214 CHAPTER 5 TORSION

P RE LIMIN ARY PRO B L EM S

P5–1. Determine the internal torque at each section and P5–3. The solid and hollow shafts are each subjected to
show the shear stress on differential volume elements the torque T. In each case, sketch the shear stress distribution
located at A, B, C, and D. along the two radial lines.

D
A
C T
B
800 N⭈m

300 N⭈m

Prob. P5–1
T

P5–2. Determine the internal torque at each section and Prob. P5–3
show the shear stress on differential volume elements
located at A, B, C, and D.

P5–4. The motor delivers 10 hp to the shaft. If it rotates at

1200 rpm, determine the torque produced by the motor.
400 N⭈m
5

B
600 N⭈m

Prob. P5–2 Prob. P5–4

 5.3 POWER TRANSMISSION 215

F UN DAMEN TAL PR O B L EM S

F5–1. The solid circular shaft is subjected to an internal F5–3. The shaft is hollow from A to B and solid from B
torque of T = 5 kN # m. Determine the shear stress at to C. Determine the maximum shear stress in the shaft. The
points A and B. Represent each state of stress on a volume shaft has an outer diameter of 80 mm, and the thickness of
element. the wall of the hollow segment is 10 mm.

A 40 mm
B

B
T A
4 kN⭈m
30 mm
2 kN⭈m
Prob. F5–1
Prob. F5–3

F5–2. The hollow circular shaft is subjected to an internal

torque of T = 10 kN # m. Determine the shear stress at F5–4. Determine the maximum shear stress in the
points A and B. Represent each state of stress on a volume 40-mm-diameter shaft.
element.
5

150 mm
A 10 kN

B 4 kN
A

B T ⫽ 10 kN⭈m
100 mm D
40 mm 2 kN

60 mm 6 kN

Prob. F5–2 Prob. F5–4

 216 CHAPTER 5 TORSION

F5–5. Determine the maximum shear stress in the shaft at F5–7. The solid 50-mm-diameter shaft is subjected to the
section a- a. torques applied to the gears. Determine the absolute
maximum shear stress in the shaft.

250 N⭈m

a A 75 N⭈m

D 325 N⭈m
600 N ⭈ m
30 mm B 150 N⭈ m
40 mm 1500 N ⭈ m
C
500 mm C
a 1500 N ⭈ m B D
Section a–a 400 mm
A
600 N ⭈ m
500 mm
Prob. F5–5

Prob. F5–7

F5–6. Determine the shear stress at point A on the surface F5–8. The gear motor can develop 2250 W when it turns
of the shaft. Represent the state of stress on a volume element at 150 rev>min. If the allowable shear stress for the shaft is
at this point. The shaft has a radius of 40 mm. tallow = 84 MPa, determine the smallest diameter of the
shaft to the nearest mm that can be used.

800 mm

5 kN⭈m/m

Prob. F5–6 Prob. F5–8

 5.3 POWER TRANSMISSION 217

P ROBLEMS

5–1. The solid shaft of radius r is subjected to a torque T. *5–4. The link acts as part of the elevator control for a
Determine the radius r′ of the inner core of the shaft that small airplane. If the attached aluminum tube has an inner
resists one-half of the applied torque (T>2). Solve the diameter of 25 mm and a wall thickness of 5 mm,
problem two ways: (a) by using the torsion formula, (b) by determine the maximum shear stress in the tube when the
finding the resultant of the shear-stress distribution. cable force of 600 N is applied to the cables. Also, sketch
the shear-stress distribution over the cross section.
5–2. The solid shaft of radius r is subjected to a torque T.
Determine the radius r′ of the inner core of the shaft that
resists one-quarter of the applied torque (T>4). Solve the
problem two ways: (a) by using the torsion formula, (b) by
finding the resultant of the shear-stress distribution.

600 N
75 mm
r¿ 5 mm

r 25 mm
75 mm

600 N

T Prob. 5–4
Probs. 5–1/2

5–3. A shaft is made of an aluminum alloy having an 5–5. The solid shaft is fixed to the support at C and
allowable shear stress of tallow = 100 MPa. If the diameter of subjected to the torsional loadings. Determine the shear
the shaft is 100 mm, determine the maximum torque T that stress at points A and B on the surface, and sketch the shear
can be transmitted. What would be the maximum torque T′ if stress on volume elements located at these points.
5
a 75-mm-diameter hole were bored through the shaft? Sketch
the shear-stress distribution along a radial line in each case.

C
35 mm A

T
B
T¿
20 mm
35 mm
300 N⭈m
800 N⭈m

Prob. 5–3 Prob. 5–5

 218 CHAPTER 5 TORSION

5–6. The solid 30-mm-diameter shaft is used to transmit *5–8. The copper pipe has an outer diameter of 40 mm and
the torques applied to the gears. Determine the absolute an inner diameter of 37 mm. If it is tightly secured to the wall
maximum shear stress in the shaft. at A and three torques are applied to it as shown, determine
the absolute maximum shear stress developed in the pipe.

300 N⭈m 500 N⭈m

A
A
200 N⭈m

30 N m
C
20 N m
400 N⭈m
300 mm D
80 N m
400 mm B
Prob. 5–8

500 mm

Prob. 5–6 5–9. The solid aluminum shaft has a diameter of 50 mm

and an allowable shear stress of tallow = 60 MPa. Determine
the largest torque T1 that can be applied to the shaft if it is
also subjected to the other torsional loadings. It is required
that T1 act in the direction shown. Also, determine the
maximum shear stress within regions CD and DE.
5–7. The copper pipe has an outer diameter of 40 mm and
5–10. The solid aluminum shaft has a diameter of 50 mm.
an inner diameter of 37 mm. If it is tightly secured to the
Determine the absolute maximum shear stress in the shaft and
wall and three torques are applied to it, determine the
sketch the shear-stress distribution along a radial line of the
absolute maximum shear stress developed in the pipe.
shaft where the shear stress is maximum. Set T1 = 2000 N # m.

E
D

C
300 N⭈m
30 N⭈m B

600 N⭈m A
20 N⭈m
T1

80 N⭈m 900 N⭈m

Prob. 5–7 Probs. 5–9/10

 5.3 POWER TRANSMISSION 219

5–11. The 60-mm-diameter solid shaft is subjected to the 5–14. A steel tube having an outer diameter of 60 mm is
distributed and concentrated torsional loadings shown. used to transmit 6.75 kW when turning at 27 rev>min.
Determine the absolute maximum and minimum shear Determine the inner diameter d of the tube to the nearest
stresses on the shaft’s surface and specify their locations, mm if the allowable shear stress is tallow = 70 MPa.
measured from the free end.

*5–12. The solid shaft is subjected to the distributed and

concentrated torsional loadings shown. Determine the
required diameter d of the shaft if the allowable shear stress
for the material is tallow = 60 MPa.

C
400 N⭈m

4 kN⭈m/m
d
B 0.2 m 60 mm
A 0.2 m
0.5 m

d 0.5 m Prob. 5–14

800 N⭈m

Probs. 5–11/12
5–15. The 60-mm-diameter solid shaft is subjected to the
distributed and concentrated torsional loadings shown.
5–13. The assembly consists of two sections of galvanized Determine the shear stress at points A and B, and sketch the
steel pipe connected together using a reducing coupling at B. shear stress on volume elements located at these points.
The smaller pipe has an outer diameter of 18.75 mm and an
inner diameter of 17 mm, whereas the larger pipe has an outer *5–16. The 60-mm-diameter solid shaft is subjected to the
diameter of 25 mm and an inner diameter of 21.5 mm. If the distributed and concentrated torsional loadings shown.
pipe is tightly secured to the wall at C, determine the maximum Determine the absolute maximum and minimum shear
shear stress developed in each section of the pipe when the stresses on the shaft’s surface, and specify their locations,
couple shown is applied to the handles of the wrench. measured from the fixed end C.

5–17. The solid shaft is subjected to the distributed and

concentrated torsional loadings shown. Determine the
required diameter d of the shaft if the allowable shear stress
C for the material is tallow = 1.6 MPa. 5

A C 2 kN⭈m/m

75 N 0.4 m 600 N⭈m

150 mm B
A
200 mm 0.4 m 400 N⭈m
0.3 m
d
0.3 m
75 N

Prob. 5–13 Probs. 5–15/16/17

 220 CHAPTER 5 TORSION

5–18. The motor delivers a torque of 50 N # m to the shaft 5–22. If the gears are subjected to the torques shown,
AB. This torque is transmitted to shaft CD using the gears determine the maximum shear stress in the segments AB
at E and F. Determine the equilibrium torque T′ on shaft and BC of the A-36 steel shaft. The shaft has a diameter of
CD and the maximum shear stress in each shaft. The 40 mm.
bearings B, C, and D allow free rotation of the shafts.
5–23. If the gears are subjected to the torques shown,
5–19. If the applied torque on shaft CD is T′ = 75 N # m, determine the required diameter of the A-36 steel shaft to
determine the absolute maximum shear stress in each shaft. the nearest mm if tallow = 60 MPa.
The bearings B, C, and D allow free rotation of the shafts,
and the motor holds the shafts fixed from rotating.

300 N⭈m

A
50 mm 100 N⭈m

30 mm
C A
B
E 200 N⭈m
35 mm 125 mm B
T¿ D
F

Probs. 5–18/19 C

Probs. 5–22/23
*5–20. The shaft has an outer diameter of 100 mm and an
inner diameter of 80 mm. If it is subjected to the three
torques, determine the absolute maximum shear stress in
the shaft. The smooth bearings A and B do not resist torque.
5–21. The shaft has an outer diameter of 100 mm and an *5–24. The rod has a diameter of 25 mm and a weight of
inner diameter of 80 mm. If it is subjected to the three 150  N/m. Determine the maximum torsional stress in the
torques, plot the shear stress distribution along a radial line rod at a section located at A due to the rod’s weight.
for the cross section within region CD of the shaft. The
smooth bearings at A and B do not resist torque. 5–25. The rod has a diameter of 25 mm and a weight of
225 N/m. Determine the maximum torsional stress in the
5 rod at a section located at B due to the rod’s weight.
E

A
D

10 kN⭈m A
B C 1.35 m 0.45 m
B
0.45 m
15 kN⭈m

1.2 m
5 kN⭈m

Probs. 5–20/21 Probs. 5–24/25

 5.3 POWER TRANSMISSION 221

5–26. The solid steel shaft DF has a diameter of 25 mm and 5–30. A ship has a propeller drive shaft that is turning at
is supported by smooth bearings at D and E. It is coupled to 1500 rev>min while developing 1500 kW. If it is 2.4 m long
a motor at F, which delivers 12 kW of power to the shaft and has a diameter of 100 mm, determine the maximum
while it is turning at 50 rev>s. If gears A, B, and C remove shear stress in the shaft caused by torsion.
3 kW, 4 kW, and 5 kW respectively, determine the maximum
shear stress in the shaft within regions CF and BC. The shaft 5–31. The motor A develops a power of 300 W and turns
is free to turn in its support bearings D and E. its connected pulley at 90 rev>min. Determine the required
diameters of the steel shafts on the pulleys at A and B if the
5–27. The solid steel shaft DF has a diameter of 25 mm and allowable shear stress is tallow = 85 MPa.
is supported by smooth bearings at D and E. It is coupled to
a motor at F, which delivers 12 kW of power to the shaft
while it is turning at 50 rev>s. If gears A, B, and C remove
3 kW, 4 kW, and 5 kW respectively, determine the absolute
maximum shear stress in the shaft.
A
60 mm

90 rev/min B

5 kW 12 kW
3 kW 4 kW 25 mm
150 mm
A B
D C E F Prob. 5–31

Probs. 5–26/27

*5–32. When drilling a well at constant angular velocity,

the bottom end of the drill pipe encounters a torsional
resistance TA. Also, soil along the sides of the pipe creates a
*5–28. The drive shaft AB of an automobile is made of a distributed frictional torque along its length, varying
steel having an allowable shear stress of tallow = 56 MPa. If uniformly from zero at the surface B to tA at A. Determine
the outer diameter of the shaft is 62.5 mm and the engine the minimum torque TB that must be supplied by the drive
delivers 165 kW to the shaft when it is turning at unit to overcome the resisting torques, and calculate the
1140 rev>min, determine the minimum required thickness maximum shear stress in the pipe. The pipe has an outer
of the shaft’s wall. radius ro and an inner radius ri.
5–29. The drive shaft AB of an automobile is to be
designed as a thin-walled tube. The engine delivers 125 kW
when the shaft is turning at 1500 rev>min. Determine the TB
minimum thickness of the shaft’s wall if the shaft’s outer 5
diameter is 62.5 mm. The material has an allowable shear B
stress of tallow = 50 MPa.

B A
tA
A TA

Probs. 5–28/29 Prob. 5–32

 222 CHAPTER 5 TORSION

5–33. The solid steel shaft AC has a diameter of 25 mm *5–36. The gear motor can develop 1.6 kW when it turns
and is supported by smooth bearings at D and E. It is at 450 rev>min. If the shaft has a diameter of 25 mm,
coupled to a motor at C, which delivers 3 kW of power to the determine the maximum shear stress developed in the shaft.
shaft while it is turning at 50 rev>s. If gears A and B remove
1 kW and 2 kW, respectively, determine the maximum shear 5–37. The gear motor can develop 2.4 kW when it turns at
stress in the shaft within regions AB and BC. The shaft is 150 rev>min. If the allowable shear stress for the shaft is
free to turn in its support bearings D and E. tallow = 84 MPa, determine the smallest diameter of the
shaft to the nearest multiples of 5 mm that can be used.
2 kW 3 kW
25 mm
1 kW

A
D B E C

Prob. 5–33
5–34. The shaft is subjected to a distributed torque along
its length of t = (10x2) N # m>m, where x is in meters. If the
maximum stress in the shaft is to remain constant at 80 MPa,
determine the required variation of the radius c of the shaft
for 0 … x … 3 m.

Probs. 5–36/37

3m

c 5–38. The 25-mm-diameter shaft on the motor is made of

x
a material having an allowable shear stress of
tallow = 75 MPa. If the motor is operating at its maximum
power of 5 kW, determine the minimum allowable rotation
t ⫽ (10x2) N⭈m/m
of the shaft.

5–39. The drive shaft of the motor is made of a material

Prob. 5–34 having an allowable shear stress of tallow = 75 MPa. If the
outer diameter of the tubular shaft is 20 mm and the wall
5–35. The motor delivers 12 kW to the pulley at A while thickness is 2.5 mm, determine the maximum allowable
turning at a constant rate of 1800 rpm. Determine to the power that can be supplied to the motor when the shaft is
5 operating at an angular velocity of 1500 rev>min.
nearest multiples of 5 mm the smallest diameter of shaft BC
if the allowable shear stress for steel is tallow = 84 MPa.
The belt does not slip on the pulley.

B C

75 mm

37.5 mm
A

Prob. 5–35 Probs. 5–38/39

 5.3 POWER TRANSMISSION 223

*5–40 The pump operates using the motor that has a 5–43. The solid shaft has a linear taper from rA at one end
power of 85 W. If the impeller at B is turning at 150 rev>min, to rB at the other. Derive an equation that gives the
determine the maximum shear stress in the 20-mm-diameter maximum shear stress in the shaft at a location x along the
transmission shaft at A. shaft’s axis.

T
rB

T
150 rev/min
B B
A

A L
x
rA

Prob. 5–40 Prob. 5–43

*5–44. A motor delivers 375 kW to the shaft, which is

tubular and has an outer diameter of 50 mm. If it is rotating
at 200 rad>s, determine its largest inner diameter to the
nearest mm if the allowable shear stress for the material is
5–41. Two wrenches are used to tighten the pipe. If tallow = 175 MPa.
P = 300 N is applied to each wrench, determine the
maximum torsional shear stress developed within regions
AB and BC. The pipe has an outer diameter of 25 mm and A B
inner diameter of 20 mm. Sketch the shear stress distribution
for both cases.
150 mm
5–42. Two wrenches are used to tighten the pipe. If the
pipe is made from a material having an allowable shear
stress of tallow = 85 MPa, determine the allowable
maximum force P that can be applied to each wrench. The Prob. 5–44
pipe has an outer diameter of 25 mm and inner diameter of
20 mm.
5–45. The A-36 steel tubular shaft is 2 m long and has an
outer diameter of 50 mm. When it is rotating at 40 rad>s, it
transmits 25 kW of power from the motor M to the pump P.
Determine the smallest thickness of the tube if the allowable 5
shear stress is tallow = 80 MPa.
P
5–46. The A-36 solid steel shaft is 2 m long and has a
diameter of 60 mm. It is required to transmit 60 kW of
C 250 mm
power from the motor M to the pump P. Determine the
smallest angular velocity the shaft if the allowable shear
B stress is tallow = 80 MPa.

A P M

250 mm

Probs. 5–41/42 Probs. 5–45/46

 5.4 ANGLE OF TWIST 233

F UN DAMEN TAL PR O B L EM S

F5–9. The 60-mm-diameter steel shaft is subjected to the F5–12. A series of gears are mounted on the 40-mm-diameter
torques shown. Determine the angle of twist of end A with steel shaft. Determine the angle of twist of gear E relative to
respect to C. Take G = 75 GPa. gear A. Take G = 75 GPa.

