T-BEAMS

During construction, the concrete in the columns is placed and allowed to

harden before the concrete in the floor is placed. In the next construction
operation, concrete is placed in the beams and slab in a monolithic. As a
result, the slab serves as the top flange of the beams. These beams are
known as T-beams.
 The interior beam, AB, has a flange on both sides.
 The spandrel beam, CD, with a flange on one side only, is often
referred to as an inverted L-beam.

Compression zones for a T-beam.

Frequently, a beam-and-slab floor involves slabs supported by

beams which, in turn, are supported by other beams referred to
as girders.
All of the concrete above the top of the column is placed at one
time, and the slab acts as a flange for both the beams and
girders.

Forces acting on the flange for a simply supported T-beam is shown.

At the support, there are no longitudinal compressive stresses in the flange, but at midspan, the full width is stressed in
compression. The transition requires horizontal shear stresses on the web–flange interface. As a result there is a “shear-lag”
effect, and the portions of the flange closest to the web are more highly stressed than those portions farther away.

1
The compressive stress is a maximum over each web, and can also drop between the webs. When analyzing and designing the
section for positive moments, an effective compression flange width is used.
When this effective flange width is stressed uniformly to 0.85𝑓′𝑐 , it will give about the same compression force that actually is
developed in the full width of the compression zone.

Code definitions for effective width of compression flange.

For continuous floor systems, the maximum effective overhanging slab width (ACI code section 6.3.2.1 and NSCP 2015
section 406.3.2.1):
1. 8 times the slab thickness or 8ℎ𝑓
2. 1/2 the clear distance to the next web
3. 1/8 of the clear span length of the beam or 𝑙𝑛 Τ8

For an isolated T beam (ACI code section 6.3.2.2 and NSCP 2015 section 406.3.2.2):
1. Flange thickness ≥ 0.5𝑏𝑤
2. Effective flange width ≤ 4𝑏𝑤

ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
In the analysis of T beams, the beam is divided into a set of rectangular parts consisting of the overhanging parts of the flange
and the compression part of the web.

2
Stress Block within the Flange
If the compression block falls between the flange, the T-beam is treated as a rectangular beam with 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏.

If 𝑎 ≤ ℎ𝑓 , the compression block is

𝐶𝑓 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
Nominal moment capacity
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑓 𝑑 −
2

Steel percentage
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑓 𝑑
Minimum steel area (ACI code section 9.6.1.2 and NSCP 2015 section 409.6.1.2)
0.25 𝑓𝑐′ 1.4
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 ≥ 𝑏 𝑑
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 𝑤

Stress Block in the Web

If the compression block falls in the web, the T-beam is treated as two compression blocks from the overhanging flange
and the web.

If 𝑎 > ℎ𝑓 , the compression for the web rectangle and for the overhanging flange are
𝐶𝑤 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏𝑤
𝐶𝑓 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓
Nominal moment capacity,
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛𝑤 + 𝑀𝑛𝑓

𝑎 ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑤 𝑑 − + 𝐶𝑓 𝑑 −
2 2
Minimum steel area (ACI code section 9.6.1.2 and NSCP 2015 section 409.6.1.2)
0.25 𝑓𝑐′ 1.4
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 ≥ 𝑏 𝑑
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 𝑤

3
 DESIGN OF T-BEAMS

As with analysis, the design of T-beams depends on the depth of the compression block 𝑎.
If 𝑎 ≤ ℎ𝑓 for the compression block, the T beam is designed as if it is a rectangular beam with 𝑏 = 𝑏𝑓 .
If 𝑎 > ℎ𝑓 , the following are used:
Overhanging flange compression block,
𝐶𝑓 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦

Flange reinforcement,
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓
𝐴𝑠𝑓 =
𝑓𝑦

