Grammar 3.

Conjunctions

ask 1 – Line graph

Coordinating conjunctions

Theory
Coordinating conjunctions
Example The new building is very modern and innovative
The meeting started thirty minutes ago, yet some of the seats are still vacant.
Usage There are 7 coordinating conjunctions - FANBOYS:
For - "because"
And - Adds one thing to another
Nor - Used to present an alternative negative idea to an already stated negative
idea
But - Shows contrast
Or - Presents an alternative or a choice
Yet - similar to "but"
So - Indicates effect, result or consequence

Practice
Exercise 1. Choose the correct answer.
1. Deserts are harsh and dry, ………………. many plants grow there.
A. for B. so C. yet D. as
2. The movie was boring, ………………… I watched all of it.
A. and B. but C. or D. nor
3. Sharon hates to listen to rap music, ………………. will she tolerate heavy metal.
A. but B. so C. or D. nor
4. Sue jogs every day, ………………. she wants to stay in shape.
A. but B. yet C. for D. and
5. Carol wanted to drive to Colorado, ……………….. Bill insisted that they fly.
A. for B. so C. and D. but
6. Guy is a contractor, ………………. he knows the construction business.
A. so B. and C. but D. yet
7. Bill went to work, ………………. he didn’t punch in.

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A. or B. but C. So D. and
8. It was cold outside, …………………. we stayed inside.
A. or B. so C. for D. but
9. Annette couldn’t go, ……………….. she was tired.
A. nor B. yet C. for D. and
10. Your niece and I went out to lunch, ……………….. we both ordered fish.
A. and B. or C. yet D. as

Exercise 2. Combine two sentences with a coordinating conjunction.

1. She went to work. She did not want to go.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. The scientists trained him well. They helped him find a job when his training was through.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Polar bears are fierce, territorial animals. Grizzly bears are the same.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Mark told me not to come with him. He looked longingly at me as I left.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. I will not give in to you. I will not let you push me around.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. My father loves to drive during the day. His nursing home lets him drive before 9pm.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. My cat was hungry. It had not eaten since breakfast.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. They couldn't think of anything better to do. They decided to baby-sit for the family.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. A book can be a lot of fun to read. A book can be boring.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. I want to go on a date with Javier. I’ll ask him out.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with the correct conjunction.

and or for nor so but

1. I know the answer, …………………. I can’t tell you.

2. Should we go by train, …………………. take the bus?

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3. I am allergic to cats, ………………… I have two of them.
4. She did not study, …………………. she failed the test.
5. I will be late for the party, …………………. I will be having dinner with my parents first.
6. Can you stay here …………………. wait for him?
7. She does not like apples, …………………. does she like oranges.
8. He has a small house, …………………. it feels very spacious.
9. You can pay with cash, …………………. you can use your credit card.
10. I was shopping all day, …………………. I did not have time to do my homework.
11. We bathed the dog, …………………. we could not get him clean.
12. He was supposed to study, ………………… he played games instead.

Correlative conjunctions
Unit 1. Task 1 – Line graph
Theory
Correlative conjunctions

Both A and B Verb (Plural form)

Either A or B
Neither A nor B Verbs agree with B
Not only A but also B

A as well as B Verbs agree with A

Practice
Exercise 1. Combine these sentences by using correlative conjunctions.

1. Irish landscapes fascinate me. Scottish landscapes fascinate me too. (both…and)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Jack is not optimistic about employment perspectives. Peter is not optimistic.

(neither…nor)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. The exam was a bit difficult. It was long too. (not only…but also)

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. I want to learn more about Australia. I can use an encyclopedia. I can search on the Net.
(either…or)

I want to learn more about Australia.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Brian can’t find a job. John can’t find a job. (neither…nor)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Jason speaks German fluently. His sister also speaks German fluently. (both…and)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Young people have MP3 readers. They have mobile phones. (not only…but also)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. I will go on studying. I will start working (either…or)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. She practices football. She also practices volleyball. (not only…but also)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. Unemployment is a big problem in my country. It is a big world problem too. (both…and)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 2. Match the sentence halves to make a complete sentence.

1. Both Peter … a. … but he has also not done any work.

2. Not only has he been late three times … b. … neither true nor realistic.
3. Either Jack will have to work more c. … not only wise to listen to your parents
hours … but also interesting.
4. That story was … d. … and I are coming next week.
5. Students who do well not only study e. … either his career or his hobby.
hard … f. … both my laptop and my cell phone on
6 In the end he had to choose… holiday.

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 7. Sometimes it is … g. … but also use their instincts if they do not
8. I would love to take … know the answer
h. … or we will have to hire somebody new.

1 - ………………… 2 - ………………… 3 - ………………… 4 - …………………

5 - ………………… 6 - ………………… 7 - ………………… 8 - …………………

Exercise 3. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. The salad is ……….... delicious …………. healthy.

A. whether / or B. both / and C. scarcely / when D. rather / than

2. Either my mother or my father …………. coming to the meeting.

A. are B. is C. were D. has

3. …………. husband …………… wife love going to the cinema.