600 N⭈m
C 400 mm
B 900 N⭈m
600 mm A 500 N⭈m
200 mm
A B
3 kN⭈m 300 N⭈m
200 mm
C 500 N⭈m
2 kN⭈m 200 mm
D
Prob. F5–9 200 mm
F5–10. Determine the angle of twist of wheel B with E
respect to wheel A. The shaft has a diameter of 40 mm and Prob. F5–12
is made of steel for which G = 75 GPa.
F5–13. The 80-mm-diameter shaft is made of steel. If it is
150 mm subjected to the uniform distributed torque, determine the
angle of twist of end A. Take G = 75 GPa.
450 mm
100 mm
150 mm
A 150 mm

B 800 mm
6 kN
B
10 kN
4 kN
2 kN 5 kN⭈m/m

Prob. F5–10
A
F5–11. The hollow 6061-T6 aluminum shaft has an outer 5
and inner radius of co = 40 mm and ci = 30 mm, respectively. Prob. F5–13
Determine the angle of twist of end A. The support at B is
flexible like a torsional spring, so that TB = kB fB, where the F5–14. The 80-mm-diameter shaft is made of steel. If it is
torsional stiffness is kB = 90 kN # m>rad. subjected to the triangular distributed load, determine the
angle of twist of end A. Take G = 75 GPa.

900 mm 400 mm
B
C 600 mm
B
15 kN⭈m/m
A 3 kN⭈m
A
Prob. F5–11 Prob. F5–14
 234 CHAPTER 5 TORSION

P ROBLEMS

5–47. The propellers of a ship are connected to an A-36 5–50. The 60-mm-diameter shaft is made of 6061-T6
steel shaft that is 60 m long and has an outer diameter of aluminum having an allowable shear stress of tallow = 80 MPa.
340 mm and inner diameter of 260 mm. If the power output is Determine the maximum allowable torque T. Also, find the
4.5 MW when the shaft rotates at 20 rad>s, determine the corresponding angle of twist of disk A relative to disk C.
maximum torsional stress in the shaft and its angle of twist. 5–51. The 60-mm-diameter shaft is made of 6061-T6
*5–48. The solid shaft of radius c is subjected to a torque T aluminum. If the allowable shear stress is tallow = 80 MPa, and
at its ends. Show that the maximum shear strain in the shaft is the angle of twist of disk A relative to disk C is limited so
gmax = Tc>JG. What is the shear strain on an element located that  it does not exceed 0.06 rad, determine the maximum
at point A, c>2 from the center of the shaft? Sketch the shear allowable torque T.
strain distortion of this element.

1.20 m
A

c/ 2 B 1.20 m
T T
c 2T
3

A C
L T

Prob. 5–48
1
3T

Probs. 5–50/51
*5–52. The splined ends and gears attached to the A992
5–49. The A-36 steel shaft has a diameter of 50 mm and is steel shaft are subjected to the torques shown. Determine
subjected to the distributed and concentrated loadings the angle of twist of end B with respect to end A. The shaft
shown. Determine the absolute maximum shear stress in the has a diameter of 40 mm.
shaft and plot a graph of the angle of twist of the shaft in 400 N⭈m
1200 N⭈m
radians versus x.
5 B
600 N⭈m

200 N⭈m/m C
A 250 N⭈m 600 mm
A
x 500 mm
200 N⭈m
0.5 m C

B 400 mm
0.5 m

Prob. 5–49 Prob. 5–52

 5.4 ANGLE OF TWIST 235

5–53. The hydrofoil boat has an A-36 steel propeller shaft 5–55. The shaft is made of A992 steel. It has a diameter of
that is 30 m long. It is connected to an in-line diesel engine 25 mm and is supported by bearings at A and D, which
that delivers a maximum power of 2000 kW and causes the allow free rotation. Determine the angle of twist of B with
shaft to rotate at 1700 rpm. If the outer diameter of the respect to D.
shaft is 200 mm and the wall thickness is 10 mm, determine
the maximum shear stress developed in the shaft. Also, what *5–56. The shaft is made of A-36 steel. It has a diameter of
is the “wind up,” or angle of twist in the shaft at full power? 25 mm and is supported by bearings at A and D, which
allow free rotation. Determine the angle of twist of gear C
with respect to B.

A B
90 N m
C
0.6 m
90 N m
30 m 0.75 m
D
0.9 m

Prob. 5–53
Probs. 5–55/56

5–54. The turbine develops 300 kW of power, which is

transmitted to the gears such that both B and C receive an 5–57. The rotating flywheel-and-shaft, when brought to a
equal amount. If the rotation of the 100-mm-diameter A992 sudden stop at D, begins to oscillate clockwise-counter-
steel shaft is v = 600 rev>min., determine the absolute clockwise such that a point A on the outer edge of the fly-
maximum shear stress in the shaft and the rotation of end D wheel is displaced through a 6-mm arc. Determine the
of the shaft relative to A. The journal bearing at D allows maximum shear stress developed in the tubular A-36 steel
the shaft to turn freely about its axis. shaft due to this oscillation. The shaft has an inner diameter
of 24 mm and an outer diameter of 32 mm. The bearings at
B and C allow the shaft to rotate freely, whereas the support
at D holds the shaft fixed.

A
v
B

D
C
1.5 m
C 1.5 m

D B
2m A

1m
75 mm

Prob. 5–54 Prob. 5–57

 236 CHAPTER 5 TORSION

5–58. The A992 steel shaft has a diameter of 50 mm and is 5–61. The turbine develops 150 kW of power, which is
subjected to the distributed loadings shown. Determine the transmitted to the gears such that C receives 70% and D
absolute maximum shear stress in the shaft and plot a graph receives 30%. If the rotation of the 100-mm-diameter A-36
of the angle of twist of the shaft in radians versus x. steel shaft is v = 800 rev>min., determine the absolute
maximum shear stress in the shaft and the angle of twist of
end E of the shaft relative to B. The journal bearing at E
allows the shaft to turn freely about its axis.
5–62. The turbine develops 150 kW of power, which is
500 N⭈m transmitted to the gears such that both C and D receive an
A
equal amount. If the rotation of the 100-mm-diameter A-36
1000 N⭈m/m steel shaft is v = 500 rev>min., determine the absolute
x maximum shear stress in the shaft and the rotation of end B
0.5 m of the shaft relative to E. The journal bearing at E allows
C
the shaft to turn freely about its axis.
0.5 m B

Prob. 5–58

B
v
C
5–59. The shaft is made of A992 steel with the allowable
shear stress of tallow = 75 MPa. If gear B supplies 15 kW of
power, while gears A, C and D withdraw 6 kW, 4 kW and 3m D
5 kW, respectively, determine the required minimum diameter
d of the shaft to the nearest millimeter. Also, find the 4m E
corresponding angle of twist of gear A relative to gear D. The
shaft is rotating at 600 rpm.
2m
*5–60. Gear B supplies 15 kW of power, while gears A, C
and D withdraw 6 kW, 4 kW and 5 kW, respectively. If the Probs. 5–61/62
shaft is made of steel with the allowable shear stress of
tallow = 75 MPa, and the relative angle of twist between any
two gears cannot exceed 0.05 rad, determine the required
minimum diameter d of the shaft to the nearest millimeter. 5–63. The 50-mm-diameter A992 steel shaft is subjected
The shaft is rotating at 600 rpm. to the torques shown. Determine the angle of twist of the
5 end A.

B
400 N⭈m

600 mm C B 200 N⭈m

C
300 mm
600 mm D 800 N⭈m
600 mm
D

600 mm 600 mm A

Probs. 5–59/60 Prob. 5–63

 5.4 ANGLE OF TWIST 237

*5–64. The 60-mm-diameter solid shaft is made of 2014-T6 5–66. The A-36 steel bolt is tightened within a hole so that
aluminum and is subjected to the distributed and the reactive torque on the shank AB can be expressed by the
concentrated torsional loadings shown. Determine the angle equation t = (kx2) N # m>m, where x is in meters. If a torque
of twist at the free end A of the shaft. of T = 50 N # m is applied to the bolt head, determine the
constant k and the amount of twist in the 50-mm length of
the shank. Assume the shank has a constant radius of 4 mm.

1.5 kN⭈m
2 kN⭈m/m
B
0.4 m B
t
A
0.6 m
T = 50 N⭈m

Prob. 5–64 50 mm
x A

5–65. The two shafts are made of A-36 steel. Each has a Prob. 5–66
diameter of 25 mm, and they are supported by bearings at
A, B, and C, which allow free rotation. If the support at D is 5–67. The A-36 steel bolt is tightened within a hole so that
fixed, determine the angle of twist of end A when the the reactive torque on the shank AB can be expressed by
torques are applied to the assembly as shown. the equation t = (kx2>3) N # m>m, where x is in meters. If a
torque of T = 50 N # m is applied to the bolt head,
determine the constant k and the amount of twist in the
50-mm length of the shank. Assume the shank has a constant
radius of 4 mm.

250 mm
D
5

750 mm
120 N m C
B
t
A 60 N m

T = 50 N⭈m
200 mm 50 mm
x A
250 mm 150 mm
B
100 mm
300 mm

Prob. 5–65 Prob. 5–67

 238 CHAPTER 5 TORSION

*5–68. The shaft of radius c is subjected to a distributed 5–70. The A-36 steel assembly consists of a tube having an
torque t, measured as torque>length of shaft. Determine the outer radius of 25 mm and a wall thickness of 3 mm. Using a
angle of twist at end A. The shear modulus is G. rigid plate at B, it is connected to the solid 25-mmdiameter
shaft AB. Determine the rotation of the tube’s end C if a
torque of 25 N m. is applied to the tube at this end. The end
A of the shaft is fixed supported.

B
t0
x
( ( ) 2)
t = t0 1 + —
L B

x
C
25 N m
L 100 mm
A

2 t0 150 mm

Prob. 5–68
Prob. 5–70

5–69. The tubular drive shaft for the propeller of a

hovercraft is 6 m long. If the motor delivers 4 MW of power 5–71. The A-36 hollow steel shaft is 2 m long and has an
to the shaft when the propellers rotate at 25 rad>s, determine outer diameter of 40 mm. When it is rotating at 80 rad>s, it
the required inner diameter of the shaft if the outer diameter transmits 32 kW of power from the engine E to the generator
is 250 mm. What is the angle of twist of the shaft when it is G. Determine the smallest thickness of the shaft if the
operating? Take tallow = 90 MPa and G = 75 GPa. allowable shear stress is tallow = 140 MPa and the shaft is
restricted not to twist more than 0.05 rad.

*5–72. The A-36 solid steel shaft is 3 m long and has a

5 diameter of 50 mm. It is required to transmit 35 kW of power
from the engine E to the generator G. Determine the
smallest angular velocity of the shaft if it is restricted not to
6m twist more than 1°.

E G

Prob. 5–69 Probs. 5–71/72

 5.4 ANGLE OF TWIST 239

5–73. The motor produces a torque of T = 20 N # m on 5–75. The 60-mm-diameter solid shaft is made of A-36
gear A. If gear C is suddenly locked so it does not turn, yet B steel and is subjected to the distributed and concentrated
can freely turn, determine the angle of twist of F with respect torsional loadings shown. Determine the angle of twist at
to E and F with respect to D of the L2-steel shaft, which has the free end A of the shaft due to these loadings.
an inner diameter of 30 mm and an outer diameter of 50 mm.
Also, calculate the absolute maximum shear stress in the
shaft. The shaft is supported on journal bearings at G at H.

2 kN⭈m/m
A 600 N · m

100 mm 30 mm B 400 N⭈m

B 0.8 m
G E H

60 mm 0.6 m A
C
D 40 mm F

Prob. 5–75
0.8 m 0.4 m
0.2 m 0.2 m

Prob. 5–73

*5–76. The contour of the surface of the shaft is defined

by the equation y = e ax, where a is a constant. If the shaft
5–74. The shaft has a radius c and is subjected to a torque is subjected to a torque T at its ends, determine the angle
per unit length of t0, which is distributed uniformly over the of twist of end A with respect to end B. The shear
shaft’s entire length L. If it is fixed at its far end A, determine modulus is G.
the angle of twist f of end B. The shear modulus is G.

B
x
ax
A y=e
T
y

f A

L
c T L

B
t0

Prob. 5–74 Prob. 5–76

 244 CHAPTER 5 TORSION

P ROBLEMS
5–77. The steel shaft is made from two segments: AC has *5–80. The shaft is made of L2 tool steel, has a diameter
a diameter of 12 mm, and CB has a diameter of 25 mm. If it of 40 mm, and is fixed at its ends A and B. If it is subjected
is fixed at its ends A and B and subjected to a torque of to the torque, determine the maximum shear stress in
300 N # m determine the maximum shear stress in the shaft. regions AC and CB.
Gst = 75 GPa.
A
12 mm
B
C 2 kNm
D 300 N m C
125 mm

200 mm 25 mm 600 mm
B A
300 mm
800 mm

Prob. 5–77
5–78. The steel shaft has a diameter of 40 mm and is fixed Prob. 5–80
at its ends A and B. If it is subjected to the couple, determine
the maximum shear stress in regions AC and CB of the
shaft. Gst = 75 GPa. 5–81. The Am1004-T61 magnesium tube is bonded to the
3 kN A-36 steel rod. If the allowable shear stresses for the
A magnesium and steel are (tallow)mg = 45 MPa and
3 kN (tallow)st = 75 MPa, respectively, determine the maximum
allowable torque that can be applied at A. Also, find the
C
corresponding angle of twist of end A.
400 mm
50 mm 5–82. The Am1004-T61 magnesium tube is bonded to the
50 mm B
A-36 steel rod. If a torque of T = 5 kN # m is applied to
end  A, determine the maximum shear stress in each
600 mm
material. Sketch the shear stress distribution.

5
Prob. 5–78
5–79. The A992 steel shaft has a diameter of 60 mm and is
fixed at its ends A and B. If it is subjected to the torques shown,
determine the absolute maximum shear stress in the shaft. 900 mm

200 Nm B
B
1m
500 Nm D

1.5 m
C A
A 1m 80 mm T
40 mm

Prob. 5–79 Probs. 5–81/82

 5.5 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE TORQUE-LOADED MEMBERS 245

5–83. A rod is made from two segments: AB is steel and 5–86. The shafts are made of A-36 steel and have the
BC is brass. It is fixed at its ends and subjected to a torque of same diameter of 100 mm. If a torque of 25 kN # m is applied
T = 680 N # m. If the steel portion has a diameter of 30 mm, to gear B, determine the absolute maximum shear stress
determine the required diameter of the brass portion so the developed in the shaft.
reactions at the walls will be the same. Gst = 75 GPa,
Gbr = 39 GPa. 5–87. The shafts are made of A-36 steel and have the
same diameter of 100 mm. If a torque of 25 kN # m is applied
*5–84. Determine the absolute maximum shear stress in to gear B, determine the angle of twist of gear B.
the shaft of Prob. 5–83.

C 0.75 m

0.75 m
A
B
1.60 m B
680 N⭈m
150 mm
A 25 kN m
D C
0.75 m
300 mm
E
Probs. 5–83/84
0.9 m

Probs. 5–86/87
5–85. The shaft is made from a solid steel section AB and
a tubular portion made of steel and having a brass core. If it
is fixed to a rigid support at A, and a torque of T = 75 N # m
is applied to it at C, determine the angle of twist that occurs *5–88. The shaft is made of L2 tool steel, has a diameter
at C and compute the maximum shear stress and maximum of 40 mm, and is fixed at its ends A and B. If it is subjected
shear strain in the brass and steel. Take Gst = 75 GPa, to the couple, determine the maximum shear stress in
Gbr = 38 GPa. regions AC and CB.

2 kN

0.9 m 2 kN
A

0.6 m
A C
400 mm 50 mm

12.5 mm 50 mm B
B
600 mm

25 mm C T 75 N m

Prob. 5–85 Prob. 5–88

 246 CHAPTER 5 TORSION

5–89. The two shafts are made of A-36 steel. Each has a *5–92. If the shaft is subjected to a uniform distributed
diameter of 25 mm and they are connected using the gears torque of t = 20 kN # m>m, determine the maximum shear
fixed to their ends. Their other ends are attached to fixed stress developed in the shaft. The shaft is made of 2014-T6
supports at A and B. They are also supported by journal aluminum alloy and is fixed at A and C.
bearings at C and D, which allow free rotation of the shafts
along their axes. If a torque of 500 N # m is applied to the
gear at E, determine the reactions at A and B. 400 mm

5–90. The two shafts are made of A-36 steel. Each has a
diameter of 25 mm and they are connected using the gears
20 kN⭈m/m
fixed to their ends. Their other ends are attached to fixed 600 mm
a
supports at A and B. They are also supported by journal
A
bearings at C and D, which allow free rotation of the shafts
along their axes. If a torque of 500 N # m is applied to the 80 mm B
gear at E, determine the rotation of this gear. 60 mm
a
C
B
D Section a–a
F
50 mm 0.75 m Prob. 5–92
100 mm
5–93. The tapered shaft is confined by the fixed supports
500 Nm
at A and B. If a torque T is applied at its mid-point,
C E determine the reactions at the supports.
1.5 m

A
T
2c
Probs. 5–89/90 A B
c
5–91. The two 1-m-long shafts are made of 2014-T6
aluminum. Each has a diameter of 30 mm and they are L/2
connected using the gears fixed to their ends. Their other L/ 2
ends are attached to fixed supports at A and B. They are
also supported by bearings at C and D, which allow free Prob. 5–93
rotation of the shafts along their axes. If a torque of
5–94. The shaft of radius c is subjected to a distributed
5 900 N # m is applied to the top gear as shown, determine the torque t, measured as torque>length of shaft. Determine
maximum shear stress in each shaft.
the reactions at the fixed supports A and B.
B
A
t0
B
(
t  t0 1  ( Lx ) 2 )
900 N m C x

L
E 1m A
80 mm D

40 mm F 2t0

Prob. 5–91 Prob. 5–94

 5.10 RESIDUAL STRESS 271

P ROBLEMS

*5–120. The stepped shaft is subjected to a torque T that 5–123. The steel shaft is made from two segments: AB and
produces yielding on the surface of the larger diameter BC, which are connected using a fillet weld having a radius
segment. Determine the radius of the elastic core produced in of 2.8 mm. Determine the maximum shear stress developed
the smaller diameter segment. Neglect the stress concentration in the shaft.
at the fillet.