Design strength of the overhanging flange,

ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑢𝑓 = ∅𝑀𝑛𝑓 = ∅𝐶𝑓 𝑑 −
2
The moment resisted by the web, 𝑀𝑢𝑤 , is obtained from
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢𝑤 + 𝑀𝑢𝑓

thus
𝑀𝑢𝑤 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢𝑓

where
𝑀𝑢𝑤 = ∅𝑀𝑛𝑤 = ∅𝑅𝑛𝑤 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 2

The percentage of reinforcement, 𝜌𝑤 , is obtained and used to compute the required web reinforcement area,
𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 𝜌𝑤 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
The total reinforcement is
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓 + 𝐴𝑠𝑤

Minimum amount of steel (ACI code section 9.6.1.2 and NSCP 2015 section 409.6.1.2)

0.25 𝑓𝑐′ 1.4

𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 ≥ 𝑏 𝑑
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 𝑤
For flanges in tension (ACI code section 9.6.1.2 and NSCP 2015 section 409.6.1.2), the least of

0.5 𝑓𝑐′
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑓𝑦
2.8
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑑
𝑓𝑦 𝑤

0.25 𝑓𝑐′
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑑
𝑓𝑦
1.4
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑑
𝑓𝑦 𝑓

4
EXAMPLES
Analysis of T-Beams
Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the isolated T-beam with a flange width of 500 𝑚𝑚 and web
thickness of 350 𝑚𝑚. Effective depth is 600 𝑚𝑚. Beam is reinforced with 3 − 32 𝑚𝑚∅ bottom bars. Use 𝑓𝑐′ =
28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎. If (a) the flange thickness is 100 𝑚𝑚 and (b) the flange thickness is 75 𝑚𝑚.
SOLUTION
a.)

Depth of stress block, assume 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦

𝑇=𝐶
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏𝑓
𝜋 2
3 32 𝑚𝑚 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 0.85 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎 500 𝑚𝑚
4
𝑎 = 85.16 𝑚𝑚 < 100 𝑚𝑚
Stress block is less than flange thickness.
Minimum amount of steel with 𝑏 = 𝑏𝑓
𝜋 2
𝐴𝑠 = 3 32 𝑚𝑚 = 2412.74 𝑚𝑚2
4
0.25 𝑓𝑐′ 0.25 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 350 𝑚𝑚 600 𝑚𝑚 = 661.44 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.4 1.4
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 350 𝑚𝑚 600 𝑚𝑚 = 700 𝑚𝑚2 (𝑢𝑠𝑒)
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Analyse as a rectangular beam
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
85.16 𝑚𝑚 = 0.85𝑐
𝑐 = 100.19 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 100.19 𝑚𝑚
= = 0.167 < 0.375
𝑑𝑡 600 𝑚𝑚
∴ ∅ = 0.9
Ultimate strength
𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
85.16 𝑚𝑚
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 2412.74 𝑚𝑚2 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 600 𝑚𝑚 −
2
𝟔
∅𝑴𝒏 = 𝟓𝟎𝟖. 𝟑𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎 𝑵 − 𝒎𝒎 = 𝟓𝟎𝟖. 𝟑𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

5
b.)

Assume 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝑇=𝐶
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏𝑓
𝜋 2
3 32 𝑚𝑚 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 0.85 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎 500 𝑚𝑚
4
𝑎 = 85.16 𝑚𝑚 > 75 𝑚𝑚
Stress block extends to the web.
𝜋 2
𝐴𝑠 = 3 32 𝑚𝑚 = 2412.74 𝑚𝑚2
4
0.25 𝑓𝑐′ 0.25 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 350 𝑚𝑚 600 𝑚𝑚 = 661.44 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.4 1.4
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 350 𝑚𝑚 600 𝑚𝑚 = 700 𝑚𝑚2 (𝑢𝑠𝑒)
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Flange
𝑇𝑓 = 𝐶𝑓
𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ ℎ𝑓 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤
𝐴𝑠𝑓 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 0.85 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 75 𝑚𝑚 500 𝑚𝑚 − 350 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑓 = 637.5 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓 + 𝐴𝑠𝑤
2412.74 𝑚𝑚2 = 637.5 𝑚𝑚2 + 𝐴𝑠𝑤
𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 1775.24 𝑚𝑚2

