Jkpo : Mrpupau Topfhl B
Jkpo : Mrpupau Topfhl B
Jkpo : Mrpupau Topfhl B
Mrpupau;; topfhl;b
juk; 13
(2018Mk; Mz;b ypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;f hdJ.)
jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
k`ufk
,yq;if.
,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk
kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]
Mrpupau;; topfhl;b
juk; 13
(2018 Mk; Mz;b ypUe;J eilKiwg;g Lj;J tjw;fhdJ.)
jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk
,yq;if.
,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk
kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]
i
jkpo;nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
juk; - 13
ISBN
jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>
nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk
,yq;if.
,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk
kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]
mr;Rg; gjpg;G:
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ii
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
iii
Mrpupa topfhl; b E}y; f s; KOg; g ad; g hL cilaitahtjw; F > fy; t p
ntspaPl;lhsu;fspdhy;; ntspaplg;gLk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghl E}y;fspd; cr;rg;gad;
ghl;bidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
,e;jr; re;ju;gg
; j;jpy; ,e;epWtfg; Nguitapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> fy;tp mYty;fs;
rigapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b E}y;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fg;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j tsthsu;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; ,t;Taupa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf mu;gg
; zpg;Gld;
gzpahw;wpa midtUf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfisAk; tho;j;Jf;fisAk; njuptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
kfufk.
iv
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
v
fiyj;jpl;lf; FO
MNyhridAk; mDkjpAk;
fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
,izg;ghf;fk;
jpUkjp. eh. rPjud;
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
jpU.K.jahepjp
rpNu\;ltpupTiuahsu;>jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
tsg; gq;fspg;G
jpU. v];. Nfrtd;
Mrpupau;> nfh / ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up> ,uj;kyhid.
jpU. gh. kfhypq;frptk;>
Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> typfhkk;.
jpU. rp. uNk];
Mrpupau;> ah/njy;ypg;gis kfh[df; fy;Y}up> aho;g;ghzk;.
jpUkjp. ujp NjtRe;juk;
Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> fz;b.
jpUkjp. j. khzpf;fuh[h
Xa;T ngw;w Mrpupia
nry;tp. f. re;jpuFkhup
Mrpupau;> nfh / tpNtfhde;jh fy;Y}up> nfhOk;G.
jpU. v];. fzgjpg;gps;is
Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> `l;ld;.
vi
Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;
vii
nghUslf;fk;
gf;fk;
03. fiyj;jpl;lf; FO vi
MNyhridfs; vii
viii
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
nrad;Kiwf;Fupa topfhl;ly;
juk; - 13
Kjyhe; jtiz
01 fl;Liuahf;fk; 2 -3
03 RUf;fk; vOJjy; 6 -7
04 mfehDW 8 - 10
05 jpUf;Fws; - 4 mjpfhuq;fs; 11 - 12
18 Gzupay; 40 - 41
19 ,ilr;nrhy; 42 - 44
20 cupr;nrhy; 45 - 46
1
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : ,yf; f paq; f isf; fw; g jD}lhfj; juk; tha; e ; j
Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
• ngupahu;fspd; jkpo;g;gzp
- c - k;: Rthkp tpGyhde;ju;
mtjhdpf;f Ntz;bait:
- jiyg;Gg; nghUj;jg;ghL
- ge;jpaikg;G> epWj;jf;FwpaPLfs;.
- nkhopr; nrk;ik
- fl;Liu El;gq;fs;
- nrhy;ysT
2
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• fl;Liufs;
- gz;bjkzp rp. fzgjpg;gps;is
- K. tujuhrd;
- f. ifyhrgjp
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
3
Nju;r;rp 1.0 : njhlu; g hly; jpwid tpUj; j p nra; A k; tifapy;
fl;LUthf;fj;jpwd; cs;stuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
4
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
5
Nju;r;rp 3.0 : ciueil ,yf; f paq; f isf; fw; W mit $Wk;
tplaq;fisAk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd
nkhopeilapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
6
RUf;f p vOJk; re;j u;g ;g q;f s;:
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
7
Nju;r;rp 2.0 : nra; A s; ,yf; f paq; f isf; fw; W mit $Wk;
tplaq;fisAk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd
nkhopeilapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
8
,r;n ra;A spy; Gyg;g Lj;j g;g Lk; Kf;f pakhd tplak;:
3) ctik mzpfs;.
