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2B Divergence and Divergence Theorem

The document discusses divergence and the divergence theorem. It defines divergence as the outflow of flux from a small closed surface per unit volume as the volume shrinks to zero. It states that Maxwell's first equation, which applies to electrostatics and steady magnetic fields, equates the divergence of D to the volume charge density. The divergence theorem states that the integral of the normal component of a vector field over a closed surface is equal to the integral of the divergence of that vector field throughout the enclosed volume. Sample problems demonstrate calculating D and the divergence of D at given points.

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Kazuha Minato
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36 views20 pages

2B Divergence and Divergence Theorem

The document discusses divergence and the divergence theorem. It defines divergence as the outflow of flux from a small closed surface per unit volume as the volume shrinks to zero. It states that Maxwell's first equation, which applies to electrostatics and steady magnetic fields, equates the divergence of D to the volume charge density. The divergence theorem states that the integral of the normal component of a vector field over a closed surface is equal to the integral of the divergence of that vector field throughout the enclosed volume. Sample problems demonstrate calculating D and the divergence of D at given points.

Uploaded by

Kazuha Minato
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Divergence

and
Divergence Theorem
Application of Gauss’ Law: Differential Volume
Element
Consider a very small closed surface, where D is almost constant
over the surface.
Divergence of D
‫𝑆𝑑 ∙ 𝐷 ׯ‬
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑫 = 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑫 = lim
∆𝑣 →0 ∆𝑣

The divergence of the vector flux density D is


the outflow of flux from a small closed
surface per unit volume as the volume
shrinks to zero.
div D = ρν
-this is the first of Maxwell’s four equations as they apply
to electrostatics and steady magnetic fields, and it states
that the electric flux per unit volume leaving a vanishingly
small volume unit is exactly equal to the volume charge
density there.
div D = ρν this equation is also described as the
differential-equation form of Gauss’s law

is recognized as the integral form of


Maxwell’s first equation.
The Vector Operator ∇ and Divergence Theorem
The Divergence Theorem

The integral of the normal component of any


vector field over a closed surface is equal to
the integral of the divergence of this vector
field throughout the volume enclosed by the
closed surface.
Sample Problems
1. Find D at (6, 8, -10) caused by a point charge of 30nC
at the origin. z

y
30 nC

x
2. A point charge of 6uC is located at the origin, a
uniform line charge density of 10 uC/m lies along the x
axis and a unform sheet of charge equal to 25nC/m2 lies
in the z = 0 plane. Find (a) total D at A(0, 0, 4)
z
• ( 0, 0, 4)

6uC

25nC/m2 6uC/m

x
3. Given D = y2z2 ax + 2xyz3 ay + 3xy2z2 az μC/m2 , find
the total charge contained in an incremental sphere
having a radius of 2μm at P(3, 2, 1).
4. Find the numerical value for the divergence of D at a
point indicated if D = 20xy2(z + 1) ax + 20x2y(z + 1) ay +
10x2 y2 az μC/m2 at P(0.3, 0.4, 0.5)

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