Web
𝑇𝑤 = 𝐶𝑤
𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏𝑤
1775.24 𝑚𝑚2 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 0.85 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎 350 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 89.51 𝑚𝑚 > 75 𝑚𝑚
Stress block in the web.
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
89.51 𝑚𝑚 = 0.85𝑐
𝑐 = 105.31 𝑚𝑚
6
 𝑐 105.31 𝑚𝑚
= = 0.173
𝑑𝑡 600 𝑚𝑚
0.375 > 0.173
∴ ∅ = 0.9
Ultimate strength
ℎ𝑓 𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ 𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − + 𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2 2
75 𝑚𝑚
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 645.18 𝑚𝑚2 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 600 𝑚𝑚 − +
2
89.51 𝑚𝑚
0.9 1767.56 𝑚𝑚2 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 600 𝑚𝑚 −
2
𝟔
∅𝑴𝒏 = 𝟓𝟎𝟖. 𝟏𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝑵 − 𝒎𝒎 = 𝟓𝟎𝟖. 𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

Determine the design strength of the T-beam for the floor system shown with each beam having 10 − 20 𝑚𝑚∅
main bars. Simple span length is 6 𝑚. Use 𝑓𝑐′ = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎. All dimensions is in 𝑚𝑚. Use
code minimums.

SOLUTION
Effective flange width:
a.) 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 2 𝑙𝑛 Τ8 = 375 𝑚𝑚 + 2 6000 𝑚𝑚Τ8 = 1875 𝑚𝑚 (use)
b.) 𝑏𝑤 + 2 8 ℎ𝑓 = 375 𝑚𝑚 + 16 100 𝑚𝑚 = 1975 𝑚𝑚
c.) Center − to − center distance between spans = 3000 𝑚𝑚

Depth of stress block, assume 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦

𝑇=𝐶
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏𝑓
𝜋 2
10 20 𝑚𝑚 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 0.85 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎 1875 𝑚𝑚
4
𝑎 = 45.42 𝑚𝑚 < 75 𝑚𝑚
Stress block is less than flange thickness. Use 𝑏 = 𝑏𝑓 .
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 6 32 𝑚𝑚 2 = 4825.5 𝑚𝑚2
4
0.25 𝑓𝑐′ 0.25 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 375 𝑚𝑚 600 𝑚𝑚 = 708.68 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.4 1.4
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 375 𝑚𝑚 600 𝑚𝑚 = 750 𝑚𝑚2 (𝑢𝑠𝑒)
𝑓𝑦 420
𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛
7
Ductility
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
45.42 𝑚𝑚 = 0.85𝑐
𝑐 = 53.44 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 53.44 𝑚𝑚
= = 0.085 < 0.375
𝑑𝑡 628.5 𝑚𝑚
Ultimate strength, ∅ = 0.9
𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
45.42 𝑚𝑚
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 4825.5 𝑚𝑚2 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 600 𝑚𝑚 −
2
𝟔
∅𝑴𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 𝑵 − 𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Design of T-Beams
Select reinforcing for the T-beam with a 10 𝑚 simple span carrying loads 𝐷 = 15 𝑘N/m and 𝐿 = 40 𝑘𝑁/𝑚.
Use 𝑓𝑐′ = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎.