A. Both / and B. Either / or C. Neither / nor D. Whether / or

4. They can ……………… have breakfast ……………… have a shower.

A. both / and B. either / or C. neither / nor D. whether / or

5. I’m vegan, I eat …………. dairy ………… eggs.

A. both / and B. either / or C. neither / nor D. whether / or

6. Either my shoes or your coat …………… always on the floor.

A. is being B. are being C. are D. is

7. Andrew wasn’t sure …………… to go on holiday …………… stay at home.

A. both / and B. either / or C. neither / nor D. whether / or

8. It snowed …………. in Barcelona, ……….. in neighbouring cities.

A. both / and B. either / or C. neither / nor D. not only / but also

9. ……….. trees …………. flowers grow colorfully during summer.

A. both / and B. neither / nor C. not / but D. not only / but also

10. Summer camp offers …………. swimming …………… camping instruction.

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A. either / or B. neither / nor C. not / but D. not only / but also

Exercise 4. Read each sentence below. Fill in each sentence with the correct correlative
conjunctions.

1. (either / or), (neither / nor )

We are …………………… going to the movies ……………………. going to the restaurant.

2. (either / or), (neither / nor)

…………………. Stan ………………….. Jacob showed up on time for the game.

3. (either / or ), (not only / but also)

The plot was outstanding, ………………….. in the movie ……………………. in the book.

4. (both / and), (not only / but also)

…………………… my sister …………………….. my brother work with computers.

5. (either / or), (neither / nor)

I will …………………… win the game …………………… go home empty-handed.

6. (either / or), (both / and)

She is …………………… going home ……………………. staying at the school.

7. (both / and), (not only / but also)

……………………. smallpox ……………………. Malaria are dangerous diseases.

8. (neither / nor), (both / and)

……………………. Carlos ……………………. his sister knows how to speak Spanish.

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Unit 1. Task 1 – Lineconjunctions
Subordinating graph

Theory
Subordinating conjunctions
Reason Concession Purpose Condition
Structures Because/since/ Although/ In order to / so as
as + S + V though/ even to + V
though + S + V To + infinity
Signal because, since, although, though, in order to, so as provided (that),
words as even though, no to, to-infinity on condition
BECAUSE OF matter, whatever (that), as long as,
DUE TO DESPITE
IN SPITE OF so long as,
suppose, in case,

+ THE FACT THAT + S+V even if …

Usage to indicate the to indicate the to indicate the to indicate the
reason for the contradiction of purpose of the condition of an
sentences the two actions action action
in a sentence

Practice
Exercise 1. Choose the correct conjunction.

1. I need to work hard since / so that / although I can pass the exam.

2. Because / So long as / Although he was the best candidate, he didn’t win the elections.

3. Since / Even if / In case I explained everything to her, she still wouldn’t forgive me.

4. You will be seriously ill if / so long as / unless you stop smoking.

5. I go to work early in order to / because / as avoid traffic jams.

6. We worked on the project since / after / until we were too tired to keep working.

7. Pay attention to your work so that / unless / or you will not make mistakes.

8. The musicians delivered a rousing performance though / as /once they had rehearsed often.

9. Wherever / If / Unless you win the first place, you will receive a prize.

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10. I could not get the seat, as / though / when I came early.

Exercise 2. Match the sentence halves with correct conjunctions to make a complete
sentence.

since so that as long as although in case unless

a. I can’t read Russian.

b. she could have a good education.

c. you pay it back to me next week.

d. she knew that it was dangerous.

e. there is a power failure.

f. we get there early.

1. She walked home by herself ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. We won’t get a table at the restaurant ………………………………………………………………………………………….

HAVE +O+V3/ED I HAVE MY BIKE FIXED
3. I’ve had to have the document translated …………………………………………………………………………………….
HAVE +O +VO I HAVE THE MECHANIC FIX MY BIKE

4. The hospital has a backup generator ……………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Her parents made sacrifices ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6. I will lend you some money …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Exercise 3. Correct the mistakes.

1. My grandmother will cook unless we ask her to. ………………………………..

2. He got good grades because he never studied. ………………………………..

3. They came for a visit as they did not call first. ………………………………..

4. I want to go to Hawaii although it’s warm and beautiful. ………………………………..

5. I’ll go by car so as to I can take more luggage. ………………………………..

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6. If you pay now, we can’t guarantee you a ticket. ………………………………..

7. I took my camera so that take some photos. ………………………………..

8. Even if the ice is cold, you must wear gloves. ………………………………..

Exercise 4. Complete sentences with the correct conjunctions in the box.

although (x2) unless if because (x2)

in order that (x2) so long as so as to

1. ……………….………… she does not help us, we will have to find someone else.

2. ………………….……… it was a difficult job, we decided to hire an expert.

3. ………………………….. you are my best friend, there are certain things that I do not want to share
with you.

4. They could not save the injured man …………………………. he had lost a lot of blood.

5. …………………………… you reduce your intake in junk food, you cannot regain health.

6. He went through his plan …………………………… all his friends advised him to abandon it.

7. The teacher explained that passage again and again ……………………………… every student might
understand it.

8. You can go to Hongkong with us …………………………. you finish your assignment before Friday.

9. They must reduce the books price …………………………. bring them within the reach of all
students.

10. ………………………….. trainings are effective, they must be planned systematically.

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