• “ Njiu rpWgy;ypaj;jpd; neL newpf; fwq;f“ . Njiuapd; xypfF
; thj;jpaq;fspd;
xyp ctikahff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• “ ntk;rpd mutpd; ig mze;J md;d jz;fko; Nfhly; jhJ gpzp mtpo“
nkhl;ltpo;e;J kyu;e;j fhe;js; kyUf;Fg; ghk;gpd; glk; ctikahff;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mUk; g jq; f s; :
gLkio ngUkio
gak; - gad;
GwT - Ky;iy epyk;
mty - gs;sj;ij cila (mty; - gs;sk;)
gFtha; - gpse;jtha;
gy;ypak; - gy;tifahd ,irf;fUtpfs;
neLnewp - ePz;ltop
fwq;f - xypf;f
Gjy; - Gju;
gplT - xU tifkuk;
fhy; - g+tpd; fhk;G
kUq;F - gf;fk;
9
mapu; - Ez;kzy;
muT - ghk;G
ig - glk;
mze;J - Nky; epkpu;e;J
jz;fko; - jz;nzd;w thrid tPRk;
jhJ - ,jo;
gpzp mtpo - fl;L mtpo
jpup kUg;G - KWf;fpa nfhk;G
,uiy - Mz;khd;
njs;mwy; - njspe;j ePu;
fhku; - tpUk;gpa
ftpd; - moF
jz;g jk; - Fspu;e;j gUtk;
Gutp - Fjpiu
jhs; - fhy;
jhu; - khiy
jaq;FG - rpwg;G kpFe;j
,ak;g - xypf;f
Cu;kjp - (tpiuthf) nrYj;Jthahf
rPu;kpFG - rpwg;G kpFe;j
ek;tapd; - vk;kplk;
mk;kh mupit - mofpa khik epwj;ijAila ngz; (jiytp)
Jd;Dfk; - milNthk;
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
10
Nju;r;rp 2.0 : nra; A s; ,yf; f paq; f isf; fw; W mit $Wk;
tplaq;fisAk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd
nkhop eilapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
11
nraw;ghLfis Neupjha; Mw;Wtjw;Fj; njupe;J njspjy; mtrpak;. njupe;J
njspej
; gpd;Ng njupeJ
; tpidahl KbAk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; ,t;tjpfhuq;fs;
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
12
Nju;r;rp 2.0 : nr a ; A s ; ,y f ; f p a q ; f i s f ; f w ; W m i t$ W k ;
tplaq;fisAk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd
nkhopeilapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
fijj; njhlu;G :
nra;As;fs; 44 - 47 gujd; fq;ifiaf; flf;fntd Ffdplk; ehtha; Nfl;ly;>
ehtha;fsJ tuTk; mtw;wpd; Njhw;wKk;.
nra;As;fs; 48 - 56 gujd; jd; NridNahL fq;ifiaf; flj;jy;;.
nra;As;fs; 57 - 60 kuf;fyq;fs; Mw;wpy; tUk; fhl;rp.
nra;As;fs; 61 - 70 gujd; ehthapy; VWjYk;> FfidAk; jd;Dld; te;jtu;fisAk;
xUtUf;nfhUtu; mwpKfQ; nra;jYk;.
nra;As;fs; 71 - 72 fiuNru;e;jtu;fisg; guj;Jthr Kdptu; tuNtw;wy;.
13
fq;ifapy; nrd;wij tu;zpf;F k; tpjk;:
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• fk;guhkhazk; %yE}y;.
• Fwpf;fg;gl;l rpy fk;guhkhazg; ghly; tupfs; vOjg;gl;;l bikd;jhs;.
• fk;guhkhazf; fhl;rpfs; - ,Wtl;L.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
14
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : ,yf;f paq; fisf; fw; g jd; Clhfj; juk; tha; e; j
Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
15
ghujpahu; kPJ nfhz;l gw;wpd; fhuzkhfj; jkJ ngaiug; ghujpjhrd; vd
khw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;.
,tuJ rpwe;j gilg;Gf;fs; gy. mtw;wpy; ghz;bad; gupR> mofpd; rpupg;G>
,Uz;l tPL> Fapy; vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
cja #upad;:
• #upNahjaj;jhy; cyfk; fz;l Gj;Jzu;r;rpAk; mjdhy; Vw;g l;l
NgUtifAk; cw;rhfKk;.
cja #upad;
• cja #upadpd; tUif> mjdhy; cyfj;jpy; cz;lhd khw;wq;fs;>
mk; k hw; w q; f s hy; ftpQ upd; cs; sj; j py; Vw; g l; l ctif
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
• #upNahjaj; j pd; Nghjhd epfo; T fis> #upNahjaj;j pd; gaid
vLj;Jiuj;jy;.
• rpwpa nrhw;fis milnkhopfshfg; gad;gLj;jp> El;gkhf tu;zpj;jy;.
• cUtf mzpiag; gad;gLj;jpapUj;jy; - ,Ul; fjT.
khdpl rf;jp
• xUtiu Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp ciuahLtJ Nghyf; $Wjy;.
• khDl rf;jpapd; kfj;Jtj;ij mOj;jpf; $Wjy;.
• rpWrpW tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;L> rpe;jidiaj; J}z;ly;.