SOLUTION
Factored moment
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝐷 = 23.6 0.6 𝑚 0.15 𝑚 + 0.3 𝑚 0.55 𝑚 + 15 = 22.43
𝑚3 𝑚 𝑚
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿
𝑘𝑛 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 22.43 + 1.6 40 = 90.92
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑘𝑁 2
𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 90.92 10 𝑚
𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = = = 1136.5 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 = 1136.5 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
8 8
Assume rectangular beam with 𝑏 = 𝑏𝑓 . Use 𝑑 = 800 𝑚𝑚.
𝑀𝑢 ≥ ∅𝑀𝑛
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2
1136.5 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 = 0.9𝑅𝑛 600 𝑚𝑚 800 𝑚𝑚 2

𝑅𝑛 = 3.29 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Steel ratio

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′

0.85 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 2 3.29 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜌= 1− 1− = 0.00873
420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 0.85 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎

8
Minimum steel ratio
0.25 𝑓𝑐′ 0.25 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.00273
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.4 1.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.00333 (𝑢𝑠𝑒)
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.00873 600 𝑚𝑚 800 𝑚𝑚 = 4190.4 𝑚𝑚2
Check depth of stress block.
𝑇=𝐶
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏
4190.4 𝑚𝑚2 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 0.85 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎 600 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 164.33 𝑚𝑚 > 150 𝑚𝑚
Stress block extends to the web.
Flange
𝑇𝑓 = 𝐶𝑓
𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ ℎ𝑓 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤
𝐴𝑠𝑓 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 0.85 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 150 𝑚𝑚 600 𝑚𝑚 − 300 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑓 = 1912.5 𝑚𝑚2
ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑢𝑓 = ∅𝑀𝑛𝑓 = ∅𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
150 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢𝑓 = 0.9 1912.5 𝑚𝑚2 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 800 𝑚𝑚 −
2
6
𝑀𝑢𝑓 = 524.12 × 10 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 = 524.12 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢𝑓 + 𝑀𝑢𝑤
1136.5 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 = 524.12 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 + 𝑀𝑢𝑤
𝑀𝑢𝑤 = 612.38 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 = 612.38 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
Web
𝑀𝑢𝑤 = ∅𝑅𝑛𝑤 𝑏𝑤 𝑑2
612.38 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 = 0.9𝑅𝑛𝑤 300 𝑚𝑚 800 𝑚𝑚 2

𝑅𝑛𝑤 = 3.54 𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌𝑤 = 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′

0.85 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 2 3.54 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜌𝑤 = 1− 1− = 0.00949
420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 0.85 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 𝜌𝑤 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 0.00949 300 𝑚𝑚 800 𝑚𝑚 = 2277.6 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓 + 𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 1912.5 𝑚𝑚2 + 2277.6 𝑚𝑚2 = 4190.1 𝑚𝑚2
Minimum Steel
0.25 𝑓𝑐′ 0.25 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 300 𝑚𝑚 800 𝑚𝑚 = 654.65 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.4 1.4
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 300 𝑚𝑚 800 𝑚𝑚 = 800 𝑚𝑚2 (𝑢𝑠𝑒)
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛

9
Use 32 𝑚𝑚∅ bars in two layers.
𝐴𝑠 4190.1 𝑚𝑚2
𝑁= = = 5.21 ≈ 6 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝐴𝑏 𝜋 32 𝑚𝑚 2
4
Ductility
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑓 + 𝐶𝑤
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦 + 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏𝑤
𝜋 2
6 32 𝑚𝑚 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 1912.5 𝑚𝑚2 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 + 0.85 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎 300 𝑚𝑚
4
𝑎 = 228.47 𝑚𝑚 > 150 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
228.47 𝑚𝑚 = 0.85𝑐
𝑐 = 268.79 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 268.79 𝑚𝑚
= = 0.336 < 0.375
𝑑𝑡 828.5 𝑚𝑚
Beam is ductile.
Reinforcement details. Use 10 𝑚𝑚∅ stirrups.