T 60 mm
55 mm
C
T
D
50 mm

Prob. 5–120 20 mm B 100 N m

40 N m
A
5–121. The steel step shaft has an allowable shear stress of
tallow = 8 MPa If the transition between the cross sections
has a radius r = 4 mm, determine the maximum torque T 60 N m
that can be applied.
Prob. 5–123

50 mm
20 mm 20 mm

*5–124. The built-up shaft is to be designed to rotate at

450  rpm while transmitting 230 kW of power. Is this
T T possible? The allowable shear stress is tallow = 150 MPa.
2 T 2
5–125. The built-up shaft is designed to rotate at 450 rpm.
Prob. 5–121 If the radius of the fillet weld connecting the shafts is
r = 13.2 mm, and the allowable shear stress for the material
5–122. The shaft is fixed to the wall at A and is subjected is tallow = 150 MPa, determine the maximum power the
to the torques shown. Determine the maximum shear stress shaft can transmit.
in the shaft. A fillet weld having a radius of 2.75 mm is used 5
to connect the shafts at B.

900 Nm

100 Nm
50 mm
B 300 Nm 100 mm

25 mm
C 60 mm

Prob. 5–122 Probs. 5–124/125

 272 CHAPTER 5 TORSION

5–126. A solid shaft has a diameter of 40 mm and length 5–130. The shaft is subjected to a maximum shear strain of
of 1 m. It is made from an elastic-plastic material having a 0.0048 rad. Determine the torque applied to the shaft if the
yield stress of tY = 100 MPa. Determine the maximum material has strain hardening as shown by the shear stress–
elastic torque TY and the corresponding angle of twist. strain diagram.
What is the angle of twist if the torque is increased to T =
1.2TY? G = 80 GPa.

5–127. Determine the torque needed to twist a short

2-mm-diameter steel wire through several revolutions if it is
made from steel assumed to be elastic perfectly plastic and 50 mm
having a yield stress of tY = 50 MPa. Assume that the
material becomes fully plastic.
T
t (MPa)
84
*5–128. A solid shaft is subjected to the torque T, which
causes the material to yield. If the material is elastic plastic,
42
show that the torque can be expressed in terms of the angle
of twist f of the shaft as T = 43 TY(1- f 3Y >4f3), where TY
and f Y are the torque and angle of twist when the material g (rad)
begins to yield. 0.0006 0.0048

Prob. 5–130

5–129. The solid shaft is made of an elastic perfectly plastic

material. Determine the torque T needed to form an elastic 5–131. A solid shaft having a diameter of 50 mm is made of
core in the shaft having a radius of rY = 20 mm. If the shaft elastic-plastic material having a yield stress of tY = 112 MPa
is 3 m long, through what angle does one end of the shaft and shear modulus of G = 84 GPa. Determine the torque
twist with respect to the other end? When the torque is required to develop an elastic core in the shaft having a
removed, determine the residual stress distribution in the diameter of 25 mm. Also, what is the plastic torque?
shaft and the permanent angle of twist.
*5–132. The hollow shaft has the cross section shown and
is made of an elastic perfectly plastic material having a yield
5 shear stress of tY . Determine the ratio of the plastic torque
Tp to the maximum elastic torque TY.
80 mm

T
T

c
t (MPa)
160 c
2

g (rad)
0.004

Prob. 5–129 Prob. 5–132

 5.10 RESIDUAL STRESS 273

5–133. The hollow shaft has inner and outer diameters of 5–135. The shaft is made of an elastic perfectly plastic material
60 mm and 80 mm, respectively. If it is made of an elastic as shown. Plot the shear-stress distribution acting along a radial
perfectly plastic material, which has the t -g diagram shown, line if it is subjected to a torque of T = 20 kN # m. What is the
determine the reactions at the fixed supports A and C. residual stress distribution in the shaft when the torque is
removed?

150 mm

450 mm
C

B 15 kN m T
A

t (MPa) 40 mm

120

t (MPa)
170

g (rad) g (rad)
0.0016 0.00227

Prob. 5–133 Prob. 5–135

5–134. The 2-m-long tube is made of an elastic perfectly

plastic material as shown. Determine the applied torque T,
which subjects the material at the tube’s outer edge to a *5–136. The tube has a length of 2 m and is made of an
shear strain of gmax = 0.006 rad. What would be the elastic perfectly plastic material as shown. Determine the
permanent angle of twist of the tube when this torque is torque needed to just cause the material to become fully
removed? Sketch the residual stress distribution in the tube. plastic. What is the permanent angle of twist of the tube
when this torque is removed?

60 mm T
80 mm

50 mm 60 mm

t (MPa) t (MPa)
180
130

g (rad) g (rad)
0.003 0.005

Prob. 5–134 Prob. 5–136

 274 CHAPTER 5 TORSION

5–137. The tube has a length of 2 m and is made of an 5–139. A tubular shaft has an inner diameter of 60 mm, an
elastic perfectly plastic material as shown. Determine the outer diameter of 80 mm, and a length of 1 m. It is made of
torque needed to just cause the material to become fully an elastic perfectly plastic material having a yield stress of
plastic. What is the permanent angle of twist of the tube tY = 150 MPa. Determine the maximum torque it can
when this torque is removed? transmit. What is the angle of twist of one end with respect
to the other end if the inner surface of the tube is about to
yield? G = 75 GPa.

100 mm

60 mm

t (MPa)

350
1m
30 mm
g (rad)
0.007
40 mm
Prob. 5–137

Prob. 5–139

5–138. A torque is applied to the shaft having a radius of

80 mm. If the material obeys a shear stress–strain relation
of t = 500 g ¼ MPa, determine the torque that must be
applied to the shaft so that the maximum shear strain
becomes 0.008 rad.
*5–140. The stepped shaft is subjected to a torque T that
produces yielding on the surface of the larger diameter
segment. Determine the radius of the elastic core produced
5 in the smaller diameter segment. Neglect the stress
concentration at the fillet.

80 mm
T

t (MPa) 80 mm T
75 mm
T

g (rad)
0.008

Prob. 5–138 Prob. 5–140

 5.10 RESIDUAL STRESS 275

5–141. The shear stress–strain diagram for a solid 50-mm- 5–143. The shaft consists of two sections that are rigidly
diameter shaft can be approximated as shown in the figure. connected. If the material is elastic plastic as shown,
Determine the torque required to cause a maximum shear determine the largest torque T that can be applied to the
stress in the shaft of 125 MPa. If the shaft is 3 m long, what is shaft. Also, draw the shear-stress distribution over a radial
the corresponding angle of twist? line for each section. Neglect the effect of stress
concentration.

T
25 mm

␶ (MPa)
20 mm
125
T

50
t (MPa)
84
␥ (rad)
0.0025 0.010
g (rad)
0.005
Prob. 5–141
Prob. 5–143

*5–144. A steel alloy core is bonded firmly to the copper

alloy tube to form the shaft shown. If the materials have the
t -g diagrams shown, determine the torque resisted by the
5–142. The shear stress–strain diagram for a solid core and the tube.
50-mm-diameter shaft can be approximated as shown in the
figure. Determine the torque T required to cause a
maximum shear stress in the shaft of 125 MPa. If the shaft is 450 mm
1.5 m long, what is the corresponding angle of twist?
A
100 mm

60 mm B
15 kN⭈m
t (MPa)
T 5
180

1.5 m

g (rad)
T 0.0024
Steel Alloy
t (MPa)
125 t (MPa)

36
50
g (rad)
0.002
g (rad)
0.0025 0.010 Copper Alloy

Prob. 5–142 Prob. 5–144

 278 CHAPTER 5 TORSION

REVIEW PROBLEMS

R5–1. The shaft is made of A992 steel and has an allowable *R5–4. A portion of an airplane fuselage can be
shear stress of tallow = 75 MPa. When the shaft is rotating at approximated by the cross section shown. If the thickness of
300 rpm, the motor supplies 8 kW of power, while gears A its 2014-T6-aluminum skin is 10 mm, determine the maximum
and B withdraw 5 kW and 3 kW, respectively. Determine the wing torque T that can be applied if tallow = 4 MPa. Also, in a
required minimum diameter of the shaft to the nearest 4-m-long section, determine the angle of twist.
millimeter. Also, find the rotation of gear A relative to C.

R5–2. The shaft is made of A992 steel and has an allowable

shear stress of tallow = 75 MPa. When the shaft is rotating at
300 rpm, the motor supplies 8 kW of power, while gears A
and B withdraw 5 kW and 3 kW, respectively. If the angle of
twist of gear A relative to C is not allowed to exceed
0.03 rad, determine the required minimum diameter of the 0.75 m
shaft to the nearest millimeter.

300 mm 2m

300 mm
C
0.75 m

B Prob. R5–4

Prob. R5–1/2

R5–3. The A-36 steel circular tube is subjected to a torque R5–5. The material of which each of three shafts is made
of 10 kN # m. Determine the shear stress at the mean radius has a yield stress of tY and a shear modulus of G. Determine
5 r = 60 mm and calculate the angle of twist of the tube if it which shaft geometry will resist the largest torque without
is 4 m long and fixed at its far end. Solve the problem using yielding. What percentage of this torque can be carried by
Eqs. 5–7 and 5–15 and by using Eqs. 5–18 and 5–20. the other two shafts? Assume that each shaft is made from
the same amount of material and that it has the same
cross-sectional area A.

r  60 mm
4m
60
A A A
t  5 mm
10 kNm 60 60

Prob. R5–3 Prob. R5–5

 REVIEW PROBLEMS 279

R5–6. Segments AB and BC of the assembly are made *R5–8. The tapered shaft is made from 2014-T6 aluminum
from 6061-T6 aluminum and A992 steel, respectively. If alloy, and has a radius which can be described by the
couple forces P = 15 kN are applied to the lever arm, equation r = 0.02(1 + x 3 >2) m, where x is in meters.
determine the maximum shear stress developed in each Determine the angle of twist of its end A if it is subjected to
segment. The assembly is fixed at A and C. a torque of 450 N # m.

P x
1.2 m
0.8 m
A 0.8 m
E
1.2 m r = 0.02(1 + x3/2) m
100 mm

B 4m
450 Nm
D
x
100 mm C A
P

Prob. R5–8
Prob. R5–6

R5–7. Segments AB and BC of the assembly are made R5–9. The 60-mm-diameter shaft rotates at 300 rev>min.
from 6061-T6 aluminum and A992 steel, respectively. If the This motion is caused by the unequal belt tensions on the
allowable shear stress for the aluminum is (tallow)al = pulley of 800 N and 450 N. Determine the power transmitted
90 MPa and for the steel (tallow)st = 120 MPa, determine and the maximum shear stress developed in the shaft.
the maximum allowable couple forces P that can be applied
to the lever arm. The assembly is fixed at A and C.

P
1.2 m
0.8 m 300 rev/min
A 0.8 m
E
1.2 m
100 mm
100 mm
B
D 450 N

100 mm C
P
800 N

Prob. R5–7 Prob. R5–9

 298 Chapter 6 Bending

P RE LIMIN ARY PROB L EM S

P6–1. In each case, the beam is subjected to the loadings
shown. Draw the free-body diagram of the beam, and sketch
the general shape of the shear and moment diagrams. The
loads and geometry are assumed to be known.

(a)
(e)

(b) (f)

(c) (g)

(d) (h)

Prob. P6–1
 6.2 graphiCal Method for ConStruCting Shear and MoMent diagraMS 299

FUN DAMEN TA L PR O B L EM S

In each case, express the shear and moment functions in In each case, draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
terms of x, and then draw the shear and moment diagrams beam.
for the beam.

F6–1. F6–5.
4 kN/m 4 kN/m
30 kN·m

A B
A B
x
1.5 m 3m 1.5 m
6m
Prob. F6–5
Prob. F6–1

F6–2. F6–6.
9 kN 10 kN/m 10 kN/m

A B
C
x 3m 3m
3m
Prob. F6–6
Prob. F6–2

F6–7.
F6–3. 3 kN
30 kN/m 3 kN/m

25 kN.m
A
B
x C D
3m 2m 1m 1m

Prob. F6–3 Prob. F6–7

F6–4.
12 kN/m F6–8.
20 kN
20 kN/m
6

A
B C
x
3m 4m 2m

Prob. F6–4 Prob. F6–8

 300 Chapter 6 Bending

P ROBLEMS

6–1. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the shaft. *6–4. Express the shear and moment in terms of x for
The bearings at A and B exert only vertical reactions on the 0 6 x 6 3 m and 3 m 6 x 6 4.5 m, and then draw the
shaft. shear and moment diagrams for the simply supported beam.

A B
300 N/m

A B
800 mm
250 mm
3m 1.5 m

24 kN Prob. 6–4
Prob. 6–1
6–5. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the simply
6–2. The dead-weight loading along the centerline of the
supported beam.
airplane wing is shown. If the wing is fixed to the fuselage at
A, determine the reactions at A, and then draw the shear
and moment diagram for the wing.
4 kN
15 kN 6 kN/m
3.75 kN/m M 2 kN m
A B

2m 2m 2m
A

Prob. 6–5

0.6 m
2.4 m 0.9 m 6–6. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the shaft.
The bearings at A and B exert only vertical reactions on the
75 kN
shaft. Also, express the shear and moment in the shaft as a
Prob. 6–2 function of x within the region 125 mm 6 x 6 725 mm.

6–3. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the

overhang beam. 1500 N
800 N
6 8 kN/m
A B

A C
x
B
600 mm
4m 2m 125 mm 75 mm

Prob. 6–3 Prob. 6–6

 6.2 graphiCal Method for ConStruCting Shear and MoMent diagraMS 301

6–7. Express the internal shear and moment in terms of x 6–10. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
for 0 … x 6 L>2, and L>2 6 x 6 L, and then draw the compound beam. It is supported by a smooth plate at A
shear and moment diagrams. which slides within the groove and so it cannot support a
vertical force, although it can support a moment and axial
load.
w0

A B P P

x
L L
2 2 A B D
Prob. 6–7 C

*6–8. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam. a a a a
Hint: The 100-kN load must be replaced by equivalent
loadings at point C on the axis of the beam. Prob. 6–10

75 kN 6–11. The engine crane is used to support the engine,

which has a weight of 6 kN. Draw the shear and moment
100 kN diagrams of the boom ABC when it is in the horizontal
0.25 m
position shown.
A
C B
1m 1m 1m 0.9 m 1.5 m
A
Prob. 6–8 B C

1.2 m
6–9. The load binder is used to support a load. If the force
applied to the handle is 225 N, determine the tensions T1
and T2 in each end of the chain and then draw the shear and
moment diagrams for the arm ABC.

T1 Prob. 6–11

*6–12. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the

cantilevered beam.
A C
1.5 kN 3 kN/m
B 6

225 N
300 mm
A
75 mm 2m
T2

Prob. 6–9 Prob. 6–12

 302 Chapter 6 Bending

6–13. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam. *6–16. A reinforced concrete pier is used to support the
stringers for a bridge deck. Draw the shear and moment
diagrams for the pier. Assume the columns at A and B exert
M0
only vertical reactions on the pier.
M0 M0
60 kN 35 kN 35 kN 35 kN 60 kN
A B
1 m 1 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1 m 1 m

L/2 L/2

Prob. 6–13 A B

6–14. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

Prob. 6–16
30 kN/m
6–17. Determine the placement distance a of the roller
45 kN m
support so that the largest absolute value of the moment is a
minimum. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for this
B
A
condition.

w
1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m

Prob. 6–14 A
B
a
L
6–15. Members ABC and BD of the counter chair are
rigidly connected at B and the smooth collar at D is allowed Prob. 6–17
to move freely along the vertical slot. Draw the shear and
moment diagrams for member ABC. 6–18. The beam is subjected to the uniform distributed
load shown. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
beam.

2 kN/m

A B

P 750 N 1.5 m

6
C
A B
0.45 m C
0.45 m 0.45 m 2m 1m
D

Prob. 6–15 Prob. 6–18

 6.2 graphiCal Method for ConStruCting Shear and MoMent diagraMS 303

6–19. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam. 6–23. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

w0 18 kN/m
12 kN/ m

A B
A B
L L L
3 3 3 3m

Prob. 6–19
Prob. 6–23
*6–20. The smooth pin is supported by two leaves A and B
and subjected to a compressive load of 0.4 kN>m caused by *6–24. The footing supports the load transmitted by the
bar C. Determine the intensity of the distributed load w0 of two columns. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
the leaves on the pin and draw the shear and moment footing if the reaction of soil pressure on the footing is
diagram for the pin. assumed to be uniform.
60 kN 60 kN
0.4 kN/m
C

2m 4m 2m
A B
w0 w0

20 mm 60 mm 20 mm

Prob. 6–20
Prob. 6–24
6–21. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
6–25. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
compound beam.
overhanging beam.
5 kN 45 kN/m
3 kN/m

A A
D B
B C
4m 2m
3m 3m
1.5 m 1.5 m
Prob. 6–25
Prob. 6–21
6–26. The support at A allows the beam to slide freely
6–22. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the along the vertical guide so that it cannot support a vertical
simply supported beam. force. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

10 kN 10 kN w
6
15 kN m B
A
A
B

2m 2m 2m L

Prob. 6–22 Prob. 6–26

 304 Chapter 6 Bending

6–27. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam. 6–31. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
overhang beam.
M0 M0 M0

A B 18 kN
6 kN

a a a A
B
M 10 kN m
Prob. 6–27 2m 2m 2m

*6–28. Determine the placement distance a of the roller Prob. 6–31

support so that the largest absolute value of the moment is
a minimum. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for this
*6–32. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.
condition.

P P 5 kN/m 5 kN/m
L L
– –
2 2

A B
B A
a 4.5 m 4.5 m

Prob. 6–28 Prob. 6–32

6–29. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam. 6–33. The beam is bolted or pinned at A and rests on a
bearing pad at B that exerts a uniform distributed loading
w0 on the beam over its 0.6-m length. Draw the shear and
moment diagrams for the beam if it supports a uniform
loading of 30 kN/m.

