9/16/2022

Dr. MANOJ CHOUKSEY

ME46051 Unit III and IV

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
SGSITS, INDORE

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Vibration & Noise Control

Unit III and IV

• Unit III: System with two-degree of freedom: Torsional systems,
Degenerate Systems, Coupled vibrations, vehicle suspension,
Undamped dynamic vibration absorber, Centrifugal absorber,
friction damper.
• Modal Analysis, Orthogonality of Eigenvectors, Decoupling of
Equations of Motion, Modal Mass, Modal Stiffness and Modal
Damping, General solution in terms of normal mode (Normal Mode
Summation) Introduction to Experimental Modal Analysis
• Unit IV: Machine vibration data acquisition, Vibration Severity
and Standards, analysis of vibration records, Vibration Monitoring
• Noise and its causes, Subjective response to sound, sound pressure/
intensity/ power level and their inter-relation, Inverse Square Law,
Decibel scale, Threshold of hearing, Audible Frequency Range,
Sound wave propagation, Radiation Fields of Sound Source, Near
field, Far field, Free field, Direct field, Reverberant field, Diffuse
field, Loudness and equal
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Modal Analysis
• Modal analysis is the study of the dynamic properties
of structures under vibrational excitation.
• Why is it important?
• Areas of
Applications
• Aircraft ,
automotive
industry
• Consumer
products
• Civil Structures
• Sports
equipment
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Modal Analysis
• Modal analysis is used to estimate natural
characteristics of the system.
r   r  ir
• Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors r   2 r 2

 r  r
are extracted from measured data.

• Modal Model (Natural frequencies, damping

factors and mode shapes) is one sort of
representation of a structure.

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Difference between time, frequency

and modal domain

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What is modal analysis

• In modal analysis, we describe
a structure in terms of it's natural
characteristics i.e. frequency,
damping and mode shapes.

• In modal analysis complex structural motion is reduced to

individual vibration modes.

• It is the most fundamental of all dynamic analysis types and is

generally the starting point for other, more detailed dynamic
analysis
Assumptions
-Linear system
-Principle of reciprocity
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Need of modal analysis

• Ensuring structural integrity requires
knowledge of dynamic characteristics of the
system.
• Modal analysis helps in understanding
system characteristics.
• It helps in identifying possible resonance
regions of the machine.
• Modal data can be used in dynamic design.
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Applications of modal analysis

• Troubleshooting and Design
• Structural Dynamic Modification
• FE Model Co-relation and Updating
• Response Simulation (Response to a given
set of forces)
• Structural Health Monitoring

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Orthogonality and diagonalization of

matrices
• The mass, stiffness and damping matrix
generally includes coupling terms in the
matrices between various degrees of freedom.
• It may be Static Coupling or Dynamic
Coupling or both.
• In modal analysis, the equations of motion are
transformed such that the equation of motion
gets uncoupled. This leads to the
diagonalization of various matrices.
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Orthogonalization
• Eignevalues and Eigenvectors
• Eigenvectors have property of orthogonality,
which helps in diagonalization of system matrices
Equations of motion in physical space
q t }  [K ]{q t }  0
[M]{
Mass matrix (Diagonal)
[ ]T [ M ][ ]  [ mr ]
[  ]T [ K ][ ]  [kr ]
Stiffness matrix (Diagonal)

Transformed equations of motion in modal

space

{ }r
Mass Normalization {}r  ; where mr  { }Tr [ M }{ }r
mr
[ ]T [ M ][ ]  [ I ]
or , []  [ ][ mr1/2 ]
[ ]T [ K ][ ]  [ r2 ]
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Modes of a cantilever beam

Courtesy
of Peter
Avitabile
(1998)

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Classifications of modal analysis

- Modal analysis can be done both experimentally
through frequency response measurement or
mathematically using finite element analysis.

Finite element analysis is Modal Analysis Modal testing is

widely used for performed on the actual
theoretical modal analysis structure.

Experimental
Theoretical
Modal Analysis
Modal Analysis
(Modal Testing)

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MDOF Model
Magnitude

1+2

d 1+ d 2
2 1

Frequency
m
d1
Phase
Frequency
dF
0°
1 2

-90°
1+2

-180°
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Experimental modal analysis (Modal

Testing)
Exciting a Structure
Measuring Data Correctly
Modal Analysis Post Processing
- Accurate measurement of both the excitation
and response is essential.
-Ensure no interference of the transducers with
the test structure.
-Proper selection of transducers is important.