• mzpfisg; gad;gLj;jpapUj;jy;.
cUtf mzp - khdplk; vd;nwhU ths;
,iaG mzp - ghly; mbfspd; ,Wjpr;rPu;fs; xj;j XirAld;
,iae;J tUtJ.
cjhuzk; : nfhz;L - cz;L
thSk; - NjhSk;
mUk; g jq; f s; :
16
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• ftpijfspd; gpujp.
• ftpijfs; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l ,Wtl;L.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
17
Nju;r;rp 3.0 : ciueil ,yf; f paq; f isf; fw; W mit $Wk;
tplaq;fisAk; jk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd
nkhopeilapy; Kd; itg;ghu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl; lk; 3.1 : capu; j ; J bg; G s; s fl; L Uthf; f r; nraw; w pwDila
thrfuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
• fl;L iu Mrpupau;
18
• nrhy;y tpiotJ :
mUk; g jq; f s;
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;
• ‘nfhq;FNju; tho;f;if....’ vd;Dk; nra;As; vOjg;gl;l ml;il
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
19
Nju;r;rp 3.0 : ciueil ,yf; f paq; f isf; fw; W mit $Wk;
tplaq;fisAk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd
nkhopeilapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
Mrpupau; : -
• nraw;g hl;Lg;gj;jpuk;.
• rpWfij Mrpupau; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;.
fzpgg
; PLk; kjpg;gL
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
21
Nju;r;rp 5.0 : jk pop yf; fpa tu yhw ; W g; Ng hf; Ffi s m wpe ; J
fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 12
fw;ww; NgWfs;
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
22
• Mq;fpyf; fy;tp topahff; fpilj;j Nkiyj;Nja etPd ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W>
mt;tpyf;fpa tbtpy; jhKk; vOj Kad;wik.
• fpwp];jtkjg; gpurhuj;jpw;fhfj; jkpo;ehl;bw;F te;j INuhg;gpa ghjpupkhu; jkpo;
fw;W> jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilj;jik.
• mr;rpae;jpuj;jpd; tUifAk; gj;jpupifapd; Njhw;wKk;.
• ,e;Jf;fSf;Fk; fpwp];jtUf;FkpilNa kjk; gug;Gtjpy; epytpa Nghl;br; #oy;>
rkathjq;fs; vd;gd ,Ukjq;fspd; rhu;ghfTk; rpwe;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;w
toptFj;jd.
• Njk;ghtzp - tPukhKdptu;
• fpj;;Njupak;khs; mk;khid - tPukhKdptu;
• jpUf;fhtY}u;f; fyk;gfk; - tPukhKdptu;
• milf;fy ehafp ntz;gh - tPukhKdptu;
• md;id mOq;fy; me;jhjp - tPukhKdptu;
• ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; - fpU\;zgps;is
• ,ul;rzpa kNdhfuk; - fpU\;zgps;is
• Qhdf;Fk;kp - Ntjehaf rh];jpupau;
• ngj;jNyfk; FwtQ;rp -
• Qhd Vw;wg;ghl;L -
• jpUthf;Fg; Guhzk; - Nt. fdfrigg; Gytu;
23
,];y hkpa kjk; rhu;e;jit:
jutpUj;j
; p cs;sL
P fs;
24
Nju;r;rp 5.0 : jk pop yf; fpa tu yhw ; W g; Ng hf; Ffi s m wpe ; J
fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs;
ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs;:
• Ntj tpsf;fk;
• NtjpanuhOf;fk;
• Y}j;ju; ,dj;jpay;G
• Qhdf; fz;zhb
• Rg;gpuNghjk;
• tr;rpujz;lk;
25
fij E}y;fs;
• thkdd; fij
• fjh kQ;rup
• tpNdhjur kQ;rup
• gukhu;j;jFU fij
ehty;fs;
• gpujhgKjypahu; rupj;jpuk;
• RFzRe;jup
• fkyhk;ghs; rupj;jpuk;
• gj;khtjp rupj;jpuk;
• jPdjahS
• kjpthzd;
ciuE}y;fs;
• jpuhtpl khghbak;
• ngupaGuhz ciu
• Nfhapw; Guhz ciu
trd E}y;fs;
• ngupaGuhz trdk;
• fe;jGuhz trdk;
• jpUtpisahlw; Guhz trdk;
nkhopngau; g;G
• gQ;rje;jpuf; fijfs;
• [PtfhUz;a xOf;fk;
• &ghtjp
• fyhtjp
mfuhjp
• rJufuhjp
26
,yf;fz E}y;
• njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;
• ahg;gpyf;fzk;
• mzpapyf;fzk;
• ehlf ,ay;
• njhy;fhg;gpa #j;jpu tpUj;jp
• ,yf;fz tpsf;fr; #whtsp
; p ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
INuhg;gpau; fhyj;jpy; ciueil> tsu;rr
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
fzpgg
; PLk; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
27
Njur;rp 5.0 : jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;Ffis mwpeJ
; fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
• ciueil ngUtof;fhjy;.
• jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; GJtif ,yf;fpatbtq;fspd; mwpKfk; (ehty;> rpWfij).
• Gjpa fUj;Jf;fs; ,yf;fpag; nghUshjy;.
• Nkiyj;Nja ,yf;fpa kugpd; jhf;fj;jpw;Fj; jkpopyf;fpak; cl;gly;.
• ntF[dj;ij Nehf;fpa ,yf;fpaq;fspd; Njhw;wk;.
• rkar; rhu;gw;w ,yf;fpaq;fs;.
• goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gjpg;gpf;fg;gly;.
• jpwdha;T : etPd Kiwapyhd ,yf;fpa Ma;Tfspd; Njhw;wk;.
28
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
29
Nju;r;rp 5.0 : jkpo; ,yf; f pa tuyhw; W g; Nghf; F fis mwpe; J
fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtis : 05
fw;ww; NgWfs;
tP u khKdptu; (1680-1741)
gzpfs; :
• ciueilE}y;fs;
Ntjtpsf;fk;> NtjpanuhOf;fk;> Ngjfk; kWj;jy;> Y}j;ju; ,dj;jpay;G>
Qhdf;fz;zhb
mq;fj ,yf;fpak;> gukhu;j;jFUfij
• nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
fhtpak; - Njk;ghtzp
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; - fpj;Njupak;khs; mk;khid jpUf;fhtY}u;f; fyk;gfk;
milf;fyehafp ntz;gh> md;idaOq;fy; me;jhjp
30
mfuhjp - rJufuhjp> jkpo; yj;jPd; mfuhjp> jkpo; - Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa mfuhjp
,yf;fzE}y;fs; - njhd;D}y;tpsf;fk;> nre;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;> nfhLe;jkpo;
,yf;fzk;.
nkhop ngau;g;G - jpUf;Fws; mwj;Jg;ghy;> nghUl;ghy; vd;gtw;wpd; ,yj;jd
P ;
nkhop ngau;g;G.
vOj;Jr; rPu;jpUj;jg; gzp
gzpfs; :
• rPwhg;Guhzk; - KjyhtJ ,];yhkpaj; jkpo;f; fhg;gpak;. ,iwJ}ju; KfkJ egpfspd;
tho; f ; i f tuyhw; i wf; $WtJ. tpyhjj; J f;f hz;l k; > EGtj;J f; fhz; lk; >
`p[puj;Jf;fhz;lk; Mfpa %d;W fhz;lq;fs; 92 ghly;fs; 5027 tpUj;jg; ghf;fs;
cilaJ.
• KJnkhopkhiy - gf;jpr; Rit jJk;Gk; 80 nra;Al;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
• jj;JtNghjf Rthkpfs;
• ,uhkypq;f mbfshu;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpgg
; PLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
31
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : <oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;Ffis mwpe;J
fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 10
fw;ww;NgWfs;
mwpKfk;
32
Mq;fpNyau; fhy ,yf;fpaq;f s;
• nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fs;:
eFykiyf; FwtQ;rp (1895) - tpRtehj rh];jpupahu;
,sirg; Guhzk; (1897)
nkh`pjPd; Guhzk; (1889)
Qhdhde;j Guhzk; (1874)
etPdk;> kuG rhu;e;j Kaw;rpfs;
(c- k;) : fdfp Guhzk; - Rg;igadhu;
Nfhl;Lg; Guhzk; - Nt. ,uhkypq;fk;
jhy Guhzk; - rP. fhrpehjg;Gytu;
jj;ijtpLJ}J - jp. j. utzKj;Jg;gps;is
#J Guhzk; - rp. mg;Gf;Fl;b Iau;
• ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs;:
Jz;Lg;gpuRuk;
fz;ld E}y;fs;
trd E}y;fs;
fiyf;fsQ;rpak
ghl E}y;fs;
ehty;
mrd;Ng rupj;jpuk; (1885) - mwpQu;. rpj;jpnyg;ig
Nkhfdhq;fp (1892) - j. rutzKj;Jg;gps;is
ehlfk;
tpyhrk;
rghehlfq;fs;
ehlf Nkhb
nkhopngau;g;G (jkpo; - Mq;fpyk;)
mupr;re;jpud; ehlfk;
FwpQ;rpg; ghl;L
gj;jpupiffs;
fpwp];jt kjk; rhu;e;jit - cjajhuif> rj;jpa NtjghJfhtyd;
,e;Jkjk; rhu;e;jit - ,e;J rhjdk;> irt cjaghD
33
,];yhk; kjk; rhu;e;jit - K];ypk; Nerd;
mwptpay; rhu;e;jit - itj;jpa tprhkpdp> tpQ;Qhd tu;j;jdp
rpWtu;f;fhdit - ghypau; Nerd;
mfuhjp Kaw;rpfs;
khdpg;gha; mfuhjp
jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; - tpdp];Nyh mfuhjp
gjpg;G Kaw;rpfs;
#lhkzp %yKk; ciuAk; - MWKfehtyu;
njhy;fhg;gpak;> fypj;njhif> jzpifg; Guhzk;> #shkzp> ,yf;fz
tpsf;fk; Nghd;wd. - rp. it. jhNkhjuk; gps;is
#lhkzp epfz;L> ek;gp mfg;nghUs;> fy;tis me;jhjp - ty;iy
itj;jpaypq;fk; gps;is
Ma;T E}y;
jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW
jkpo; GSuhf; (1859) - irkd; fhrpr;nrl;b
ghtyu; rupj;jpu jPgfk; (1886) - Mu;zy;l; rjhrptk;gps;is
,yf;fzq;fs;
epj;jpa fUk tpjp
mwptpay; rhu; ghlE}y;fs;
,uz itj;jpak;
kD\ mq;fhjp ghjk;
itj;jpahfuk;
,e;J gjhu;j;j rhuk;
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
34
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : <oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;Ffis mwpe;J
fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 10
fw;ww;NgWfs;
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
mwpKfk;
35
,yf;fpag; gz;G fs;:
• rkar;rhu;G E}y;fs;
rpw;wpyf;fpa tbtq;fs; rkaf; fUj;Jf;fisf; $wg;gad;gl;ld. jy Guhzq;fSk;
vOe;jd.
• jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; GJtbtq;fs;
r%fr; rPu;NfLfis vLj;Jf;$Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fshf mikjy;. ngz; tpLjiyf;
fUj;Jf;fs; vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sik.
(v-L) jj;ijtpLJ}J> fdfpGuhzk;> Nfhl;Lg;Guhzk;
• gy;tif ciueilg;ghq;Ffs;
(v-L) gj;jpupif eil> ghlg;Gj;jf eil> fl;Liu eil> fz;ld eil> Mf;f
,yf;fpaeil
• etPd ,yf;fpa tbtq;fspd; Njhw;wk;.
(v-L) ehty;> rpWfij
• mwptpay;Jiw tsu;r;rp
• ciu ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpaik
• ,yf;fpa tuyhW@
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
36
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : <oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;Ffis mwpe;J
fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs;
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
37
#lhkzp epfz;L
nrse;ju;ayfup ciu
ghyghlk;>
Mj;jp#b>
nfhd;iwNte;jd; ciu
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ciu
ngupa Guhzq;fs; Nghd;wit
gpw;fhyk; gjpg;ghrpupaUf;F topfhl;b
ciueil: rhjhuzkf; f Sk; > rpWtu;f Sk; tpsq;f pf; nfhs;s f; $ba
vspikahd eilapy; E}y;fis vOjpaik.
c - k;: irttpdhtpil> ghyghlk;.
tP u khKdptUf; F - mLj; j fl; l ciueil tsu; r ; r pia ehtyu;
Kd;ndLf;fpd;whu;. trdeil ifte;j ty;yhsu; vdg;Nghw;wg;gLjy;.
,yf;fzj;ijj; njspthf mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd E}y;fs; vOjpaik.
ed;D}w;fhz;bif
,yf;fzr;RUf;fk;
,yf;fz tpdh tpil
nra;As; tbtpy; ,Ue;j jkpo;E}y;fs; rhjhuzkf;fsplKk; nrd;wila
Ntz; L k; vd; g jw; f hf ciueilapy; vOjpaik. - ngupaGuhz
jpUtpisahly; trdq;fs;.
Mq;fpy nkhopapw; fhzg;g l;l epWj;jf; FwpaPLfisj; jkpo;nkhopf;Fr;
nrk;ikahf mwpKfg;gLj;jpaik.
jkpo; khztu;fSf;fhfg; ghlrhiyfis Muk;gpj;jik.
jkpopw; gpurq;f kuig Muk;gpj;jik.
38
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
39
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : nkhopaikg;ig (kuG> jw;fhyk;) mwpe;J nkhopiar;
nrk;ikahff; ifahs;thu;.
ghlNtis : 12
fw;ww; NgWfs;
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
• Gzu;r;rp
• epiynkhop> tUnkhop
• mfg;Gzu;r;rp - Gwg;Gzu;r;rp
• Ntw;Wikg; Gzu;r;rp - my;topg; Gzu;r;rp
• ,ay;Gg; Gzu;r;rp - tpfhug; Gzu;r;rp (Njhd;wy;> jpupjy;> nfLjy;)
• capuPw;Wg; Gzu;r;rp : (1) capu;Kd; capu; tUjy;
(2) capu;Kd; nka; Gzu;jy;
• nka;aPw;Wg; Gzu;r;rp : (1) nka;Kd; nka; Gzu;jy;
(2) nka;Kd; capu; Gzu;jy;
• clk;gLnka;g; Gzu;r;rp
• Fw;wpaYfug; Gzu;r;rp
• yfu> sfu> <w;Wg; Gzu;r;rp
• dfu> zfu <w;Wg; Gzu;r;rp
40
• kfu> afu> ufu> ofu <w;Wg;Gzu;r;rp
• ty;ypdk; kpFjy;/ kpfhik
• rpwg;G tpjpg; Gzu;r;rpfs;
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
41
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : nkhopaikg;ig (kuG> jw;fhyk;) mwpe;J nkhopiar;
nrk;ikahff; ifahs;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;
,ilr; n rhw; f isg; gad; g Lj; J k; re; j u; g ; g q; f is tpsq; f pg; nghUj; j khfg;
gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
42
(8) vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfs; (M> Mj;> khl;L.........)
