see him. But he stood there anyway, waiting, even as the
afternoon sunlight deepened towards the evening. He must have been standing there for hours.

EXEMPLIFICATION
Dogs are domesticated animals that have been living with humans for generations. Dogs can be
classified in a number of different ways. For example, they can be classified by breed. Examples
of different breeds include beagles, basset hounds, poodles, and countless others as defined by
the American Kennel Club (AKC). They can also be classified by their role in the lives of their
masters and the work they do. For example, a dog might be a family pet, a working dog, a show
dog, or a hunting dog. In many cases, dogs are defined both by their breed and their role. For
example, a dog could be a beagle that is a family pet.

CLASSIFICATION
Different students attend various types of schools; they can usually be classified as either public,
private religious, private nonreligious, or alternative. Public schools are funded by the state, and
the majority of students in the United States attend them. Private schools are schools that do not
receive federal funding but are instead supported by a private organization or funding from
individuals. Private religious schools are based around a particular faith, such as Catholicism,
Protestantism, Judaism, and so forth. Religion is part of the everyday lives of the students and
they also learn about their faith in addition to regular subjects. On the other hand, private
nonreligious schools do not receive state funding and have the ability to make their own rules.
Alternative schools can be made up of a variety of different categories, such as the Montessori
program or technical schools, which are typically self-paced and hands-on. Most students who
attend class in a school building go to one of these types of institutions.

LESSON 3- PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT

COHESION is the property of unity in a written text or a segment of spoken discourse that
stems from links among its surface elements, as when words in one sentence are repeated in
another, and especially from the fact that some words or phrases depending on their
interpretation upon the material in preceding or the following text

COHERENCE - A paragraph is coherent when all the sentences are related to one another.
Each sentence follows logically to the next

TRANSITIONS. These are words, phrases, and sentences that show connections between
details. Transitions can be shown through the use of the following kinds of words:

• Time or sequence words (then, next, finally)

 • Spatial order words (in front, behind, between)
• Degree of importance (mainly, strongest, weakest)
• Comparison-and-Contrast ( similarly, unlike, whereas)
• Cause-effect (therefore, so, for this reason)

MECHANICS set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize *Avoid
contractions and exclamation points (unless part of a direct quotation)
● Mention the full name before the abbreviation.
● Numbers from 0-10 must be spelled out.

LANGUAGE USE appropriateness of word / vocabulary usage

LESSON 4- EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT CLAIMS AND TYPES OF CLAIMS
(fact, value, and policy)

CLAIMS is an attempt to persuade the reader to change their attitude, belief, or behavior by
providing one or more reasons.

EXPLICIT INFORMATION - Ideas that are directly stated in the text

IMPLICIT INFORMATION- Ideas that are implied or suggested

EXAMPLE:

EXPLICIT INFORMATION

The excerpt is taken from Nelson Mandela’s article in USAID by US Secretary of Education
Arne Duncan:

As Nelson Mandela says, “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to
change the world.”
Education is the key to eliminating gender inequality, to reducing poverty, to creating a
sustainable planet, preventing needless deaths and illness, and to fostering peace. And in a
knowledge economy, education is the new currency by which nations maintain economic
competitiveness and global prosperity.
Education is an investment, and one of the most critical investments we can make. This is true
not only for the United States but for countries around the world.

What information or ideas are directly stated by Secretary Duncan? – If your answer is from
the text, definitely it is explicitly given

IMPLICIT INFORMATION
Identify whether the piece of information is EXPLICIT or IMPLICIT

1. The teacher congratulated Rosie.

2. Rosie stood on stage and delivered her speech.
3. Rosie was full of happiness.
4. Rosie was a hardworking and intelligent student.
5. The present of Rosie promised to celebrate her success.

If the piece of information can be directly seen in the text, it is EXPLICIT. However,
if it is only implied, it is IMPLICIT.

TYPES OF CLAIMS

CLAIM OF FACT

● affirms or asserts that a statement is true or untrue.

● It argues that the statement is indeed a fact, or it defines a particular term ● as a type of
claim that can be verified as either true or false no matter how difficult it is. It normally tells
“what is” and “what is not”.