B 30 kN/m

A B
L 2L
3 3 A
2.4 m
0.3 m 0.6 m
Prob. 6–29
6–30. The 700-N man sits in the center of the boat, which
has a uniform width and a weight per linear length of 450 Prob. 6–33
N/m. Determine the maximum bending moment exerted on
the boat. Assume that the water exerts a uniform distributed 6–34. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
load upward on the bottom of the boat. simply supported beam.

6 10 kN 10 kN

15 kNm

A
B

2.25 m 2.25 m 2m 2m 2m

Prob. 6–30 Prob. 6–34

 6.2 graphiCal Method for ConStruCting Shear and MoMent diagraMS 305

6–35. A short link at B is used to connect beams AB and 6–38. The compound beam is fixed at A, pin connected at
BC to form the compound beam. Draw the shear and B, and supported by a roller at C. Draw the shear and
moment diagrams for the beam if the supports at A and C moment diagrams for the beam.
are considered fixed and pinned, respectively.

600 N

400 N/m
15 kN
3 kN/m
C
A B
2m 2m 2m
A B C
Prob. 6–38

4.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m

6–39. The shaft is supported by a smooth thrust bearing at
Prob. 6–35
A and smooth journal bearing at B. Draw the shear and
moment diagrams for the shaft.

*6–36. The compound beam is fixed at A, pin connected

400 Nm
at B, and supported by a roller at C. Draw the shear and A B
moment diagrams for the beam.

1m 1m 1m
2 kN
3 kN/m
900 N

Prob. 6–39
C
A B

3m 3m *6–40. The beam is used to support a uniform load along

CD due to the 6-kN weight of the crate. Also, the reaction at
Prob. 6–36 the bearing support B can be assumed uniformly distributed
along its width. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for
the beam.

6–37. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the

compound beam. 0.5 m 0.75 m
2.75 m 2m

5 kN/m
C D 6
A
B

D
A B C

2m 1m 1m

Prob. 6–37 Prob. 6–40

 306 Chapter 6 Bending

6–41. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam. *6–44. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

w w0 p
50 kN/m 50 kN/m w w0 sin – x
L

x
A B
B
A L L
– –
2 2
4.5 m 4.5 m
Prob. 6–44
Prob. 6–41

6–45. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

6–42. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the rod. It
is supported by a pin at A and a smooth plate at B. The plate
slides within the groove and so it cannot support a vertical w
force, although it can support a moment.
w0 2 w0
w x
L2

15 kN
x
A B
A
L
B

Prob. 6–45
4m 2m

Prob. 6–42 6–46. The truck is to be used to transport the concrete column.
If the column has a uniform weight of w (force/length),
determine the equal placement a of the supports from the ends
so that the absolute maximum bending moment in the column
is as small as possible. Also, draw the shear and moment
6–43. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.
diagrams for the column.

400 N/m L
6 200 N/ m a a

A B

x
3m 3m

Prob. 6–43 Prob. 6–46

 6.4 the flexure forMula 319

P R E LIMIN ARY PRO B L EM S

P6–2. Determine the moment of inertia of the cross P6–4. In each case, show how the bending stress acts on a
section about the neutral axis. differential volume element located at point A and point B.

0.2 m (a)
0.1 m
N A
0.1 m
0.2 m

M A M

0.1 m B
0.2 m
(b)
Prob. P6–2
Prob. P6–4

P6–3. Determine the location of the centroid, y, and

the  moment of inertia of the cross section about the P6–5. Sketch the bending stress distribution over each
neutral axis. cross section.

0.1 m

0.3 m M
N A 6
M
y
0.1 m

0.2 m (a) (b)

Prob. P6–3 Prob. P6–5

 320 Chapter 6 Bending

F UN DAMEN TAL PRO B L EM S

F6–9. If the beam is subjected to a bending moment of F6–12. If the beam is subjected to a bending moment of
M = 20 kN # m, determine the maximum bending stress in M = 10 kN # m, determine the bending stress in the beam
the beam. at points A and B, and sketch the results on a differential
element at each of these points.

300 mm

20 mm 200 mm
200 mm
30 mm

20 mm 50 mm
30 mm
20 mm 30 mm
M
A 150 mm
Prob. F6–9 M
F6–10. If the beam is subjected to a bending moment of 150 mm
M = 50 kN # m, sketch the bending stress distribution over 50 mm
the beam’s cross section.
30 mm

B
300 mm
Prob. F6–12

M F6–13. If the beam is subjected to a bending moment of

M = 5 kN # m, determine the bending stress developed at
150 mm point A and sketch the result on a differential element at
this point.
150 mm

Prob. F6–10 50 mm
50 mm
F6–11. If the beam is subjected to a bending moment of
M = 50 kN # m, determine the maximum bending stress in
the beam.
150 mm
200 mm
M
20 mm 25 mm
25 mm
6 300 mm 150 mm
M
20 mm
20 mm 50 mm
A

Prob. F6–11 Prob. F6–13

 6.4 the flexure forMula 321

P R OBLEMS

6–47. The beam is made from three boards nailed together 6–51. The beam is subjected to a moment M. Determine
as shown. If the moment acting on the cross section is M = the percentage of this moment that is resisted by the stresses
600 N # m, determine the maximum bending stress in the acting on both the top and bottom boards, A and B, of the
beam. Sketch a three-dimensional view of the stress beam.
distribution and cover the cross section.
*6–52. Determine the moment M that should be applied
*6–48. The beam is made from three boards nailed together to the beam in order to create a compressive stress at point
as shown. If the moment acting on the cross section is D of sD = 30 MPa. Also sketch the stress distribution
M = 600 N # m, determine the resultant force the bending acting over the cross section and compute the maximum
stress produces on the top board. stress developed in the beam.

A
25 mm
25 mm

150 mm M
D

20 mm
150 mm
200 mm M  600 Nm B 25 mm
25 mm 150 mm
20 mm 25 mm

Probs. 6–47/48 Probs. 6–51/52

6–53. An A-36 steel strip has an allowable bending stress

6–49. Determine the moment M that will produce a of 165 MPa. If it is rolled up, determine the smallest radius
maximum stress of 70 MPa on the cross section. r of the spool if the strip has a width of 10 mm and a
6–50. Determine the maximum tensile and compressive thickness of 1.5 mm. Also, find the corresponding maximum
bending stress in the beam if it is subjected to a moment of internal moment developed in the strip.
M = 6 kN # m

12 mm 75 mm 12 mm
A B
12 mm
C r
75 mm

M 6
250 mm

D
12 mm

Probs. 6–49/50 Prob. 6–53

 322 Chapter 6 Bending

6–54. If the beam is subjected to an internal moment of 6–58. The beam is subjected to a moment M. Determine the
M = 30 kN # m, determine the maximum bending stress in percentage of this moment that is resisted by the stresses acting
the beam. The beam is made from A992 steel. Sketch the on both the top and bottom boards of the beam.
bending stress distribution on the cross section.
6–59. Determine the moment M that should be applied to
6–55. If the beam is subjected to an internal moment of the beam in order to create a compressive stress at point D
M = 30 kN # m, determine the resultant force caused by the of sD = 10 MPa. Also sketch the stress distribution acting
bending stress distribution acting on the top flange A. over the cross section and calculate the maximum stress
developed in the beam.

50 mm 90 mm 90 mm
20 mm
50 mm
20 mm
15 mm 20 mm
20 mm
A 10 mm
150 mm 20 mm
20 mm
D M
M
15 mm
100 mm

100 mm

20 mm
Probs. 6–54/55
Probs. 6–58/59

*6–56. If the built-up beam is subjected to an internal *6–60. If the beam is subjected to an internal moment of
moment of M = 75 kN # m, determine the maximum tensile M = 150 kN # m. determine the maximum tensile and
and compressive stress acting in the beam. compressive bending stress in the beam.
6–57. If the built-up beam is subjected to an internal
moment of M = 75 kN # m, determine the amount of this 6–61. If the beam is made of material having an allowable
internal moment resisted by plate A. tensile and compressive stress of (sallow)t = 168 MPa and
(sallow)c = 154 MPa, respectively, determine the maximum
allowable internal moment M that can be applied to the beam.

150 mm
20 mm
150 mm
150 mm 75 mm
10 mm
75 mm
M
150 mm
6 M
10 mm
50 mm
300 mm
A
37. 5 mm

Probs. 6–56/57 Probs. 6–60/61

 6.4 the flexure forMula 323

6–62. The shaft is supported by smooth journal bearings at 6–65. The shaft is supported by a thrust bearing at A and
A and B that only exert vertical reactions on the shaft. If journal bearing at D. If the shaft has the cross section shown,
d = 90 mm, determine the absolute maximum bending determine the absolute maximum bending stress in the shaft.
stress in the beam, and sketch the stress distribution acting 40 mm
over the cross section. 25 mm
A D
B C
6–63. The shaft is supported by smooth journal bearings at 0.75 m 1.5 m 0.75 m
A and B that only exert vertical reactions on the shaft. 3 kN 3 kN
Determine its smallest diameter d if the allowable bending
stress is sallow = 180 MPa. Prob. 6–65
6–66. Determine the absolute maximum bending stress in
the 40-mm-diameter shaft which is subjected to the
concentrated forces. The sleeve bearings at A and B support
only vertical forces.
12 kN/m 6–67. Determine the smallest allowable diameter of the
d shaft which is subjected to the concentrated forces. The
sleeve bearings at A and B support only vertical forces, and
A the allowable bending stress is sallow = 154 MPa.
B
1800 N
3m 1.5 m
A
Probs. 6–62/63
1350 N
B
300 mm
450 mm

375 mm
*6–64. The pin is used to connect the three links together.
Due to wear, the load is distributed over the top and bottom
of the pin as shown on the free-body diagram. If the Probs. 6–66/67
diameter of the pin is 10 mm, determine the maximum *6–68. A shaft is made of a polymer having an elliptical
bending stress on the cross-sectional area at the center cross section. If it resists an internal moment of
section a–a. For the solution it is first necessary to determine M = 50 N # m, determine the maximum bending stress in
the load intensities w1 and w2. the material (a) using the flexure formula, where
Iz = 14 p(0.08 m)(0.04 m)3, (b) using integration. Sketch a
three-dimensional view of the stress distribution acting over
the cross-sectional area. Here Ix = 14 p(0.08 m)(0.04 m)3 .

6–69. Solve Prob. 6–68 if the moment M = 50 N # m is

3600 N w2 w2 applied about the y axis instead of the x axis. Here
a
Iy = 14 p (0.04 m)(0.08 m)3.
y
y2 z2
w1 ———  ———2  1
25 mm 25 mm (40)2 (80)
a
80 mm 6
10 mm
M  50 Nm
40 mm z
160 mm x
1800 N 1800 N

Prob. 6–74 Probs. 6–68/69

 324 Chapter 6 Bending

6–70. The beam is subjected to a moment of M = 40 kN # m. 6–73. The axle of the freight car is subjected to wheel
Determine the bending stress at points A and B. Sketch the loadings of 100 kN. If it is supported by two journal bearings
results on a volume element acting at each of these points. at C and D, determine the maximum bending stress developed
at the center of the axle, where the diameter is 137.5 mm.

A B

A B
C D
50 mm
M = 40 kNm
50 mm 1500 m
50 mm 250 mm 250 mm
50 mm 50 mm 100 kN 100 kN
50 mm
Prob. 6–73
Prob. 6–70 6–74. The chair is supported by an arm that is hinged so it rotates
about the vertical axis at A. If the load on the chair is 900 N
6–71. Determine the dimension a of a beam having a and  the arm is a hollow tube section having the dimensions
square cross section in terms of the radius r of a beam with shown, determine the maximum bending stress at section a–a.
a circular cross section if both beams are subjected to the 900 N
same internal moment which results in the same maximum
bending stress.

a
25 mm
a
a
r
A 75 mm 63 mm

a
900 mm 13 mm

Prob. 6–71
Prob. 6–74
*6–72. A portion of the femur can be modeled as a tube 6–75. The boat has a weight of 11.5 kN and a center of
having an inner diameter of 9.5 mm and an outer diameter gravity at G. If it rests on the trailer at the smooth contact A
of 32 mm. Determine the maximum elastic static force P and can be considered pinned at B, determine the absolute
that can be applied to its center. Assume the bone to be maximum bending stress developed in the main strut of the
roller supported at its ends. The s- P diagram for the bone trailer. Consider the strut to be a box-beam having the
mass is shown and is the same in tension as in compression. dimensions shown and pinned at C.

s (MPa) P B
G 0.45 m C
16.10 A
6 8.75 D
0.9 m 1.5 m 1.2 m
45 mm
100 mm 100 mm 0.3 m

75 mm 45 mm

P (mm/ mm)
0.02 0.05 37.5 mm

Prob. 6–72 Prob. 6–75

 6.4 the flexure forMula 325

*6–76. The steel beam has the cross-sectional area shown. *6–80. The two solid steel rods are bolted together along
Determine the largest intensity of the distributed load w0 their length and support the loading shown. Assume the
that it can support so that the maximum bending stress in support at A is a pin and B is a roller. Determine the
the beam does not exceed sallow = 160 MPa. required diameter d of each of the rods if the allowable
bending stress is sallow = 130 MPa.
6–77. The steel beam has the cross-sectional area shown. If
w0 = 30 kN>m, determine the maximum bending stress in 6–81. Solve Prob. 6–80 if the rods are rotated 90° so that
the beam. both rods rest on the supports at A (pin) and B (roller).

w0
80 kN
20 kN/m

A
3m 3m
2m B
200 mm 2m
6 mm
6 mm 300 mm Prob. 6–80/81
6 mm

Probs. 6–76/77 6–82. If the compound beam in Prob. 6–37 has a square
cross section of side length a, determine the minimum value
of a if the allowable bending stress is sallow = 150 MPa .
6–78. If the beam is subjected to a moment of
M = 100 kN # m, determine the bending stress at points A, 6–83. If the beam in Prob. 6–19 has a rectangular cross
B, and C. Sketch the bending stress distribution on the cross section with a width b and a height h, determine the absolute
section. maximum bending stress in the beam.
6–79. If the beam is made of material having an allowable *6–84. Determine the absolute maximum bending stress
tensile and compressive stress of (sallow)t = 125 MPa and in the 80-mm-diameter shaft which is subjected to the
(sallow)c = 150 MPa, respectively, determine the maximum concentrated forces. There is a journal bearing at A and a
moment M that can be applied to the beam. thrust bearing at B.

6–85. Determine, to the nearest millimeter, the smallest

allowable diameter of the shaft which is subjected to the
concentrated forces. There is a journal bearing at A and a
thrust bearing at B. The allowable bending stress is
A sallow = 150 MPa .

300 mm
M
A B
30 mm
6
30 mm
C B
150 mm 0.5 m 0.4 m 0.6 m

150 mm 12 kN
20 kN

Probs. 6–78/79 Probs. 6–84/85

 326 Chapter 6 Bending

6–86. If the beam is subjected to an internal moment of 6–90. The wood beam has a rectangular cross section in
M = 3 kN # m, determine the maximum tensile and the proportion shown. Determine its required dimension b
compressive stress in the beam. Also, sketch the bending if the allowable bending stress is sallow = 10 MPa.
stress distribution on the cross section.

6–87. If the allowable tensile and compressive stress for 500 N/m
the beam are (sallow)t = 14 MPa and (sallow)c = 21 MPa,
respectively, determine the maximum allowable internal
moment M that can be applied on the cross section. 1.5b
A B
*6–88. If the beam is subjected to an internal moment of b
M = 3 kN # m, determine the resultant force of the bending 2m 2m
stress distribution acting on the top vertical board A.
Prob. 6–90

6–91. Determine the absolute maximum bending stress in

the tubular shaft if d i = 160 mm and d o = 200 mm.
A
100 mm *6–92. The tubular shaft is to have a cross section such
25 mm
that its inner diameter and outer diameter are related by
d i = 0.8d o. Determine these required dimensions if the
25 mm allowable bending stress is sallow = 155 MPa.
M
75 mm
15 kN/m

60 kN m d
i do

25 mm A
75 mm B
75 mm
3m 1m
25 mm
Probs. 6–91/92
Probs. 6–86/87/88

6–93. If the intensity of the load w = 15 kN>m, determine the

absolute maximum tensile and compressive stress in the beam.
6–89. A timber beam has a cross section which is originally
square. If it is oriented as shown, determine the dimension 6–94. If the allowable bending stress is sallow = 150 MPa,
h′ so that it can resist the maximum moment possible. By determine the maximum intensity w of the uniform
what factor is this moment greater than that of the beam distributed load.
without its top or bottom flattened?

A B
6 h
h¿ 6m

300 mm

150 mm
Prob. 6–89 Probs. 6–93/94
 6.4 the flexure forMula 327

6–95. The beam has a rectangular cross section as shown. *6–100. If the reaction of the ballast on the railway tie can
Determine the largest intensity w of the uniform distributed be assumed uniformly distributed over its length as shown,
load so that the bending stress in the beam does not exceed determine the maximum bending stress developed in the
smax = 10 MPa. tie. The tie has the rectangular cross section with thickness
t = 150 mm.
*6–96. The beam has the rectangular cross section shown.
If w = 1 kN>m, determine the maximum bending stress in 6–101. The reaction of the ballast on the railway tie can be
the beam. Sketch the stress distribution acting over the assumed uniformly distributed over its length as shown. If
cross section. the wood has an allowable bending stress of
sallow = 10.5 MPa, determine the required minimum
thickness t of the rectangular cross sectional area of the tie
w
50 mm to the nearest multiples of 5 mm.