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Frequency Response Function

[m/s²] Time(Response) - Input
Working : Input : Input : FFT Analyzer

80

40

FFT Output Motion Response

H  
-40

-80

Input Force Excitation

0 40m 80m 120m 160m 200m 240m
[s]

Output
[m /s ²] Autos pectrum (Res pons e) - Input

Input
Working : Input : Input : FFT Analyzer
10

100m [(m /sFrequency

²)/N] Res pons e H1(Res pons e,Excitation) - Input (Magnitude)
Working : Input : Input : FFT Analyzer
Inverse [(m/s²)/N/s]IImpulse
mpulse Response h1(Response,Excitation) - Input (Real Part)
Working : Input : Input : FFT Analyzer


FFT
10m 2k
10

1m 1k

0 200 400 600 800 1k 1,2k 1,4k 1,6k

[Hz] 0
100m

-1k
[N] Autospectrum(Excitation) - Input
Working : Input : Input : FFT Analyzer -2k
1
0 200 400 600 800 1k 1,2k 1,4k 1,6k 0 40m 80m 120m 160m 200m 240m
[Hz] [s]
100m

10m

1m

100u
0 200 400 600 800 1k 1,2k 1,4k 1,6k
[Hz]

Frequency Domain Time Domain

[N]

200
Time(Excitation) - Input
Working : Input : Input : FFT Analyzer
FFT
100

Courtesy of Peter Avitabile (1998)

0

-100

-200
0 40m 80m 120m 160m 200m 240m
[s]

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Frequency
F(f)
Response
H(f)
Function
X(f)

• Frequency Response Functions are properties of

linear dynamic systems

• They are independent of the Excitation Function

• Excitation can be a Periodic, Random or Transient

function of time. (FRF is independent of signal type
used for excitation).

• The test result obtained with one type of excitation

can be used for predicting the response of the system
to any other type of excitation
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Different Forms of an FRF

Compliance Dynamic stiffness
(displacement / force) (force / displacement)

Mobility Impedance
(velocity / force) (force / velocity)

Inertance or Receptance Dynamic mass

(acceleration / force) (force /acceleration)

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FRF for single DOF System

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Point FRF and Cross FRF

Principle of reciprocity need to be

satisfied.
Courtesy of Peter Avitabile (1998)

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Point and Cross FRF

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Signal Processing
• Extracting the information
from a signal is termed as ACQUISITION
signal processing (Shin &
Hammond, 2008).
• This becomes necessary PROCESSING
when it is difficult to get
the information directly
from observation. INTERPRETATION
• Subdivided into (i)
Acquisition, (ii)
Processing and (iii) POST
PROCESSING
Interpretation.

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ACQUISITION SENSORS
Excitation Instruments
Shaker
• Mechanical
• Electromagnetic/Electrodynamic
• Hydraulic type
Impact Hammer
Response Sensors
Accelerometers,
Eddy Current Probes,
Laser Sensors
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Impact hammer

• Relatively simple means of

excitation.
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Impact excitation
• An ideal impact to a structure is a perfect
impulse, which has an infinitely small
duration.
• In reality a hammer strike cannot last for
an infinitely small duration, but has a
known contact time.
• Impact hammer testing is ideal for small
light weight structures; however as the size
of the structure increases issues can occur
due to a poor signal to noise ratio.
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Modal Testing using Impact

Hammer

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Impact hammer contd …

It applies broad band excitation.

Different tips serves to

extend the frequency
range of excitations and
force levels.

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Multiple impact

Multiple impact or hammer Courtesty of Pete

bounce should be avoided. Avitabile, IMAC 30,
Excitation
Techniques
Do’s and Don’ts
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Accelerometer

• Provides Cheap and convenient method of measuring vibration.

• Mounting method affects the useful frequency range
• Frequency range depends on resonance. Higher mass, lower
frequency range.
• Lower the size of accelerometer, higher will be the frequency
range.
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Accelerometer contd …
• Frequency range is inversely proportional to
sensitivity.
• Miniature accelerometer are very small, weight
upto 1 gm. Less sensitivity , high freq range.

• Mass should be small, otherwise if

may affect the dynamic characteristics
of the structure.
• Transverse sensitivity should be small.

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ME46051; Vibration & Noise Control

Specifications of Accelerometers
• Sensitivity
• Frequency Range
• Dynamic Range (between smallest
acceleration detectable to largest)
• Weight
• Transverse sensitivity
• Type of accelerometer

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