(9) nganur;r> tpidnar;r tpFjpfs; (m> c> ,> ky;...........)
(10) Vty;> tpaq;Nfhs; tpid tpFjpfs; (f> ,a...........)
(11) rhupiafs; (mj;J> mk;............)
(12) ctik cUGfs; (Nghy> ghu;f;fpYk;.........)
(13) ,izg;gpilr;nrhw;fs; (ck;> my;yJ> MfNt.........)
(14) jj;jk; nghUs; czu;j;Jtd (ck;> jhd;> kl;Lk;.........)
(2) V (Vfhuk;) vDk; ,ilr;nrhy; gpupepiy> tpdh> vz;> <w;wir> Njw;wk;> ,ir
epiw vd;Dk; nghUs;fspy; tUk;.
(3) X (Xfhuk;) vDk; ,ilr;nrhy; xopapir> tpdh> cau;Tr; rpwg;G> ,opTr; rpwg;G>
vjpu;kiw> njupepiy> gpupepiy> mirepiy Mfpa nghUs;fspy; tUk;.
43
(7) MtJ vDk; ,ilr;nrhy; jplf;Fwpg;gpd;ik> Fiwe;jgl;rk;> ,J my;yJ mJ>
elthik> tupirg;nghUs; Mfpa nghUs;fspy; tUk;.
(8) $l vDk; ,ilr;nrhy; Fiwe;jgl;rk;> Kw;W> vr;rk; jOtpa vjpu;kiw Mfpa
nghUs;fspy; tUk;.
mDkjp> rhj;jpag;ghL> nghUj;jg;ghL Kjypatw;iw czu;j;Jk;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
44
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : nkhopaikg;ig (kuG> jw;fhyk;) mwpe;J nkhopiar;
nrk;ikahff; ifahs;tu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
45
(M) gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU nrhy;
(1) fb efu; (fhty;)
(2) fb Eidg;gfop ($u;ik)
(3) fb kyu; (thrid)
(4) fb mukfspu; (mr;rk;)
(5) fb czT (kpFjp)
(6) fb tpid (jpUkzk;)
(7) fb kpsF (fhuk;)
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
46
juk; - 13
01 fl;Liuahf;fk; 48 - 50
02 fpufpj;jy; 51
03 tpthjk; 52 - 53
04 GwehD}W 54 - 55
07 ftpij - ftpQd; 62 - 63
10 ftpij - tPrhjPu; 66 - 68
11 ,yq;ifahw;Wg;gil 69 - 70
12 rpWfij - $j;J 71 - 72
13 rpWfij - neUf;fb 73 - 75
15 rpWfij 78 - 80
16 ehty; 81 - 83
17 ftpij 84 - 86
18 ,yf;fzk; - njhlupay; 87 - 89
19 ,yf;fzk; - thf;fpatpay; 90 - 91
47
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : ,yf; f paq; f isf; fw; g jD}lhfj; juk; tha; e ; j
Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
ghlNtis : 06
fw;ww;NgWfs;
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
2) cyfpw; nrk;nkhopfs;
fpNuf;fk;> vgpNukpak;> rPdk;> ,yj;jPd;> rk];fpUjk;> muG> jkpo;> ghurpfk;.
48
c k; (2) Ngr;Rj;jkpOk; vOj;Jj; jkpOk;
• nkhopr; nrk;ik.
49
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
gLj;Jthu;.
50
Nju;r;rp: 1.0 : njhlu;ghly; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapy;
fl;LUthf;fj; jpwd; cs;stuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 05
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
• fl;Liu Mrpupau; / ftpQUila Mf;fk; gw;wp tpsq;fpf; $Wthu;.
• ciug;gFjp / nra;Al;gFjpfspy; ,lk;ngw;w tplaq;fis tpsq;fpj; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
• thrpj;Jf; fpufpj;j jfty;fis kPz;Lk; jkJ nkhopeilapy; $Wthu;.
• nfhLf;fg;gLk; fijg; gFjpapy; Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
• jug;gl;l Mf;fj;ij epjhdkhfTk; nksdkhfTk; thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.
• mUQ;nrhw;fis ,dq;fhz topg;gLj;;Jjy;.
• jug;gl;l gFjpapy; $wg;gl;l tplaj;jpd; rhuhk;rj;ijf; $witj;jy;.