Examples:
Cyberbullying has profound effects on young children.
“Making friends” online is not the same as making friends in person.

CLAIM OF VALUE

● evaluative statements that can be qualified. They assert which conditions are better, more
important, or more desirable. It gives an idea of what is good or bad.

Examples:
▪ It is important that children learn how to use social media responsibly.
▪ Learning another language other than English is necessary for the 21st century.
▪ Spending quality time with your family is better than spending time alone.
CLAIM OF POLICY

● statement proposing an action that should be undertaken as a solution to a particular

problem.
● This claim makes use of words such as should, ought to, and must.
● In writing, the author aims to convince readers that the proposed solution would
indeed solve the given problem and that it is better than the current or any other
proposed course of action.

Examples:
a. Smoking must be banned in all public places.
b. In general, women should be given equal job opportunities as men.
c. There should be a course for students who would like to learn Ilocano, Cebuano, or any
Philippine dialect.
LESSON 5 - FEATURES AND STRUCTURE OF A BOOK REVIEW

BOOK REVIEW
an exhaustive, detailed description, critical analysis, and evaluation of the quality, meaning,
importance, and merit of a book. The task of reviewing a book is to assign and develop critical
thinking among students and to provide practice for the synthesis and evaluation of ideas for an
informed perspective about a certain problem.

PARTS OF A BOOK REVIEW (structure/organization)

I. TITLE- not similar to the title of the book but the writer’s own title of the book review.

II. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION - includes the titles, publishing information for

books, dates, and pages for articles.

III. CONTENT

INTRODUCTION
a. statement about the overall description of the book.
b. statement of the author

BODY
a. summary including significant points of the book
b. salient features of the book and their relation to the author’s background and
context
c. critical evaluation discussing positive and negative features (if appropriate) and
evidence from the text to support your claim.

CONCLUSION
a. restatement of the overall evaluation
b. recommendation for the future readers of the book
 IV. WORKS CITED (if any)
includes other materials used in the review using the prescribed format set by the
teacher.(APA, MLA, Chicago style)

LESSON 6 - WRITING A POSITION PAPER

POSITION PAPER is a formal, usually detailed written statement, especially regarding a single
issue, that articulates a position, viewpoint, or policy

(will add more thru google classroom)

ADDITIONAL POINTERS

LITERATURE REVIEW - A compilation and evaluation of different works, related studies, and
research conducted on a specific topic and/or issue.

PURPOSES OF A LITERATURE REVIEW

● Provide a foundation of knowledge on the topic

● Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication and give credit to other
researchers
● Identify inconstancies: gaps in research, conflicts in previous studies, open questions left
from other research
● Identify the need for additional research (justifying your research)
● Identify the relationship of works in the context of their contribution to the topic and to
other works
● Place your own research within the context of existing literature making a case for why
further study is needed.

PROJECT PROPOSAL
a written document outlining everything stakeholders should know about a project, including the
timeline, budget, objectives, and goals. Your project proposal should summarize your project
details and sell your idea so stakeholders feel inclined to get involved in the initiative.

ADVANTAGES OF PROJECT PROPOSAL

● Clear proposals prove the viability of a project or program.

● Increase clarity regarding requirements and project roadmap.
● Structure and organization is established up front, reducing the chance for misalignment.
● Successful proposals lead to approved budgets and financial support for organizational
growth and project replication.
● Proposals play an integral part in organizational growth, helping in budget approval and
new client adoption.
● Reaching out to stakeholders and building alliances increases credibility and exposure in
the community at large.
● Having detailed your project’s methods and measurement tools in advance builds
accountability for every step of your work.
● Integrating grant writing into day-to-day work turns proposals into useful planning
 documents and detailed templates for project implementation.

PARTS OF PROJECT PROPOSAL

Project Title is a statement that talks about what the project is about.
Rationale provides short background about the problem and issue being discussed Best
Solution explains how you intend to approach the project and bring it to completion. Call
for Action is an invitation for a user to take some desired action