Check minimum cover

𝑏𝑤 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + 𝑑𝑠 + 2𝑑𝑠 + 2𝑑𝑏 + 2𝑥
300 𝑚𝑚 = 2 40𝑚𝑚 + 10 𝑚𝑚 + 20 𝑚𝑚 + 2 32 𝑚𝑚 + 2𝑥
𝑥 = 48 𝑚𝑚 > 32 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 50 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 55.5 𝑚𝑚 > 50 𝑚𝑚

10
Select reinforcing for each T-beam in a floor system with a 7 𝑚 simple span carrying loads 𝐷 = 2 𝑘𝑃𝑎 and 𝐿 =
3 𝑘𝑃𝑎. Total depth of each beam is 550 𝑚𝑚. Use 𝑓𝑐′ = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎. All dimensions in 𝑚𝑚.

SOLUTION
Factored moment
𝑘𝑁
𝐷 = 23.6 0.1 𝑚 3 𝑚 + 0.3 𝑚 0.45 𝑚 + 2 𝑘𝑃𝑎 3 𝑚
𝑚3
𝑘𝑁
𝐷 = 16.27
𝑚
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿
𝑘𝑛 𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 16.27 + 1.6 3 𝑘𝑃𝑎 3 𝑚 = 114.09
𝑚 𝑚
𝑘𝑁 2
𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 114.09 7𝑚
𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = = = 698.8 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 = 698.8 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
8 8
Effective flange width:
a.) 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 2 𝑙𝑛 Τ8 = 300 𝑚𝑚 + 2 7000 𝑚𝑚Τ4 = 2050 𝑚𝑚
b.) 𝑏𝑤 + 2 8 ℎ𝑓 = 300 𝑚𝑚 + 16 100 𝑚𝑚 = 1900 𝑚𝑚 (use)
c.) Center − to − center distance between spans = 3000 𝑚𝑚

Assume rectangular beam with 𝑏 = 𝑏𝑓 .

𝑀𝑢 ≥ ∅𝑀𝑛
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2
698.8 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 = 0.9𝑅𝑛 1900 𝑚𝑚 450 𝑚𝑚 2

𝑅𝑛 = 2.02 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Steel ratio

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′

0.85 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 2 2.19 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜌= 1− 1− = 0.00509
420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 0.85 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎

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Minimum steel ratio
0.25 𝑓𝑐′ 0.25 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.00315
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.4 1.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.00333 (𝑢𝑠𝑒)
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.00509 1900 𝑚𝑚 450 𝑚𝑚 = 4351.95 𝑚𝑚2
Check depth of stress block.
𝑇=𝐶
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏
4351.95 𝑚𝑚2 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 0.85 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎 1900 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 46.71 𝑚𝑚 < 100 𝑚𝑚
Stress block in the flange.
Use 36 𝑚𝑚∅ bars in two layers.
𝐴𝑠 4351.95 𝑚𝑚2
𝑁= = 𝜋 = 4.28 ≈ 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝐴𝑏 36 𝑚𝑚 2
4
Ductility
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
46.71 𝑚𝑚 = 0.85𝑐
𝑐 = 54.95 𝑚𝑚

2𝐴𝑏 61 𝑚𝑚
𝑦ത = = 24.4 𝑚𝑚
5𝐴𝑏
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑 + 𝑦ത = 450 𝑚𝑚 + 24.4 𝑚𝑚 = 474.4 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 54.95 𝑚𝑚
= = 0.116 < 0.375
𝑑𝑡 474.4 𝑚𝑚
Beam is ductile.

12
Reinforcement details. Use 10 𝑚𝑚∅ stirrups.

Check minimum cover

𝑏𝑤 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + 𝑑𝑠 + 2𝑑𝑠 + 2𝑑𝑏 + 2𝑥
300 𝑚𝑚 = 2 40𝑚𝑚 + 10 𝑚𝑚 + 20 𝑚𝑚 + 2 36 𝑚𝑚 + 2𝑥
𝑥 = 44 𝑚𝑚 > 36 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 50 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 57.6 𝑚𝑚 > 50 𝑚𝑚

13