150 mm
75 kN 75 kN

2m 2m 2m 0.45 m 0.45 m
1.5 m 300 mm
Probs. 6–95/96
t

6–97. The simply supported truss is subjected to the

central distributed load. Neglect the effect of the diagonal
w
lacing and determine the absolute maximum bending stress
in the truss. The top member is a pipe having an outer Probs. 6–100/101
diameter of 25 mm and thickness of 5 mm and the bottom
member is a solid rod having a diameter of 12 mm.
*6–102. A log that is 0.6 m in diameter is to be cut into a
rectangular section for use as a simply supported beam. If
the allowable bending stress for the wood is sallow = 56 MPa,
1.5 kN/m 141.5 mm
determine the required width b and height h of the beam
that will support the largest load possible. What is this load?

6–103. A log that is 0.6 m in diameter is to be cut into a

1.8 m 1.8 m 1.8 m rectangular section for use as a simply supported beam. If
the allowable bending stress for the wood is sallow = 56 MPa,
Prob. 6–97 determine the largest load P that can be supported if the
width of the beam is b = 200 mm.
6–98. If d = 450 mm, determine the absolute maximum
bending stress in the overhanging beam.

6–99. If the allowable bending stress is sallow = 6 MPa, h

determine the minimum dimension d of the beam’s
cross-sectional area to the nearest mm.
b
0.6 m
125 mm
12 kN 25 mm 25 mm P 6
8 kN/m
75 mm
d
A
B 75 mm
4m 2m 2.4 m 2.4 m

Probs. 6–98/99 Probs. 6–102/103

 6.5 unSyMMetriC Bending 335

FUN DAMEN TA L PR O B L EM S

F6–14. Determine the bending stress at corners A and B. F6–15. Determine the maximum stress in the beam’s cross
What is the orientation of the neutral axis? section.

B
50 kNm

y
5 3
A 4 z
D
100 mm 30 75 N m
C B
100 mm
x
150 mm y
150 mm A
100 mm

150 mm

Prob. F6–14 Prob. F6–15

P R OBLEMS
*6–104. The member has a square cross section and is 6–105. The member has a square cross section and is
subjected to the moment M = 850 N # m. Determine the subjected to the moment M = 850 N # m as shown.
stress at each corner and sketch the stress distribution. Determine the stress at each corner and sketch the
Set u = 45°. stress distribution. Set u = 30°.

z z
B 125 mm B 125 mm
250 mm 125 mm 250 mm 125 mm
E E
A C A C
M  850 Nm M  850 Nm 6
u u
D D

y y

Prob. 6–104 Prob. 6–105

 336 Chapter 6 Bending

6–106. Consider the general case of a prismatic beam 6–109. The steel shaft is subjected to the two loads. If the
subjected to bending-moment components My and Mz when journal bearings at A and B do not exert an axial force on
the x, y, z axes pass through the centroid of the cross section. the shaft, determine the required diameter of the shaft if the
If the material is linear elastic, the normal stress in the beam allowable bending stress is sallow = 180 MPa.

0 = 1A s dA,
is a linear function of position such that s = a + by + cz. 30
4 kN
My = 1Azs dA, Mz = 1A - ys dA, determine the constants a,
Using the equilibrium conditions 4 kN B
30

b, and c, and show that the normal stress can be determined

1.25 m
from the equation s = [ - (Mz Iy + My Iyz)y + (MyIz +
MzIyz)z]>(Iy Iz - I yz2), where the moments and products of
1m
inertia are defined in Appendix A.
A
1.25 m
y
z Prob. 6–109
6–110. The 65-mm-diameter steel shaft is subjected to the two
My
loads. If the journal bearings at A and B do not exert an axial
dA
force on the shaft, determine the absolute maximum bending
sC stress developed in the shaft.
y
30
Mz 4 kN B
4 kN
z x 30

1.25 m
Prob. 6–106
1m
6–107. If the resultant internal moment acting on the cross A
section of the aluminum strut has a magnitude of 1.25 m
M = 520 N # m and is directed as shown, determine the
bending stress at points A and B. The location y of the Prob. 6–110
centroid C of the strut’s cross-sectional area must be
6–111. For the section, Iz′ = 31.7(10−6) m4, Iy′ = 114(10−6) m4,
determined. Also, specify the orientation of the neutral axis.
Iy′z′ = −15.8(10−6) m4. Using the techniques outlined in
*6–108. The resultant internal moment acting on the cross Appendix A, the member’s cross-sectional area has principal
section of the aluminum strut has a magnitude of moments of inertia of Iz = 28.8(10−6) m4 and Iy = 117(10−6) m4,
M = 520 N # m and is directed as shown. Determine calculated about the principal axes of inertia y and z,
maximum bending stress in the strut. The location y of the respectively. If the section is subjected to the moment
centroid C of the strut’s cross-sectional area must be M = 15 kN # m, determine the stress at point A using Eq. 6–17.
determined. Also, specify the orientation of the neutral axis.
*6–112. Solve Prob. 6–111 using the equation developed
in Prob. 6–106.
y y y¿
10.5
M 520 N m
60 mm
20 mm 12 A
6 5 13 60 mm
–y B
z M  15 kNm
C z¿
200 mm C
z 60 mm
20 mm 20 mm
A
200 mm 200 mm 140 mm
80 mm 60 mm

Probs. 6–107/108 Probs. 6–111/112

 6.5 unSyMMetriC Bending 337

6–113. If the beam is subjected to the internal moment of *6–116. For the section, Iy′ = 31.7(10-6) m4 , Iz′ = 114(10-6) m4,
M = 1200 kN # m, determine the maximum bending stress Iy′z′ = 15.8(10-6) m4 . Using the techniques outlined in
acting on the beam and the orientation of the neutral axis. Appendix A, the member’s cross-sectional area has
principal moments of inertia of Iy = 28.8(10-6) m4 and
6–114. If the beam is made from a material having an
Iz = 117(10-6) m4 , calculated about the principal axes of
allowable tensile and compressive stress of
inertia y and z, respectively. If the section is subjected to a
moment of M = 2500 N # m, determine the stress produced
(sallow)t = 125 MPa and (sallow)c = 150 MPa respectively,
determine the maximum allowable internal moment M that
at point A, using Eq. 6–17.
can be applied to the beam.
6–117. Solve Prob. 6–116 using the equation developed in
Prob. 6–106.
y
150 mm y y¿
60 mm 60 mm
150 mm
M 60 mm
300 mm
80 mm
30 M  2500 Nm C
z¿
10.5
150 mm
z 140 mm
z x
150 mm 60 mm
A

Probs. 6–116/117
150 mm 6–118. If the applied distributed loading of w = 4 kN>m can
be assumed to pass through the centroid of the beam’s
Probs. 6–113/114
cross-sectional area, determine the absolute maximum
bending stress in the joist and the orientation of the neutral
6–115. The shaft is subjected to the vertical and horizontal axis. The beam can be considered simply supported at A and B.
loadings of two pulleys D and E as shown. It is supported on
two journal bearings at A and B which offer no resistance to 6–119. Determine the maximum allowable intensity w of
axial loading. Furthermore, the coupling to the motor at C can the uniform distributed load that can be applied to the
be assumed not to offer any support to the shaft. Determine beam. Assume w passes through the centroid of the beam’s
the required diameter d of the shaft if the allowable bending cross-sectional area, and the beam is simply supported at A
stress is sallow = 180 MPa. and B. The allowable bending stress is sallow = 165 MPa.

z y A w
15
1m
1m 6m
C
1m B w(6 m) B
15
1m E
400 N 15 mm 15 6
A
100 mm 100 mm
D
400 N 10 mm 100 mm
60 mm 15 mm
x 15

150 N 100 mm
150 N
Prob. 6–115 Probs. 6–118/119
 6.9 StreSS ConCentrationS 355

P R OBLEMS

*6–120. The composite beam is made of 6061-T6 aluminum 6–123. The composite beam is made of steel (A) bonded to
(A) and C83400 red brass (B). Determine the dimension h of brass (B) and has the cross section shown. If the allowable
the brass strip so that the neutral axis of the beam is located bending stress for the steel is (sallow)st = 180 MPa, and for the
at the seam of the two metals. What maximum moment will brass (sallow)br = 60 MPa, determine the maximum moment M
this beam support if the allowable bending stress for the that can be applied to the beam. Ebr = 100 GPa, Est = 200 GPa.
aluminum is (sallow)al = 128 MPa and for the brass
(sallow)br = 35 MPa?

6–121. The composite beam is made of 6061-T6 aluminum

(A) and C83400 red brass (B). If the height h = 40 mm, A y
determine the maximum moment that can be applied to the
beam if the allowable bending stress for the aluminum is
50 mm
(sallow)al = 128 MPa and for the brass (sallow)br = 35 MPa.

200 mm

B M
h z x
B 175 mm
50 mm
A
Prob. 6–123
150 mm

Probs. 6–120/121
*6–124. The reinforced concrete beam is made using two
steel reinforcing rods. If the allowable tensile stress for the
6–122. The composite beam is made of steel (A) bonded to steel is (sst)allow = 280 MPa and the allowable compressive
brass (B) and has the cross section shown. If it is subjected to stress for the concrete is (sconc)allow = 21 MPa, determine
a moment of M = 6.5 kN # m, determine the maximum the maximum moment M that can be applied to the section.
bending stress in the brass and steel. Also, what is the stress Assume the concrete cannot support a tensile stress.
in each material at the seam where they are bonded Est = 200 GPa, Econc = 26.5 GPa.
together? Ebr = 100 GPa, Est = 200 GPa.

A y
200 mm
150 mm
50 mm 100 mm 200 mm

200 mm M 6

B M 450 mm
z x
175 mm 50 mm
25-mm diameter rods

Prob. 6–122 Prob. 6–124

 356 Chapter 6 Bending

6–125. The low strength concrete floor slab is integrated 6–128. A wood beam is reinforced with steel straps at
with a wide-flange A-36 steel beam using shear studs (not its  top and bottom as shown. Determine the maximum
shown) to form the composite beam. If the allowable bending bending stress developed in the wood and steel if the beam
stress for the concrete is (sallow)con = 10 MPa, and allowable is subjected to a moment of M = 150 kN # m. Sketch
bending stress for steel is (sallow)st = 165 MPa, determine the  stress distribution acting over the cross section. Take
the maximum allowable internal moment M that can be Ew = 10 GPa, Est = 200 GPa.
applied to the beam.

40 mm
1m
100 mm

400 mm
M  150 kNm
15 mm 40 mm
400 mm
M
x
15 mm
z 200 mm
15 mm

200 mm
Prob. 6–128
Prob. 6–125
6–126. The wooden section of the beam is reinforced with
two steel plates as shown. Determine the maximum moment
M that the beam can support if the allowable stresses for the 6–129. The Douglas Fir beam is reinforced with A992
wood and steel are (sallow)w = 6 MPa, and (sallow)st = 150 MPa, steel straps at its sides. Determine the maximum stress in
respectively. Take Ew = 10 GPa and Est = 200 GPa. the wood and steel if the beam is subjected to a moment of
Mz = 80 kN # m. Sketch the stress distribution acting over
6–127. The wooden section of the beam is reinforced with the cross section.
two steel plates as shown. If the beam is subjected to a moment
of M = 30 kN # m, determine the maximum bending stresses in
the steel and wood. Sketch the stress distribution over the
cross section. Take Ew = 10 GPa and Est = 200 GPa.
y

15 mm
20 mm 200 mm 20 mm

150 mm

M
6 400 mm z

15 mm

100 mm

Probs. 6–126/127 Prob. 6–129

 6.9 StreSS ConCentrationS 357

6–130. If P = 3 kN, determine the bending stress at points 6–133. For the curved beam in Fig. 6–40a, show that when
A, B, and C of the cross section at section a–a. Using these the radius of curvature approaches infinity, the curved-
results, sketch the stress distribution on section a–a. beam formula, Eq. 6–24, reduces to the flexure formula,
Eq. 6–13.
6–131. If the maximum bending stress at section a–a is not
allowed to exceed sallow = 150 MPa, determine the maximum 6–134. The curved member is subjected to the moment of
allowable force P that can be applied to the end E. M = 50 kN # m. Determine the percentage error introduced
in the calculation of maximum bending stress using the
flexure formula for straight members.
6–135. The curved member is made from material having
D an allowable bending stress of sallow = 100 MPa. Determine
the maximum allowable moment M that can be applied to
the member.

600 mm

M M
E 100 mm 200 mm
a 300 mm

A 20 mm

B 50 mm 200 mm
C
a 25 mm 25 mm
25 mm
Probs. 6–134/135
Section a – a
P

Probs. 6–130/131
*6–136. The curved beam is subjected to a bending
moment of M = 900 N # m as shown. Determine the stress
*6–132. If the beam is subjected to a moment of M = 45 kN # m, at points A and B, and show the stress on a volume element
determine the maximum bending stress in the A-36 steel located at each of these points.
section A and the 2014-T6 aluminum alloy section B. 6–137. The curved beam is subjected to a bending moment
of M = 900 N # m. Determine the stress at point C.

A
50 mm
A C

M B
100 mm
C
6
15 mm A
30 20 mm
B 15 mm
150 mm 150 mm
400 mm
B
M
Prob. 6–132 Probs. 6–136/137
 358 Chapter 6 Bending

6–138. The beam is made from three types of plastic that 6–141. The member has a brass core bonded to a steel
are identified and have the moduli of elasticity shown in the casing. If a couple moment of 8 kN # m is applied at its end,
figure. Determine the maximum bending stress in the PVC. determine the maximum bending stress in the member.
Ebr = 100 GPa, Est = 200 GPa.

2.5 kN 2.5 kN

PVC EPVC 3.15 GPa

Escon EE 1.12 GPa 8 kN m
Bakelite EB 5.6 GPa

0.9 m 1.2 m 0.9 m 3m

20 mm
25 mm
100 mm
50 mm
20 mm
50 mm

75 mm 20 mm 20 mm
100 mm
Prob. 6–138 Prob. 6–141

6–139. The composite beam is made of A-36 steel (A)

bonded to C83400 red brass (B) and has the cross section
shown. If it is subjected to a moment of M = 6.5 kN # m,
determine the maximum stress in the brass and steel. Also, 6–142. The Douglas Fir beam is reinforced with A-36
what is the stress in each material at the seam where they are steel straps at its sides. Determine the maximum stress in
bonded together? the wood and steel if the beam is subjected to a bending
moment of Mz = 4 kN # m. Sketch the stress distribution
6–140. The composite beam is made of A-36 steel (A) acting over the cross section.
bonded to C83400 red brass (B) and has the cross section
shown. If the allowable bending stress for the steel is
(sallow)st = 180 MPa and for the brass (sallow)br = 60 MPa,
determine the maximum moment M that can be applied to
the beam.
y

A
y 15 mm 200 mm 15 mm

100 mm

6 100 mm 350 mm
M z
B

z x
125 mm

Probs. 6–139/140 Prob. 6–142

 6.9 StreSS ConCentrationS 359

6–143. The curved bar used on a machine has a rectangular 6–145. The ceiling-suspended C-arm is used to support the
cross section. If the bar is subjected to a couple as shown, X-ray camera used in medical diagnoses. If the camera has a
determine the maximum tensile and compressive stress mass of 150 kg, with center of mass at G, determine the
acting at section a–a. Sketch the stress distribution on the maximum bending stress at section A.
section in three dimensions.

100 mm

50 mm
G

1.2 m
A

200 mm

a a
5 kN 200 mm 200 mm
5 4 100 mm
3 20 mm
100 mm 40 mm

5
Prob. 6–145
4
3
5 kN 6–146. The member has a circular cross section. If it is
Prob. 6–143 subjected to a moment of M = 5 kN # m, determine the
stress at points A and B. Is the stress at point A′, which is
located on the member near the wall, the same as that at A?
Explain.

*6–144. The curved member is symmetric and is subjected 6–147. The member has a circular cross section. If the
to a moment of M = 900 N # m. Determine the bending allowable bending stress is sallow = 100 MPa , determine
stress in the member at points A and B. Show the stress the maximum moment M that can be applied to the
acting on volume elements located at these points. member.

200 mm

12 mm
B
A¿
50 mm
M A
A
200 mm 6
37 mm
200 mm

M M B
Prob. 6–144 Probs. 6–146/147
 360 Chapter 6 Bending

*6–148. The curved bar used on a machine has a rectangular 6–150. If the radius of each notch on the plate is
cross section. If the bar is subjected to a couple as shown, r = 12.5 mm, determine the largest moment that can be
determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses applied. The allowable bending stress for the material is
acting at section a–a. Sketch the stress distribution on the sallow = 125 MPa.
section in three dimensions.
6–151. The symmetric notched plate is subjected to
bending. If the radius of each notch is r = 12.5 mm and the
10 kN applied moment is M = 15 kN # m, determine the maximum
bending stress in the plate.
30

150 mm

30
10 kN 150 mm 362.5 m
25 mm
a a

200 mm
100 mm
M M
312.5 mm

50 mm
Probs. 6–150/151

100 mm
Prob. 6–148

6–149. The curved bar used on a machine has a rectangular *6–152. The bar is subjected to a moment of M = 100 N # m.
cross section. If the bar is subjected to a couple as shown, Determine the maximum bending stress in the bar and sketch,
determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses approximately, how the stress varies over the critical section.
acting at section a–a. Sketch the stress distribution on the
6–153. The allowable bending stress for the bar is
section in three dimensions.
sallow = 200 MPa . Determine the maximum moment M
that can be applied to the bar.
a

75 mm

a 80 mm
50 mm
100 mm
20 mm
250 N 50 mm 10 mm 10 mm
6
M M
150 mm
250 N 10 mm

75 mm
Prob. 6–149 Probs. 6–152/153
 6.9 StreSS ConCentrationS 361

6–154. The simply supported notched bar is subjected to *6–156. If the radius of each notch on the plate is r = 10
two forces P. Determine the largest magnitude of P that can mm, determine the largest moment M that can be applied.
be applied without causing the material to yield. The material The allowable bending stress is sallow = 180 MPa.
is A-36 steel. Each notch has a radius of r = 3 mm.