• jug;gl;l gFjpNahL njhlu;ghf tpdtg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOjr;nra;jy;.
• fUj;J}d;wp thrpj;jy;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
• khjpup ciueil.
• khjpupr;nra;As;.
ghlNtisfs; : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• khztu;fs; epfo;jj
; pa tpthjq;fs; njhlu;ghf Vida khztu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisf;
Nfl;Lf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
52
tpthjj;jpd;N ghJ jtpu;f;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;
• Rw;wptisj;Jg; NgRjy;
• jiyg;gpdpd;Wk; tpyFjy;
• $wpaJ $wy;
• Njitapd;wp tpupj;Jg; NgRjy;
• jdpg;gl/Neubahfj; jhf;fpg;NgRjy;.
• jiyikj;Jtk; (jiytuplk;)
• mtjhdpf;Fk; jpwd;
• re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Nfw;g> fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jYk; epahag;gLj;jYk;.
• FOtpy; xUikg;ghl;Lld; nraw;gly;.
• fUj;Jf;fis cs;thq;fp> ju;f;fpj;J> epuhfupj;J epahag;gLj;jy;.
• Neu Kfhikj;Jtk;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
53
Nju;r;rp 2.0 : nra; A s; ,yf; f paq; f isf; fw; W mit $Wk;
tplaq;fisAk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd
nkhopeilapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.
mW Fsj;J cUj;Jk;....
ghlNtisfs; : 05
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• nra;Aisr; re;jp gpupj;J thrpg;ghu;.
• mUk;gjq;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wthu;.
• nra;Aspd; nghUis tpsq;fp vOJthu;.
• Gytu; typAWj;j tpioe;j tplaj;ijf; $Wthu;.
• ifahsg;gl;l mzpfis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fthu;.
ghba Gytu; :
• rq;fg;Gytu;fspy; Kjd;ikahd xUtu;. GwehD}W> gjpwW
; g;gj;J> ew;wpiz> FWe;njhif
Mfpa E}y;fspy; ,tu; ghba 61 nra;As;fs; cs;sd.
54
Jiw :
• ,ad;nkhop tho;j;J (Gutyupd; jd;ikapidg; Gfo;e;J nrhy;Yk; Gwj;JiwNa
,ad;nkhop tho;j;J MFk;. mtd; ,t;thW nfhLj;jhd;. mJ Nghy kw;wtUk;
nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W gpwu; mwpaf; $WtJk; MFk;)
nfhilklk;g Ljy; :
• Ntz; l g; g Lthu; > Ntz; lg;g lhjtu; vd; w NtWghL ,y;y hky; midtUf; Fk;
nfhilaspg;gJ.
nrhy;Y k; tpjk; :
• tpisepyj;jpy; kl;Lkd;wpf; fsu;epyj;jpYk; nghopAk; kioia ctikahf;fp
midtUf;Fk; nfhLf;Fk; mtd; nfhilr;rpwg;igf; $Wjy;.
• nfhilklk;gLjy; vd;w njhlu; %yk; gopg;gJ Nghyg; Gfo;jy; (nghJthf klk;gLjy;
,fo;r;rpf;FupaJ. Mdhy; nfhil tplaj;jpy; mJ Gfo;r;rpf;FupajhfpwJ)
mUk; g jq; f s;
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
55
Nju;r;rp 2.0 : nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W mit $Wk;
tplaq;fisAk;> jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd
nkhopeilapy; Kd;itg;gu;.
ghlNtis : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
56
nghOjhdJ te;j fhl;rpiaf; fhtpa Mrpupau; tpgupg;gjhf ,r;nra;Al; gFjp
mikfpd;wJ.
57
mUk; g jq; f s;
Fzjpir - fpof;Fj;jpir
Fljpir - Nkw;Fj;jpir
G+k;nghwp - G+thfpa ve;jpuk; / rpiw
njq;F - njd;id
Nrjh - rptg;Gg;gR
J}s; - GOjp
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
• fijr;RUf;fk;
• ghly; ml;il
58
Nju;r;rp 2.0 : nra;As; ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W> mit $Wk;
tplaq;fisAk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd
nkhop eilapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3 : ghlg;gFjpia (Text) mtjhdkhff; fpufpjJ
; vOj;jhf;f
nghwpKiwfisAk; vOj;jhf;f El;gq;fisAk;
mDrupj;J> fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gu;.
tpla cs;slf;fk; : fhuzkhiy - jpUkf;fkh ehl;Lr; rpwg;G
(gjpndhU ghly;fs;)
ghlNtisfs; : 10
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• ghly;fisr; re;jp gpupj;J thrpg;ghu;.
• mUk;gjq;fis ,dq;fz;L nghUs; $Wthu;.
• ghly;fspd; fUj;ijj; jkJ nkhopeilapy; vOJthu;.
