LESSON PLAN FOR 6th WEEK ENDING:

Class: SS2

Subject: TECHNICAL DRAWING

Topic: Introduction to building drawing

Sub-topics: i. Types of building

ii. Site preparation
iii. Setting out
Tutor: Chilekezi D.O (mr)
LESSON ONE:

Sub-topic: Building drawing

Duration: 80mins

Period: Double

Behavioural By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
Objectives: i. Describe a building
ii. State types of building
iii. Sate principal officers of the building office
iv. Define site preparation
v. State tools and equipment’s using in site preparation
vi. Draw tools used in site preparations and setting out.
Previous The students have seen construction of buildings before and different types of
Knowledge: buildings

Instructiona Chart and video slide

l Materials:
References: i. Architectural and building drawing graphics, Fraser Reekie, 3rd edition
www.saiglobal.com, www.practicalstudent.com
ii. Basic technology for junior secondary schools book 3, UBE edition,
University press plc. Chapter 21, page 155-212
iii. Technical drawing skills (drawing scales and skills), NDT Resources
Centre, section 2, module 2, sheets 10-14.

Content: Building construction is the process setting up buildings. Building is a structure

with a roof and walls.
Presentation
Step I: Teacher introduces the topic building drawing by explaining the concept and
asking 5the students to state types of buildings around their homes.
Step II: The teacher describes a building and stating the principal officers of a building

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 office. The students listen, take notes and ask questions.
Step III: The teacher explains the term site preparation, stating the tools and equipment’s
used in site preparation. The students listen, take notes and ask questions.
Step IV: The students take notes and ask questions, why the teacher marks students notes.

Summary: Building constructi9on is the process of setting out and erecting a building. It
involves site preparation, setting out, foundation plan, erecting of walls,
windows, doors and roofs.
Evaluation: The students are asked the following questions to test their knowledge and
comprehension:
1. Describe a building
2. State 5 types of building
3. State the principal officers of the building office
4. Define site preparation
5. State and draw 5 tools and equipment’s using in site preparation
Conclusion: Before a building is erected the first thing is to determine; what type of building?
What purpose is the building going to serve and Where is the building going to
be erected?
Assignment: 1. What is setting out?
2. State the tools used in setting out of building.
3. Explain the term foundation.
Next
Lesson:

LESSON TWO:

Sub-topic: Foundation

Duration: 40 minutes

Period: Single Periods

Behavioural By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
Objectives: i. Define setting out
ii. State tools used in setting out
iii. Define foundation
iv. State types of foundation
v. Draw types of building foundation
Previous The students have been introduced to building in the previous lesson.
Knowledge:
Instructiona Charts showing setting out tools and foundation plan
l Materials:
References: i. Architectural and building drawing graphics, Fraser Reekie, 3rd edition
www.saiglobal.com, www.practicalstudent.com
ii. Basic technology for junior secondary schools book 3, UBE edition,
University press plc. Chapter 21, page 155-212
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 iii. Technical drawing skills (drawing scales and skills), NDT Resources Centre,
section 2, module 2, sheets 10-14.
Content: Setting out is the process of transferring the building plan in full scale to the
ground by the use of lines and pegs. To set out a building on the a site requires
the knowledge of building drawing and the ability to read drawings accurately.
Presentation
Step I: The students are asked to the following questions
1. What is site preparation?
2. State the tools used in site preparation
3. State 5 officers of the building drawing office
Step II: The teacher leads a class discussion on setting out of building; the students
listen, take notes and ask questions.
Step III: The teacher further explains the concept of foundation, stating its types; the
students listen, take notes and ask questions.
Step IV: The students write and ask questions.

Summary: Foundation is the lowest part of the wall of a building, its that part of a building
that is in direct contact with the ground to which the load of the building are
transmitted.
Evaluation: 1. Define setting out
2. State tools used in setting out
3. Define foundation
4. State types of foundation.

Conclusion: The teacher marks student’s notes.

Assignment: 1. State 3 types of foundation materials

2. Explain the term timbering to excavation

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 LESSON NOTE FOR WEEK
Class: SS 1A

Topic: Building drawing

Sub-topics: Introduction to building drawing

References: 1. Architectural and building drawing graphics, Fraser Reekie, 3rd edition
www.saiglobal.com, www.practicalstudent.com
2. Basic technology for junior secondary schools book 3, UBE edition, University
press plc. Chapter 21, page 155-212
3. Technical drawing skills (drawing scales and skills), NDT Resources Centre,
section 2, module 2, sheets 10-14.