20 mm
P P

12 mm

30 mm 42 mm 125 mm

500 mm 500 mm 500 mm 500 mm

165 mm

Prob. 6–154

M
Prob. 6–156

6–155. The stepped bar has a thickness of 10 mm.

Determine the maximum moment that can be applied to its
ends if the allowable bending stress is sallow = 150 MPa.
6–157. Determine the length L of the center portion of the
bar so that the maximum bending stress at A, B, and C is the
same. The bar has a thickness of 10 mm.

90 mm
60 mm 350 N
7.5 mm 20 mm 6
15 mm 60 mm 40 mm
7 mm 7 mm
M M A C B

L L
200 mm 200 mm
2 2
Prob. 6–155 Prob. 6–157
 6.10 inelaStiC Bending 373

P R OBLEMS
6–158. Determine the shape factor for the cross section of *6–160. Determine the plastic moment Mp that can be
the H-beam. supported by a beam having the cross section shown.
sY = 210 MPa.

50 mm
25 mm

Mp

250 mm
200 mm

25 mm

Mp 20 mm
20 mm Prob. 6–160
200 mm 6–161. The wide-flange member is made from an elastic
perfectly plastic material. Determine the shape factor for the
20 mm beam.
Prob. 6–158

t
6–159. Determine the shape factor for the wide-flange beam. t

Prob. 6–161
15 mm 6–162. The rod has a circular cross section. If it is made of an
elastic perfectly plastic material, determine the shape factor.

20 mm
200 mm
6
Mp

15 mm
200 mm

100 mm
Prob. 6–159 Prob. 6–162
 374 Chapter 6 Bending

6–163. The rod has a circular cross section. If it is made of 6–165. Determine the shape factor of the beam’s cross
an elastic perfectly plastic material where sY = 345 MPa, section.
determine the maximum elastic moment and plastic moment
that can be applied to the cross section.

50 mm

100 mm

25 mm 50 mm
25 mm
Prob. 6–165
6–166. The beam is made of elastic-perfectly plastic
100 mm material. Determine the maximum elastic moment and the
Prob. 6–163 plastic moment that can be applied to the cross section.
Take sY = 250 MPa.

50 mm

*6–164. The beam is made of an elastic perfectly plastic

material for which sY = 200 MPa . If the largest moment in
the beam occurs within the center section a–a, determine 100 mm
the magnitude of each force P that causes this moment to
be (a) the largest elastic moment and (b) the largest plastic
moment.
25 mm
50 mm
25 mm
Prob. 6–166
6–167. Determine the shape factor for the beam.
P P

a 10 mm

15 mm
a 200 mm
6 2m 2m 2m 2m
Mp

200 mm 10 mm
200 mm
100 mm

Prob. 6–164 Prob. 6–167

 6.10 inelaStiC Bending 375

*6–168. The beam is made of an elastic perfectly plastic 6–170. Determine the shape factor of the cross section.
material for which sY = 250 MPa . Determine the residual
stress in the beam at its top and bottom after the plastic
moment Mp is applied and then released.

15 mm
a

a
20 mm
200 mm
a
Mp

15 mm a
200 mm a
a

Prob. 6–170
Prob. 6–168

6–169. The box beam is made of an elastic perfectly plastic

material for which sY = 250 MPa. Determine the residual
stress in the top and bottom of the beam after the plastic
6–171. Determine the shape factor for the member having
moment Mp is applied and then released.
the tubular cross section.

2d 6

25 mm

150 mm 25 mm d
150 mm
25 mm 25 mm

Prob. 6–169 Prob. 6–171

 376 Chapter 6 Bending

*6–172. Determine the shape factor for the member. *6–176. The beam is made of elastic perfectly plastic
material for which sY = 345 MPa. Determine the maximum
6–173. The member is made from an elastic-plastic elastic moment and the plastic moment that can be applied
material. Determine the maximum elastic moment and the to the cross section.
plastic moment that can be applied to the cross section.
Take b = 100 mm, h = 150 mm, sY = 250 MPa. 6–177. Determine the shape factor of the cross section.

–h
2
100 mm

100 mm
–h
2
100 mm

100 mm
b 100 mm
100 mm
Probs. 6–176/177
Probs. 6–172/173

6–174. Determine the shape factor of the cross section. 6–178. The plexiglass bar has a stress–strain curve that can
be approximated by the straight-line segments shown.
6–175. The beam is made of elastic perfectly plastic Determine the largest moment M that can be applied to the
material. Determine the maximum elastic moment and the bar before it fails.
plastic moment that can be applied to the cross section.
Take a = 50 mm and sY = 230 MPa .

s (MPa)
20 mm

a M
60 failure
20 mm
40
tension
2a 0.06 0.04
6 P (mm/ mm)
0.02 0.04

compression
a a
80
a 2
100
2
Probs. 6–174/175 Prob. 6–178
 6.10 inelaStiC Bending 377

6–179. The beam is made of phenolic, a structural plastic, that 6–181. The bar is made of an aluminum alloy having a
has the stress–strain curve shown. If a portion of the curve can stress–strain diagram that can be approximated by the
be represented by the equation s = (5(106)P)1/2 MPa, straight line segments shown. Assuming that this diagram is
determine the magnitude w of the distributed load that can be the same for both tension and compression, determine the
applied to the beam without causing the maximum strain in its moment the bar will support if the maximum strain at the
fibers at the critical section to exceed Pmax = 0.005 mm>mm. top and bottom fibers of the beam is Pmax = 0.03.

w
150 mm

150 mm

2m 2m s(MPa)
630
560
s(MPa)
420
100 mm M
s2  5(106)P

75 mm
P(mm/mm) P (mm/mm)
0.006 0.025 0.05
Prob. 6–179
Prob. 6–181
*6–180. The stress–strain diagram for a titanium alloy can
be approximated by the two straight lines. If a strut made of
this material is subjected to bending, determine the moment
resisted by the strut if the maximum stress reaches a value
of (a) sA and (b) sB.

6–182. A beam is made from polypropylene plastic and

has a stress–strain diagram that can be approximated by
the  curve shown. If the beam is subjected to a maximum
tensile and compressive strain of P = 0.02 mm>mm,
75 mm determine the moment M.
M

50 mm
s (MPa)
B
sB 1260
A M
sA 980 s (Pa)
6

M
s  10(106)P1/ 4 100 mm
30 mm
P (mm/mm) P (mm/ mm)
0.01 0.04
Prob. 6–180 Prob. 6–182
 ConCeptual proBleMS 381

CON CEPTUAL PRO B L EM S

C6–1. The steel saw blade passes over the drive wheel of C6–3. Use reasonable dimensions for this hammer and a
the band saw. Using appropriate measurements and data, loading to show through an analysis why this hammer failed
explain how to determine the bending stress in the blade. in the manner shown.

C6–1

C6–3
C6–2. The crane boom has a noticeable taper along its
length. Explain why. To do so, assume the boom is in the C6–4. These garden shears were manufactured using an
horizontal position and in the process of hoisting a load inferior material. Using a loading of 200 N applied normal
at its end, so that the reaction on the support A becomes to the blades, and appropriate dimensions for the shears,
zero. Use realistic dimensions and a load, to justify your determine the absolute maximum bending stress in the
reasoning. material and show why the failure occurred at the critical
location on the handle.

(a) (b)

C6–2 C6–4
 382 Chapter 6 Bending

R E VIEW PROBLEMS

R6–1. Determine the shape factor for the wide-flange R6–3. The composite beam consists of a wood core and two
beam. plates of steel. If the allowable bending stress for the wood is
(sallow)w = 20 MPa , and for the steel (sallow)st = 130 MPa,
determine the maximum moment that can be applied to the
beam. Ew = 11 GPa, Est = 200 GPa.

z
20 mm 125 mm

30 mm
180 mm
M
Mp
20 mm
x
20 mm 75 mm
180 mm 20 mm

Prob. R6–3
Prob. R6–1
*R6–4. A shaft is made of a polymer having a parabolic
upper and lower cross section. If it resists a moment
of M = 125 N # m, determine the maximum bending
stress in the material (a) using the flexure formula and
(b) using integration. Sketch a three-dimensional view of
the stress distribution acting over the cross-sectional area.
R6–2. The compound beam consists of two segments Hint: The moment of inertia is determined using Eq. A–3
that are pinned together at B. Draw the shear and moment of Appendix A.
diagrams if it supports the distributed loading shown.

100 mm

w y  100 – z 2/ 25
6 M  125 N· m

z
C
A B
50 mm x
2/3 L 1/3 L 50 mm

Prob. R6–2 Prob. R6–4

 review proBleMS 383

R6–5. Determine the maximum bending stress in the handle *R6–8. A wooden beam has a square cross section as
of the cable cutter at section a–a. A force of 225 N is applied shown. Determine which orientation of the beam provides
to the handles. The cross-sectional area is shown in the figure. the greatest strength at resisting the moment M. What is the
difference in the resulting maximum stress in both cases?
20 225 N
a 125 mm
100 mm a a
75 mm M M
a
A 18 mm
a a
12 mm
(a) (b)

Prob. R6–8

225 N
R6–9. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the shaft if
Prob. R6–5 it is subjected to the vertical loadings. The bearings at A and
B exert only vertical reactions on the shaft.

R6–6. The curved beam is subjected to a bending moment

of M = 85 N # m as shown. Determine the stress at points A
300 N

and B and show the stress on a volume element located at 450 N

these points.
A B
M  85 Nm

400 mm 300 mm
200 mm 200 mm
A 100 mm

400 mm 150 N
A 20 mm
B 15 mm Prob. R6–9
150 mm
30
20 mm
B R6–10. The strut has a square cross section a by a and is
subjected to the bending moment M applied at an angle u
Prob. R6–6 as shown. Determine the maximum bending stress in terms
of a,  M, and u. What angle u will give the largest bending
stress in the strut? Specify the orientation of the neutral axis
R6–7. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam for this case.
and determine the shear and moment in the beam as func-
tions of x, where 0 6 x 6 1.8 m. y

40 kN
30 kN/m
6
75 kN m
a
z

x
x a
1.8 m 1.2 m M

Prob. R6–7 Prob. R6–10

 398 Chapter 7 transverse shear

p R E LImIN aRY pROB L Em S

P7–1. In each case, calculate the value of Q and t that are
used in the shear formula for finding the shear stress at A.
Also, show how the shear stress acts on a differential volume
7 0.2 m
element located at point A.
0.2 m

0.2 m
V
0.2 m

0.3 m A
0.2 m
V 0.1 m 0.2 m
0.2 m
0.1 m
A (d)

0.1 m
0.2 m

(a)

0.1 m

0.1 m 0.3 m
0.2 m
A 0.3 m
V
0.3 m
V
0.2 m A
0.2 m
0.4 m
0.1 m
0.2 m

(b) (e)

0.1 m
0.1 m
0.1 m A
0.5 m

0.1 m
0.1 m 0.1 m
V
0.2 m
0.3 m 0.3 m
A V 0.1 m
0.5 m
0.1 m 0.1 m

(c) (f)
Prob. P7–1
 7.2 the shear Formula 399

FUN DamEN TaL pR O B L Em S

F7–1. If the beam is subjected to a shear force of F7–4. If the beam is subjected to a shear force of
V = 100 kN, determine the shear stress at point A. Represent V = 20 kN, determine the maximum shear stress in the beam.
the state of stress on a volume element at this point. 7

300 mm
PP PP
20mm 200 mm

PP PP
90 mm A PP
20 mm V PP
20mm

Prob. F7–1 PP

V PP
F7–2. Determine the shear stress at points A and B if the
beam is subjected to a shear force of V = 600 kN. Represent PP
the state of stress on a volume element of these points.

100 mm
Prob. F7–4
100 mm

100 mm 100 mm

F7–5. If the beam is made from four plates and subjected

100 mm to a shear force of V = 20 kN, determine the shear stress at
point A. Represent the state of stress on a volume element
B at this point.
100 mm

A V
50 mm
50 mm

Prob. F7–2 25 mm
150 mm
F7–3. Determine the absolute maximum shear stress 25 mm
developed in the beam.

30 kN A
15 kN 150 mm
V

A B 150 mm 50 mm

300 mm 300 mm 300 mm 75 mm

Prob. F7–3 Prob. F7–5

 400 Chapter 7 transverse shear

p R OBLEmS

7–1. If the wide-flange beam is subjected to a shear of 7–6. The wood beam has an allowable shear stress of
V = 20 kN, determine the shear stress on the web at A. tallow = 7 MPa. Determine the maximum shear force V that
7 Indicate the shear-stress components on a volume element can be applied to the cross section.
located at this point.

7–2. If the wide-flange beam is subjected to a shear of

V = 20 kN, determine the maximum shear stress in the
beam.
50 mm 50 mm
7–3. If the wide-flange beam is subjected to a shear of 100 mm
V = 20 kN, determine the shear force resisted by the web of 50 mm
the beam.
200 mm
200 mm
V
A 20 mm
50 mm
20 mm
V
B Prob. 7–6
300 mm

200 mm
20 mm

Probs. 7–1/2/3 7–7. The shaft is supported by a thrust bearing at A and a
journal bearing at B. If P = 20 kN, determine the absolute
*7–4. If the beam is subjected to a shear of V = 30 kN, maximum shear stress in the shaft.
determine the web’s shear stress at A and B. Indicate the
shear-stress components on a volume element located *7–8. The shaft is supported by a thrust bearing at A and a
at these points. Set w = 200 mm. Show that the neutral axis journal bearing at B. If the shaft is made from a material
is located at y = 0.2433 m from the bottom and having an allowable shear stress of tallow = 75 MPa,
I = 0.5382(10−3) m4. determine the maximum value for P.

7–5. If the wide-flange beam is subjected to a shear of

V = 30 kN, determine the maximum shear stress in the
beam. Set w = 300 mm.
300 mm
C A B D

A
20 mm 20 mm 1m 1m 1m

V P P

B 400 mm 30 mm

20 mm
w
40 mm

Probs. 7–4/5 Probs. 7–7/8

 7.2 the shear Formula 401

7–9. Determine the largest shear force V that the member 7–13. Determine the shear stress at point B on the web of
can sustain if the allowable shear stress is tallow = 56 MPa. the cantilevered strut at section a–a.

7–10. If the applied shear force V = 90 kN, determine the 7–14. Determine the maximum shear stress acting at
maximum shear stress in the member. section a–a of the cantilevered strut.

75 mm

25 mm 2 kN 4 kN
V 250 mm 250 mm 300 mm
75 mm 25 mm a

25 mm

Probs. 7–9/10 a
20 mm

7–11. The overhang beam is subjected to the uniform 70 mm

distributed load having an intensity of w = 50 kN>m. B
Determine the maximum shear stress in the beam. 20 mm
50 mm

w Probs. 7–13/14

A
B
3m 3m
50 mm
7–15. Determine the maximum shear stress in the T-beam at
the critical section where the internal shear force is maximum.
100 mm
*7–16. Determine the maximum shear stress in the T-beam
at point C. Show the result on a volume element at this point.
Prob. 7–11

*7–12. A member has a cross section in the form of an

equilateral triangle. If it is subjected to a shear force V,
determine the maximum average shear stress in the member
10 kN/m
using the shear formula. Should the shear formula actually
be used to predict this value? Explain.
A B
C
3m 1.5 m 1.5 m
150 mm
a

V h
150 mm 30 mm

30 mm

Prob. 7–12 Probs. 7–15/16

 402 Chapter 7 transverse shear

7–17. The strut is subjected to a vertical shear of V = 130 7–21. Determine the maximum shear stress acting in the
kN. Plot the intensity of the shear-stress distribution acting fiberglass beam at the section where the internal shear force is
over the cross-sectional area, and compute the resultant shear maximum.
force developed in the vertical segment AB. 3 kN/m
2.5 kN/m

7 B
150 mm
A D
50 mm
A
2m 2m
0.6 m
150 mm
V 130 kN
100 mm 18 mm

150 mm
12 mm
150 mm
50 mm
150 mm 100 mm 18 mm

Prob. 7–17 Prob. 7–21

7–18. Plot the shear-stress distribution over the cross 7–22. If the beam is subjected to a shear of V = 15 kN,
section of a rod that has a radius c. By what factor is the determine the web’s shear stress at A and B. Indicate the
maximum shear stress greater than the average shear stress shear-stress components on a volume element located at these
acting over the cross section? points. Set w = 125 mm. Show that the neutral axis is located
at y = 0.1747 m from the bottom and INA = 0.2182(10−3) m4.
7–23. If the wide-flange beam is subjected to a shear of
V = 30 kN, determine the maximum shear stress in the
beam. Set w = 200 mm.
*7–24. If the wide-flange beam is subjected to a shear of
c V = 30 kN, determine the shear force resisted by the web
of the beam. Set w = 200 mm.
y
200 mm
V

Prob. 7–18 30 mm A
25 mm
7–19. Determine the maximum shear stress in the strut if
it is subjected to a shear force of V = 20 kN. V
250 mm B
*7–20. Determine the maximum shear force V that the
strut can support if the allowable shear stress for the
material is tallow = 40 MPa. 30 mm w

12 mm Probs. 7–22/23/24
7–25. Determine the length of the cantilevered beam so
that the maximum bending stress in the beam is equivalent
60 mm to the maximum shear stress.
V P

12 mm
h
80 mm 20 mm
L b
20 mm
Probs. 7–19/20 Prob. 7–25
 7.2 the shear Formula 403

7–26. If the beam is made from wood having an allowable 7–29. The composite beam is constructed from wood and
shear stress tallow = 3 MPa, determine the maximum reinforced with a steel strap. Use the method of Sec. 6.6 and
magnitude of P. Set d = 100 mm. calculate the maximum shear stress in the beam when it is
subjected to a shear of V = 50 kN. Take Est = 200 GPa,
Ew = 15 GPa.

7
2P
P 10 mm

A B V= 50 kN
0.6 m 0.6 m 0.6 m
300 mm

10 mm
50 mm
175 mm
Prob. 7–26

Prob. 7–29

7–27. The beam is slit longitudinally along both sides. If it 7–30. The beam has a rectangular cross section and is
is subjected to a shear of V = 250 kN, compare the subjected to a load P that is just large enough to develop a
maximum shear stress in the beam before and after the cuts fully plastic moment Mp = PL at the fixed support. If the
were made. material is elastic perfectly plastic, then at a distance x 6 L
the moment M = Px creates a region of plastic yielding
*7–28. The beam is to be cut longitudinally along both
sides as shown. If it is made from a material having an
allowable shear stress of tallow = 75 MPa, determine the with an associated elastic core having a height 2y′. This
maximum allowable shear force V that can be applied situation has been described by Eq. 6–30 and the moment M
before and after the cut is made. is distributed over the cross section as shown in Fig. 6–48e.
Prove that the maximum shear stress in the beam is given
by tmax = 32(P>A′), where A′ = 2y′b, the cross-sectional
area of the elastic core.

P
x
Plastic region
25 mm
200 mm 2y¿ h

V b L
Elastic region
100 mm 25 mm
Prob. 7–30
25 mm

25 mm
200 mm
25 mm 7–31. The beam in Fig. 6–48f is subjected to a fully plastic
moment Mp . Prove that the longitudinal and transverse
shear stresses in the beam are zero. Hint: Consider an
Probs. 7–27/28 element of the beam shown in Fig. 7–4d.
 7.3 shear Flow in Built-up memBers 409

FUN DamEN Ta L pR O B L Em S

F7–6. The two identical boards are bolted together to form F7–8. The boards are bolted together to form the built-up
the beam. Determine the maximum spacing s of the bolts to beam. If the beam is subjected to a shear force of V = 20 kN,
the nearest mm if each bolt has a shear strength of 15 kN. The determine the maximum spacing s of the bolts to the nearest 7
beam is subjected to a shear force of V = 50 kN. mm if each bolt has a shear strength of 8 kN.
50 mm
25 mm
25 mm

s
s 100 mm 200 mm

s
100 mm 50 mm
s

V 150 mm

300 mm 150 mm V

Prob. F7–6
Prob. F7–8
F7–9. The boards are bolted together to form the built-up
F7–7. Two identical 20-mm-thick plates are bolted to the beam. If the beam is subjected to a shear force of V = 75 kN,
top and bottom flange to form the built-up beam. If the beam determine the allowable maximum spacing of the bolts to
is subjected to a shear force of V = 300 kN, determine the the nearest multiples of 5 mm. Each bolt has a shear strength
maximum spacing s of the bolts to the nearest mm if each of 30 kN.
bolt has a shear strength of 30 kN.
25 mm
12 mm
12 mm

200 mm 100 mm
20 mm
s 75mm
s
s
10 mm 25 mm
s 300 mm
25 mm 75 mm
10 mm
V
V
10 mm 100 mm

20 mm
200 mm

Prob. F7–7 Prob. F7–9

 410 Chapter 7 transverse shear

p ROBLEmS

*7–32. The double T-beam is fabricated by welding the *7–36. The beam is constructed from four boards which
three plates together as shown. Determine the shear stress in are nailed together. If the nails are on both sides of the
7 the weld necessary to support a shear force of V = 80 kN. beam and each can resist a shear of 3 kN, determine the
maximum load P that can be applied to the end of the beam.
7–33. The double T-beam is fabricated by welding the
3 kN P
three plates together as shown. If the weld can resist a shear
stress tallow = 90 MPa, determine the maximum shear V
that can be applied to the beam.
A B C
20 mm
2m 2m

100 mm

150 mm
30 mm
V
50 mm 75 mm 50 mm
150 mm

20 mm 20 mm
30 mm 250 mm 30 mm
Probs. 7–32/33
30 mm
7–34. The beam is constructed from two boards fastened Prob. 7–36
together with three rows of nails spaced s = 50 mm apart. If 7–37. The beam is fabricated from two equivalent structural
each nail can support a 2.25-kN shear force, determine the tees and two plates. Each plate has a height of 150 mm and a
maximum shear force V that can be applied to the beam.The thickness of 12 mm. If a shear of V = 250 kN is applied to
allowable shear stress for the wood is tallow = 2.1 MPa. the cross section, determine the maximum spacing of the
bolts. Each bolt can resist a shear force of 75 kN.
7–35. The beam is constructed from two boards fastened
together with three rows of nails. If the allowable shear stress 7–38. The beam is fabricated from two equivalent structural
for the wood is tallow = 1 MPa, determine the maximum shear tees and two plates. Each plate has a height of 150 mm and a
force V that can be applied to the beam. Also, find the maximum thickness of 12 mm. If the bolts are spaced at s = 200 mm
spacing s of the nails if each nail can resist 3.25 kN in shear. determine the maximum shear force V that can be applied to
the cross section. Each bolt can resist a shear force of 75 kN.

s 12 mm

s s
75 mm
25 mm
40 mm A
V 40 mm 150 mm V

N 12 mm
150 mm
75 mm

Probs. 7–34/35 Probs. 7–37/38

 7.3 shear Flow in Built-up memBers 411

7–39. The double-web girder is constructed from two 7–42. The simply supported beam is built up from three boards
plywood sheets that are secured to wood members at its top by nailing them together as shown. The wood has an allowable
and bottom. If each fastener can support 3 kN in single shear stress of tallow = 1.5 MPa, and an allowable bending
shear, determine the required spacing s of the fasteners stress of sallow = 9 MPa. The nails are spaced at s = 75 mm,
needed to support the loading P = 15 kN. Assume A is and each has a shear strength of 1.5 kN. Determine the
pinned and B is a roller. maximum allowable force P that can be applied to the beam.
7
*7–40. The double-web girder is constructed from two 7–43. The simply supported beam is built up from three
plywood sheets that are secured to wood members at its top boards by nailing them together as shown. If P = 12 kN,
and bottom. The allowable bending stress for the wood is determine the maximum allowable spacing s of the nails to
sallow = 56 MPa and the allowable shear stress is support that load, if each nail can resist a shear force of 1.5 kN.
tallow = 21 MPa. If the fasteners are spaced s = 150 mm P
and each fastener can support 3 kN in single shear, s
determine the maximum load P that can be applied to the
beam.
A B

50 mm 1m 1m
50 mm P

s 100 mm
250 mm
A B 25 mm
1.2 m 1.2 m
50 mm 25 mm
50 mm 200 mm

150 mm
12 mm 12 mm
25 mm
Probs. 7–39/40
Probs. 7–42/43
*7–44. The T-beam is nailed together as shown. If the nails
7–41. A beam is constructed from three boards bolted
can each support a shear force of 4.5 kN, determine the
together as shown. Determine the shear force in each bolt if
maximum shear force V that the beam can support and the
the bolts are spaced s = 250 mm apart and the shear is
corresponding maximum nail spacing s to the nearest
V = 35 kN.
multiples of 5 mm. The allowable shear stress for the wood
is tallow = 3 MPa.

25 mm
25 mm
50 mm 300 mm s
100 mm 250 mm s

300 mm
350 mm
V V
s  250 mm

25 mm 50 mm

Prob. 7–41 Prob. 7–44

 412 Chapter 7 transverse shear

7–45. The nails are on both sides of the beam and each can 7–47. The beam is made from four boards nailed together
resist a shear of 2 kN. In addition to the distributed loading, as shown. If the nails can each support a shear force of
determine the maximum load P that can be applied to the 500 N, determine their required spacing s′ and s to the
end of the beam. The nails are spaced 100 mm apart and the nearest mm if the beam is subjected to a shear of V = 3.5 kN.
allowable shear stress for the wood is tallow = 3 MPa. D
P
7 2 kN/m 25 mm
s¿ 25 mm
50 mm
s¿ 250 mm

A B C A
C
s
1.5 m 1.5 m s 25 mm
250 mm
V
100 mm
B
40 mm
40 mm
Prob. 7–47
*7–48. The beam is made from three polystyrene strips
200 mm that are glued together as shown. If the glue has a shear
strength of 80 kPa, determine the maximum load P that can
be applied without causing the glue to lose its bond.
200 mm 20 mm 30 mm
20 mm P
1 1
40 mm —P —P
Prob. 7–45 4 4
20 mm
7–46. Determine the average shear stress developed in the 60 mm
nails within region AB of the beam. The nails are located on A B
each side of the beam and are spaced 100 mm apart. Each
40 mm
nail has a diameter of 4 mm. Take P = 2 kN. 0.8 m 1m 1m 0.8 m
P
2 kN/m Prob. 7–48
7–49. The timber T-beam is subjected to a load consisting
of n concentrated forces, Pn. If the allowable shear Vnail for
each of the nails is known, write a computer program that
A B C will specify the nail spacing between each load. Show an
1.5 m 1.5 m application of the program using the values L = 5 m,
a1 = 1.5 m, P1 = 3 kN, a2 = 3 m, P2 = 6 kN, b1 = 40 mm,
100 mm h1 = 200 mm, b2 = 200 mm, h2 = 25 mm, and
Vnail = 900 N.
P1 P2 Pn
40 mm
s3
s1 s2 sn

200 mm A B b2
h2
a1
h1
a2
200 mm 20 mm an
20 mm L b1

Prob. 7–46 Prob. 7–49

 424 Chapter 7 transverse shear

p R OBLEmS

7–50. The beam is subjected to a shear force of V = 25 kN. 7–54. A shear force of V = 18 kN is applied to the box
Determine the shear flow at points A and B. girder. Determine the shear flow at points A and B.
7
7–51. The beam is constructed from four plates and is 7–55. A shear force of V = 18 kN is applied to the box
subjected to a shear force of V = 25 kN. Determine the girder. Determine the shear flow at point C.
maximum shear flow in the cross section.

10 mm
30 mm A
10 mm
12 mm

100 mm
C 125 mm
B
C
125 mm 12 mm
100 mm 150 mm
12 mm 10 mm
50 mm 30 mm
A 12 mm 10 mm V
D
150 mm
200 mm
10 mm 125 mm
V B
10 mm
Probs. 7–54/55
Probs. 7–50/51
*7–56. A shear force of V = 300 kN is applied to the box
girder. Determine the shear flow at points A and B.
*7–52. The aluminum strut is 10 mm thick and has the
cross section shown. If it is subjected to a shear of 7–57. A shear force of V = 450 kN is applied to the box
V = 150 N, determine the shear flow at points A and B. girder. Determine the shear flow at points C and D.
7–53. The aluminum strut is 10 mm thick and has the cross
section shown. If it is subjected to a shear of V = 150 N,
determine the maximum shear flow in the strut.
90 mm 90 mm

C
A D 100 mm

200 mm
190 mm
10 mm B V

40 mm B
A 200 mm 10 mm
10 mm V
40 mm 180 mm
30 mm 30 mm
10 mm 10 mm 10 mm
Probs. 7–52/53 Probs. 7–56/57
 7.5 shear Center For open thin-walled memBers 425

7–58. The H-beam is subjected to a shear of V = 80 kN. 7–62. The box girder is subjected to a shear of V = 15 kN.
Determine the shear flow at point A. Determine the shear flow at point B and the maximum
shear flow in the girder’s web AB.
7–59. The H-beam is subjected to a shear of V = 80 kN.
Sketch the shear-stress distribution acting along one of its
side segments. Indicate all peak values.
A
15 mm 7

250 mm
250 mm

15 mm
A V V
30 mm
50 mm 300 mm 25 mm B
150 mm 25 mm
25 mm
150 mm 25 mm
Probs. 7–58/59
25 mm
*7–60. The built-up beam is formed by welding together
the thin plates of thickness 5 mm. Determine the location of Prob. 7–62
the shear center O.
7–63. Determine the location e of the shear center, point O,
5 mm for the thin-walled member having a slit along its section.
200 mm

O 100 mm 100 mm

e 100 mm
100 mm
200 mm
e
O

300 mm 100 mm

Prob. 7–60
7–61. The assembly is subjected to a vertical shear of Prob. 7–63
V = 35 kN. Determine the shear flow at points A and B
and the maximum shear flow in the cross section. *7–64. Determine the location e of the shear center, point O,
for the thin-walled member. The member segments have the
A same thickness t.

b
12 mm

B
V
150 mm h1 h2
O
50 mm 150 mm
12 mm
12 mm 50 mm 12 mm e
12 mm

Prob. 7–61 Prob. 7–64

 426 Chapter 7 transverse shear

7–65. The angle is subjected to a shear of V = 10 kN. *7–68. Determine the location e of the shear center, point O,
Sketch the distribution of shear flow along the leg AB. for the thin-walled member. The member segments have the
Indicate numerical values at all peaks. same thickness t.

7 A

125 mm
125 mm d
45 45 d
—
2
B O
6 mm V e
d
—
Prob. 7–65 2
d
7–66. Determine the shear-stress variation over the cross
section of the thin-walled tube as a function of elevation y
and show that t max = 2V>A, where A = 2prt. Hint: Choose
a differential area element dA=Rt du. Using dQ = ydA, d
formulate Q for a circular section from u to (p - u) and Prob. 7–68
show that Q = 2R2t cos u, where cos u = 2R2 - y2 >R.

7–69. A thin plate of thickness t is bent to form the beam

having the cross section shown. Determine the location of
ds the shear center O.
du
y
t

t R r
O
Prob. 7–66
e
7–67. Determine the location e of the shear center, point O,
for the beam having the cross section shown. The thickness is t.

Prob. 7–69
1
—
2
r
7–70. Determine the location e of the shear center, point O,
for the tube having a slit along its length.

t
e
r
O
1 r e
O —
2
r

Prob. 7–67 Prob. 7–70

 review proBlems 429

REVIEW pROBLEmS

R7–1. Sketch the intensity of the shear-stress distribution R7–3. The member is subject to a shear force of V = 2 kN.
acting over the beam’s cross-sectional area, and determine Determine the shear flow at points A, B, and C. The
the resultant shear force acting on the segment AB. The thickness of each thin-walled segment is 15 mm. 7
shear acting at the section is V = 175 kN. Show that
INA = 340.82(106) mm4.

200 mm

B
C

100 mm
A C
300 mm
V
200 mm B V  2 kN

Prob. R7–3
A
150 mm
75 mm
75 mm

50 mm *R7–4. The beam is constructed from four boards glued

together at their seams. If the glue can withstand 15 kN>m,
Prob. R7–1
what is the maximum vertical shear V that the beam can
support?

R7–5. Solve Prob. R7–4 if the beam is rotated 90° from

the position shown.
R7–2. The T-beam is subjected to a shear of V = 150 kN.
Determine the amount of this force that is supported by the
web B.

200 mm
75 mm
12 mm
40 mm
75 mm
12 mm
V = 150 kN
B
200 mm V 75 mm

100 mm
40 mm 12 mm 12 mm

Prob. R7–2 Prob. R7–4/5

 8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED LOADINGS 447

P RELIMIN ARY PR O B L EM S
P8–1. In each case, determine the internal loadings that 200 N
act on the indicated section. Show the results on the left
segment. 300 N
500 N

2m

1m
1m

500 N 8
0.2 m (d)

Prob. P8–1
0.2 m
200 N
P8–2. The internal loadings act on the section. Show the
(a) stress that each of these loads produce on differential
elements located at point A and point B.

200 N

B
2m V
100 N M T

300 N

(b) A
N

(a)

M
0.4 m
A B
V
200 N
T
0.4 m

0.2 m

300 N (b)

(c) Prob. P8–2

 448 CHAPTER 8 COMBINED LOADINGS

F UN DAMEN TAL PR O B L EM S

F8–1. Determine the normal stress at corners A and B of F8–3. Determine the state of stress at point A on the cross
the column. section of the beam at section a–a. Show the results in a
differential element at the point.

z
500 kN
30 kN
300 kN
100 mm
100 mm
a
A
8
50 mm 100 mm
150 mm 150 mm a
B
150 mm 150 mm y 2m
x 0.5 m 0.5 m

100 mm
10 mm
50 mm
A
180 mm
10 mm
10 mm
Section a–a
Prob. F8–1
Prob. F8–3

F8–2. Determine the state of stress at point A on the cross

section at section a–a of the cantilever beam. Show the F8–4. Determine the magnitude of the load P that will
results in a differential element at the point. cause a maximum normal stress of s max = 210 MPa in the
link along section a–a.

400 kN

a
50 mm
0.5 m P
a a 12 mm
300 mm 50 mm
A P
100 mm

100 mm
Section a–a

Prob. F8–2 Prob. F8–4

 8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED LOADINGS 449

F8–5. The beam has a rectangular cross section and is F8–7. Determine the state of stress at point A on the cross
subjected to the loading shown. Determine the components section of the pipe at section a–a. Show the results in a
of stress sx, sy, and txy at point B. differential element at the point.

z
y

z a
300 mm
x
800 N
A
B
300 mm 8
10 mm x
20 mm a

1000 N 50 mm 6 kN
20 mm
100 mm
y
A
15 mm
15 mm 40 mm

Prob. F8–5
Section a – a

Prob. F8–7

F8–6. Determine the state of stress at point A on the cross

section of the pipe assembly at section a–a. Show the results
F8–8. Determine the state of stress at point A on the cross
in a differential element at the point.
section of the shaft at section a–a. Show the results in a
differential element at the point.

z
z
300 mm

100 mm
400 mm
100 mm a
600 mm
200 mm a A
A 1500 N
a a 400 mm
x 300 N
y x
900 N
20 mm 1000 N
300 N 25 mm
900 N A

y
20 mm 100 mm
A
Section a – a Section a – a

Prob. F8–6 Prob. F8–8

 450 CHAPTER 8 COMBINED LOADINGS

P ROBLEMS
8–18. Determine the shortest distance d to the edge of the 8–21. If the load has a weight of 2700 N, determine the
plate at which the force P can be applied so that it produces maximum normal stress developed on the cross section of
no compressive stresses in the plate at section a–a. The plate the supporting member at section a–a. Also, plot the normal
has a thickness of 10 mm and P acts along the centerline of stress distribution over the cross-section.
this thickness.