Tutor: Chilekezi D. O (Mr)

Conceptual Framework: Building drawing
 Description of a building
 Types of building
 Building drawing office
 Principal officers of the building office
 Site preparation
 Setting out
TOPIC; BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Content Development: Introduction

Building construction is the process setting up buildings. Building is a structure

with a roof and walls.
Building is the process of setting out and erecting a building. It involves site
preparation, setting out, foundation, erecting of walls, windows, doors and
roofs. Before a building is erected, the first thing is to determine, what type of
building, the purpose the building is going to serve and where is the building
going to be erected(Land).
TYPES OF BUILDING
There are different types of building ranging from:
i. Bungalow
ii. Duplex
iii. Multi-purpose building
iv. School building
v. Hospital building, etc.
Basically building can be categorized into two broad groups namely;
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  Residential building and
 Commercial building
BUILDING OFFICE
1. Architect
2. Draughtsman
3. Surveyor
4. Mechanical engineer
5. Electrical engineer
6. Civil engineer
7. Structural engineer
Building material is any material which is used for construction purposes. Many
naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood, even twigs
and leaves, have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally
occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some
less synthetic. The manufacture of building materials is an established industry
in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into
specific specialty trades, such as carpentry, insulation, plumbing, and roofing
work. They provide the make-up of habitats and structures including homes.[
Site preparation

Before a building is erected the piece of land that is to be used is called the site.
This site is to be prepared before setting out for foundation.
Therefore; site preparation is the process of clearing, uprooting, gruping trees
and unwanted element from the ground. This can be done by the use of cutlass,
shovel, spade, pickaxe, bulldozer, etc.
There are two categories of tools used in site preparation and these are;
1. Mechanical tools: - such as bulldozer, tractor shovels, graders, chain saw,
excavators etc.
2. Hand tool:- cutlass, wheel barrow, head pan, hoe, auger, auger, axe, rake
etc.
Setting out
Setting out is the process of transferring the building plan (foundation plan) in
full scale to the ground by the use of lines and pegs.
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To set out a building requires the knowledge of building drawing and the ability
to read drawings accurately.
A building is set out in order to clearly define the outline of the excavation and
the center line of the walls, so that construction can be carried out exactly
according to the plan. The center line method of setting out is generally
preferred and adopted.
PROCEDURE

Fig.1: Example plan to be set out on the ground

1. From the plan (fig 1), the center line of the walls are calculated. Then the
center lines of the rooms are set out by setting perpendiculars in the ratio 3:4:5.
Suppose the corner points are a, b, c, d, e, f and g which are marked by pegs
with nails on top.

2. The setting of the corner point is checked according to diagonals ac, bd, cf
and eg.

3. During excavation, the center points a, b, c, d, e, f, g may be removed.

Therefore the center lines are extended and the center points are marked about
2m away from the outer edge of excavation. Thus the points A1, A2, B1, B2 and
likewise, are marked outside the trench. Centre line is shown clearly by
stretching thread or rope. The center points fixed 2m away from the excavation
are marked with sit out pegs.

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4. From the plan details, the width of excavation to be done is also marked by
thread with pegs at appropriate positions.

5. The excavation width is then marked by lime or by with furrow with spade.

6. If the plan is much too complicated and follows a zigzag pattern, then the
center pegs are kept at suitable positions according to site conditions.

Setting-out of a building – marking of a building position, size and shape in

terrain.

Setting-out plan – plan where a projected building is drawn and numeric

values of setting-out elements are written.
Land survey for setting-out:
1. creation of a setting-out net (measurement, calculation and marking of
survey stations which can be used for setting-out)
2. setting-out of the spatial position of a building = setting-out of the building
main position line (= frontage), setting-out of the axis or the main points of
a linear structure (road, railway, watercourse)
3. detailed setting-out = setting-out of a building size and shape.
FOUNDATION
Foundation is the lowest part of thye wall of a building, its that part of the
structure which has direct contact with the ground to which the load are
transmitted.
It is the base of which a building rest, it may be founded of stone, concrete or
steel but the most common material ii mordern construction is concrete.
Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand and aggrete (granit, gravel etc.)
Types of foundation
There are different types of foundation namely;
1. stirp foundation: is a continous deposite of concrete in the foundation
trench on which the walls is of tghe building are constructed. It is the
commest ofn foundation.

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 Wall

concrete

Strip foundation is used for simple buildings on firm ground and on wet ground
reinforced strip foundation can be used.
Pad foundation: is a reinforced concrete base on which concrete columns are
constructed. Pad foundation could be isolated pad or reinforced strip
foundation. It is used for storey buildings.
Raft foundation: is used in soils that cannot support a building by strip or pad
foundations. Raft foundation enables the building to settle as whole and not in
parts. It is normally used in construction in water logged or reclaimed lands.
Raft foundation can be solid, cellular and slab raft.
Pile foundation: is made of reinforced concrete piles driven through weak and
swampy soil to a firm base. Piles are columns of reinforced concrete driven or
cast in the ground to carry a building structure, usually a high rise building. Piles
are also used in many civil engineering works like bridges and wharfs.
Excavation for foundation.
Excavation simply means making holes or trenches in the ground by digging up
soil.
In building construction exaction is thee digging and removing the soil to
prepare trenches for construction of foundation. Excavation is done by hand or

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by the use of machines. (Excavator, shovel etc.). Hand tools such as rammer,
profile board, travellers, line, hoe, shovel, pick axe etc.
Timbering to excavation: timbering, planking or strutting are procedures for
providing temporary support for soils that cannot stand on their own when
exposed after excavation. Timbering prevents the collapse of the sides of the
excavation and ensures the safety of the men working on the sites.

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