0.5 m
25 mm
a a
8 300 mm

a a
Section a – a

200 mm 500 mm

Prob. 8–18 Prob. 8–21

8–22. The bearing pin supports the load of 3.5 kN.

8–19. Determine the maximum distance d to the edge of Determine the stress components in the support member at
the plate at which the force P can be applied so that it point A. The support is 12 mm thick.
produces no compressive stresses on the plate at section
a–a. The plate has a thickness of 20 mm and P acts along the 8–23. The bearing pin supports the load of 3.5 kN.
centerline of this thickness. Determine the stress components in the support member at
point B. The support is 12 mm thick.
*8–20. The plate has a thickness of 20 mm and the force
P = 3 kN acts along the centerline of this thickness such that
d = 150 mm. Plot the distribution of normal stress acting 18 mm
along section a–a.
A A
50 mm 12 mm
B B
30

75 mm
a
200 mm
P
d

32 mm
a
3.5 kN

Probs. 8–19/20 Probs. 8–22/23

 8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED LOADINGS 451

*8–24. The column is built up by gluing the two boards *8–28. The pliers are made from two steel parts pinned
together. Determine the maximum normal stress on the cross together at A. If a smooth bolt is held in the jaws and a
section when the eccentric force of P = 50 kN is applied. gripping force of 50 N is applied at the handles, determine
the state of stress developed in the pliers at points B and C.
8–25. The column is built up by gluing the two boards Here the cross section is rectangular, having the dimensions
together. If the wood has an allowable normal stress of shown in the figure.
sallow = 6 MPa, determine the maximum allowable eccentric
force P that can be applied to the column. 8–29. Solve Prob. 8–28 for points D and E.
P

150 mm
250 mm 4.5 mm 50 N
75 mm D
150 mm 5 mm 2.5 mm 75 mm
50 mm 30
E 8
D A B
B 5 mm
5 mm
300 mm E C
C 5 mm

44 mm
62.5 mm 100 mm
50 N

Probs. 8–28/29
Probs. 8–24/25
8–26. The offset link supports the loading of P = 30 kN.
Determine its required width w if the allowable normal
stress is sallow = 73 MPa. The link has a thickness of 40 mm. 8–30. The rib-joint pliers are used to grip the smooth
pipe  C. If the force of 100 N is applied to the handles,
8–27. The offset link has a width of w = 200 mm and a determine the state of stress at points A and B on the cross
thickness of 40 mm. If the allowable normal stress is section of the jaw at section a–a. Indicate the results on an
sallow = 75 MPa, determine the maximum load P that can element at each point.
be applied to the cables.
P

100 N

250 mm

25 mm 45°
25 mm
a

w a
50 mm
C

10 mm
A
B
100 N
20 mm 7.5 mm

P Section a – a

Probs. 8–26/27 Prob. 8–30

 452 CHAPTER 8 COMBINED LOADINGS

8–31. The drill is jammed in the wall and is subjected to the 8–35. The block is subjected to the eccentric load shown.
torque and force shown. Determine the state of stress at Determine the normal stress developed at points A and B.
point A on the cross section of the drill bit at section a–a. Neglect the weight of the block.

*8–32. The drill is jammed in the wall and is subjected to *8–36. The block is subjected to the eccentric load shown.
the torque and force shown. Determine the state of stress at Sketch the normal-stress distribution acting over the cross
point B on the cross section of the drill bit at section a–a. section at section a–a. Neglect the weight of the block.

400 mm

a 20 N ·m 150 kN 100 mm
8 x
150 mm
a a
C
125 mm
A B
a
y
5
3
A 5 mm 4

z 150 N
B

Probs. 8–35/36
Section a – a

Probs. 8–31/32

8–33. Determine the state of stress at point A when the

beam is subjected to the cable force of 4 kN. Indicate the
result as a differential volume element. 8–37. If the 75-kg man stands in the position shown,
determine the state of stress at point A on the cross section
8–34. Determine the state of stress at point B when the of the plank at section a–a. The center of gravity of the man
beam is subjected to the cable force of 4 kN. Indicate the is at G. Assume that the contact point at C is smooth.
result as a differential volume element.

4 kN
250 mm
G
375 mm A

D G C
B C 600 mm
2m 1m
0.75 m A
20 mm a 50 mm
1.5 m
B 30 a 12.5 mm
100 mm A
200 mm 600 mm
300 mm
15 mm Section a – a and b – b

B
20 mm
150 mm

Probs. 8–33/34 Prob. 8–37

 8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED LOADINGS 453

8–38. Determine the normal stress developed at points A 8–42. The rod has a diameter of 40 mm. If it is subjected to
and B. Neglect the weight of the block. the force system shown, determine the stress components
that act at point A, and show the results on a volume
8–39. Sketch the normal stress distribution acting over the element located at this point.
cross section at section a–a. Neglect the weight of the block.
8–43. Solve Prob. 8–42 for point B.

y
30 kN
75 mm 60 kN
100 mm x
8
150 mm
a 300 mm
A B
a z
A
B

1500 N 100 N⭈m

Probs. 8–38/39
800 N
600 N

Probs. 8–42/43

*8–40. The frame supports the distributed load shown.

Determine the state of stress acting at point D. Show the *8–44. Since concrete can support little or no tension, this
results on a differential element at this point. problem can be avoided by using wires or rods to prestress
the concrete once it is formed. Consider the simply
8–41. The frame supports the distributed load shown. supported beam shown, which has a rectangular cross
Determine the state of stress acting at point E. Show the section of 450 mm by 300 mm. If concrete has a specific
results on a differential element at this point. weight of 24 kN/m3 determine the required tension in rod
AB, which runs through the beam so that no tensile stress is
developed in the concrete at its center section a–a. Neglect
the size of the rod and any deflection of the beam.

8–45. Solve Prob. 8–44, if the rod has a diameter of 12 mm.

Use the transformed area method discussed in Sec. 6.6.
4 kN/m Est = 200 GPa, Ec = 25 GPa.
20 mm D
60 mm
B E
20 mm
A E D

50 mm a
5m
1.5 m 1.5 m 3m

3m 400 mm 450 mm
A B 50 mm
a 150 mm 150 mm
C 1.2 m 1.2 m

Probs. 8–40/41 Probs. 8–44/45

 454 CHAPTER 8 COMBINED LOADINGS

8–46. The man has a mass of 100 kg and center of mass at G. 8–50. The post has a circular cross section of radius c.
If he holds himself in the position shown, determine the Determine the maximum radius e at which the load P can
maximum tensile and compressive stress developed in the be applied so that no part of the post experiences a tensile
curved bar at section a–a. He is supported uniformly by two stress. Neglect the weight of the post.
bars, each having a diameter of 25 mm. Assume the floor is
smooth. Use the curved-beam formula to calculate the
bending stress.

300 mm G e
8
300 mm

a a
150 mm

0.35 m 1m

Prob. 8–46

Prob. 8–50

8–47. The solid rod is subjected to the loading shown.

Determine the state of stress at point A, and show the
results on a differential volume element located at this
point. 8–51. The post having the dimensions shown is subjected to
*8–48. The solid rod is subjected to the loading shown. the load P. Specify the region to which this load can be
Determine the state of stress at point B, and show the applied without causing tensile stress at points A, B, C, and D.
results on a differential volume element at this point.

8–49. The solid rod is subjected to the loading shown.

Determine the state of stress at point C, and show the
results on a differential volume element at this point.
x

a a
y a a
200 mm P
200 mm A
A D
x ez a
C ey
B y
C a
20 kN z
100 kN B
30 mm

10 kN

Probs. 8–47/48/49 Prob. 8–51

 8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED LOADINGS 455

*8–52. The masonry pier is subjected to the 800-kN load. 8–55. The coiled spring is subjected to a force P. If we
Determine the equation of the line y = f (x) along which assume the shear stress caused by the shear force at any
the load can be placed without causing a tensile stress in the vertical section of the coil wire to be uniform, show that the
pier. Neglect the weight of the pier. maximum shear stress in the coil is tmax = P>A + PRr>J,
where J is the polar moment of inertia of the coil wire and
8–53. The masonry pier is subjected to the 800-kN load. If A is its cross-sectional area.
x = 0.25 m and y = 0.5 m, determine the normal stress at
each corner A, B, C, D (not shown) and plot the stress
distribution over the cross section. Neglect the weight of the
pier.
800 kN P

1.5 m y
1.5 m
2.25 m
y 8
2.25 m
x
x

2r

R
C

A
B

Probs. 8–52/53 P

Prob. 8–55
8–54. The vertebra of the spinal column can support a
maximum compressive stress of smax, before undergoing a
compression fracture. Determine the smallest force P that
can be applied to a vertebra, if we assume this load is *8–56. The support is subjected to the compressive load P.
applied at an eccentric distance e from the centerline of Determine the maximum and minimum normal stress
the bone, and the bone remains elastic. Model the vertebra acting in the material. All horizontal cross sections are
as a hollow cylinder with an inner radius ri and outer circular.
radius ro.

P
P r

ro

ⴝ e ri

Prob. 8–54
Prob. 8–56
 456 CHAPTER 8 COMBINED LOADINGS

8–57. If P = 60 kN, determine the maximum normal 8–61. Determine the state of stress at point A on the cross
stress developed on the cross section of the column. section of the pipe at section a–a.

8–58. Determine the maximum allowable force P, if the 8–62. Determine the state of stress at point B on the cross
column is made from material having an allowable normal section of the pipe at section a–a.
stress of sallow = 100 MPa.

2P A
15 mm 19 mm
150 mm 15 mm B
P 250 N
150 mm
y 25 mm
x Section a–a
75 mm 100 mm
15 mm z 60°
8 a
100 mm
100 mm a

250 mm 300 mm

Probs. 8–61/62

Probs. 8–57/58
8–63. The sign is subjected to the uniform wind loading.
8–59. The C-frame is used in a riveting machine. If the Determine the stress components at points A and B on the
force at the ram on the clamp at D is P = 8 kN, sketch the 100-mm-diameter supporting post. Show the results on a
stress distribution acting over the section a–a. volume element located at each of these points.
*8–60. Determine the maximum ram force P that can be *8–64. The sign is subjected to the uniform wind loading.
applied to the clamp at D if the allowable normal stress for Determine the stress components at points C and D on the
the material is sallow = 180 MPa. 100-mm-diameter supporting post. Show the results on a
volume element located at each of these points.

2m
a a
P
1m
D 1.5 kPa
3m
B C
200 mm D
A
10 mm y
2m
40 mm
x
60 mm 10 mm

Probs. 8–59/60 Probs. 8–63/64

 8.2 STATE OF STRESS CAUSED BY COMBINED LOADINGS 457

8–65. The pin support is made from a steel rod and has a 8–70. The 18-mm-diameter shaft is subjected to the
diameter of 20 mm. Determine the stress components at loading shown. Determine the stress components at point
points A and B and represent the results on a volume A. Sketch the results on a volume element located at this
element located at each of these points. point. The journal bearing at C can exert only force
components Cy and Cz on the shaft, and the thrust bearing
8–66. Solve Prob. 8–65 for points C and D. at D can exert force components Dx, Dy, and Dz on the
150 N shaft.
80 mm 8–71. Solve Prob. 8–70 for the stress components at point B.
A D
C
B

D
Probs. 8–65/66 z
600 N 8
8–67. The eccentric force P is applied at a distance ey
50 mm
from the centroid on the concrete support shown. 200 mm
Determine the range along the y axis where P can be 600 N
applied on the cross section so that no tensile stress is
50 mm 500 mm
developed in the material.
A
x 200 mm
B
C
250 mm y
500 mm
P z x

ey b Probs. 8–70/71
2
2h b
2 y
3
h *8–72. The hook is subjected to the force of 400 N.
3 Determine the state of stress at point A at section a–a. The
cross section is circular and has a diameter of 12 mm. Use
the curved-beam formula to compute the bending stress.
Prob. 8–67 8–73. The hook is subjected to the force of 400 N.
*8–68. The bar has a diameter of 40 mm. Determine the Determine the state of stress at point B at section a–a. The
state of stress at point A and show the results on a cross section has a diameter of 12 mm. Use the curved-beam
differential volume element located at this point. formula to compute the bending stress.
8–69. Solve Prob. 8–68 for point B.

x 400 N
200 mm
y 200 mm 40 mm
A

B 45
1200 N a
A A
3 5 z
4 B
800 N B a

Probs. 8–68/69 Probs. 8–72/73

 458 CHAPTER 8 COMBINED LOADINGS

CH APTER REVIEW

A pressure vessel is considered to have a

thin wall provided r>t Ú 10. If the vessel
contains gas having a gage pressure p, then
for a cylindrical vessel, the circumferential
or hoop stress is
pr t
s1 =
t
This stress is twice as great as the s1 s2
r
8 longitudinal stress,
s2 s1
pr r
s2 =
2t t
Thin-walled spherical vessels have the
same stress within their walls in all
directions. It is
pr
s1 = s2 =
2t

Superposition of stress components can be

used to determine the normal and shear
stress at a point in a member subjected to a
combined loading. To do this, it is first
necessary to determine the resultant axial
and shear forces and the resultant torsional
and bending moments at the section where
the point is located. Then the  normal and N
V
shear stress resultant components at the s
point are determined by algebraically VQ
N t
adding the normal and shear stress s It
components of each loading. A

T tmax

M Tr
smax t
J

My
s
I
 CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS 459

CON CEPTUAL PR O B L EM S

C8–1. Explain why failure of this garden hose occurred C8–3. Unlike the turnbuckle at B, which is connected along
near its end and why the tear occurred along its length. Use the axis of the rod, the one at A has been welded to the edges
numerical values to explain your result. Assume the water of the rod, and so it will be subjected to additional stress. Use
pressure is 250 kPa. the same numerical values for the tensile load in each rod and
the rod’s diameter, and compare the stress in each rod.

B
A

C8–1
C8–3
C8–2. This open-ended silo contains granular material. It
is constructed from wood slats and held together with steel
bands. Explain, using numerical values, why the bands are C8–4. A constant wind blowing against the side of this
not spaced evenly along the height of the cylinder. Also, chimney has caused creeping strains in the mortar joints, such
how would you find this spacing if each band is to be that the chimney has a noticeable deformation. Explain how
subjected to the same stress? to obtain the stress distribution over a section at the base of
the chimney, and sketch this distribution over the section.

C8–2 C8–4
 460 CHAPTER 8 COMBINED LOADINGS

R E VIEW PROBLEM S

R8–1. The block is subjected to the three axial loads R8–3. The 20-kg drum is suspended from the hook
shown. Determine the normal stress developed at points A mounted on the wooden frame. Determine the state of stress
and B. Neglect the weight of the block. at point F on the cross section of the frame at section b–b.
Indicate the results on an element.

50 mm
500 N
1250 N 25 mm E
250 N 75 mm
50 100
mm mm
125 mm Section a – a
8 50 mm
75 mm 0.5 m 0.5 m
1m
125 mm a
B
a C
1m

30
1m 75 mm
A b b
B 1m
D F 75 mm
Prob. R8–1 A

25 mm
Section b – b

R8–2. The 20-kg drum is suspended from the hook Prob. R8–3
mounted on the wooden frame. Determine the state of
stress at point E on the cross section of the frame at *R8–4. The gondola and passengers have a weight of 7.5 kN
section a–a. Indicate the results on an element. and center of gravity at G. The suspender arm AE has a
square cross-sectional area of 40 mm by 40 mm, and is pin
connected at its ends A and E. Determine the largest tensile
stress developed in regions AB and DC of the arm.
50 mm
0.4 m
25 mm E
75 mm E D

Section a – a
1.2 m
40 mm
0.5 m 0.5 m
1m
a B C
B
a C
1m 40 mm 1.7 m

30
1m 75 mm A
b b
1m
D F 75 mm
A
G
G
25 mm
Section b – b
Prob. R8–2 Prob. R8–4
 REVIEW PROBLEMS 461

R8–5. If the cross section of the femur at section a–a can R8–7. The wall hanger has a thickness of 6 mm and is used
be approximated as a circular tube as shown, determine the to support the vertical reactions of the beam that is loaded as
maximum normal stress developed on the cross section at shown. If the load is transferred uniformly to each strap of the
section a–a due to the load of 375 N. hanger, determine the state of stress at points C and D on the
strap at A. Assume the vertical reaction F at this end acts in
the center and on the edge of the bracket as shown.

50 kN
30 kN/m
375 N
50 mm A B

1.8 m
0.6 m 0.6 m
8
50 mm
50 mm
a a 50 mm
24 mm 12 mm
90 mm
Section a – a F
65 mm D
C
75 mm

25 mm
M 25 mm
F
Prob. R8–7
Prob. R8–5
*R8–8. The wall hanger has a thickness of 6 mm and is used
to support the vertical reactions of the beam that is loaded as
shown. If the load is transferred uniformly to each strap of the
hanger, determine the state of stress at points C and D of the
R8–6. A bar having a square cross section of 30 mm by
strap at B. Assume the vertical reaction F at this end acts in
30 mm is 2 m long and is held upward. If it has a mass of
the center and on the edge of the bracket as shown.
5 kg/m, determine the largest angle u, measured from the
vertical, at which it can be supported before it is subjected 50 kN
30 kN/m
to a tensile stress along its axis near the grip.
A B

1.8 m
0.6 m 0.6 m

50 mm
50 mm
50 mm

2m 90 mm
u F
65 mm D
C
75 mm

25 mm
25 mm
Prob. R8–6 Prob. R8–8