• kf;fj;jpd; kfpik gw;wpf; $Wk; ghly;fspd; fw;g id tsk;> mzpg;g puNahfk;>
nrhy;yhl;rp vd;gtw;iw tpgupg;ghu;.
• tplaq;fis ntspg;gLj;j Gytu; ifahz;l cj;jpfis tpsf;Fthu;.
• Gytu; ifahz;Ls;s ghtiffs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;;.
(M) E}y;
• Kfk;kJ egpfspd; rPwh rupj;jpuj;ij ,irj; jkpopy; ghbAs;sik.
• kf;fkh efuj;jpd; rpwg;ig ,irj; jkpopy; ghbAs;sik.
59
2. jpUkf;fhtpy; fhzj;jf;f moFfs;
• cau;e;njOe;j fl;blq;fs;
• kd;du; khspiffs;>
3. kf;fhtpd; rpwg;Gf;fs;
• nghd;dfu;.
Md;kPfr; rpwg;Gf;fs;
• ,iwaUspd; ngUik.
• my;yh`;tpd; cz;ikj;J}ju;.
• jPd; khu;f;f tpRthrpahd K`k;kJ egpfshupd; rpwg;Gf;fs;.
60
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
61
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;gjD}lhfj; juk; tha;ej
; Mf;fq;fisg;
gilg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww;NgWfs;
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
62
,tu; vOjpa E}y;fs;:
ftpijg; g+k;nghopy; (ftpijfs;)
,e;J rkak;; (ghlE}y;);
jpUey;Y}u; jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rpAk; Fapwg
; j;Jk;
Foe;ijnkhop; (rpWtu; ghly;fs;);
jd;Ndu; ,yhj jkpo; (fl;Liuj;njhFg;G)
ftpQd; ahu;? ftpij vg;gbg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; gpujhd fUj;ijf; nfhz;L
,f;ftpij vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mwpTg;Gul;rpiaf; ftpij Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
cs;sj;jpd; xspNahL ghLgtd; ftpQd;.
,wthj ftpQidNa cyfk; Vw;Fk;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
• tpjJ
; thd; f.Nte;jdhu; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhff; $Wthu;.
• “ftpQd” vDk; ftpijiag; gjg;gpupg;G nra;J thrpg;ghu;.
• ,f;ftpijapd; nghUis jdJ nkhopeilapy; vOJthu;
• ,f;ftpijapy; ftpQu; nrhy;y te;j tplak; gw;wpf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• rpwe;j ftpij/rpwe;j ftpQd; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;bag; gz;Gfs; gw;wpf;
fye;JiuahLthu;.
63
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;gjD}lhfj; juk; tha;ej
; Mf;fq;fisg;
gilg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;
64
(,) nrhy;Yk; tpjk; :
• ciog;ghspfs; gLk; Jd;gj;jpid tptupg;gjd; %yk; mtu;fs; Nky; ,uf;fKk;
ciog;ig cwpQ;rp mDgtpf;Fk; nry;te;ju;fs; gw;wp ,opthf tptupg;gjd;
%yk; mtu;fs; Nky; ntWg;Gk; Vw;glr; nra;jy;.
• Ruz;Lgtu;fSf;F vjpuhf xd;W gl;Lg; Nghuhl Ntz;Lk; vd;w czu;it
ciog;ghspfsplk; NeuhfNt typAWj;jy;.
• vspikahd nrhw;gpuNahfk;.
• czu;r;rp ntspg;ghL.
• mzpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
- cUtf mzp
- NrhilAw;w nrhwpehaha;
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
65
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;gjD}lhfj; juk; tha;ej
;
Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs;
66
• Mf;f q;fs;:
( ,) nrhy;Y k; tpjk;
67
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• ‘tPrhjPu;| gpujp.
• ‘k`hftp’ gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
68
Nju;r;rp 3.0 : ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W mit $Wk;
tplaq;fisAk; jk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd
nkhopeilapy; Kd; itg;ghu;.
ghlNtis : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;
fl;L iu Mrpupau;
69
jdJ fUj;Jf;fis epWtg; gad;g Lj;J k; cj;j pfs;
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
70
Nju;r;rp 3.0 : ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;W mit $Wk;
tplaq;fisAk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd
nkhopeilapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtis : 05
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
71
Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; (Key words) / vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
72
Nju;r;rp 3.0 : ciueil ,yf; f paq; f isf; fw; W mit $Wk;
tplaq;fisAk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd
nkhopeilapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;:
73
rpWfijNa mtuJ KjyhtJ rpWfij vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. ‘kzpf;nfhb’ rQ;rpifapNyNa
mtuJ ftpijfSk; rpWfijfSk; ngupJk; ntspte; J s; sd. ehlfk; > fl; L iu
Kjyhdtw;i wAk; vOjpAs; shu; . ‘gjpndl; lhk; ngUf;F ’ (1979) Kjyhf mtuJ
rpWfijfisf; nfhz;l gy njhFjpfs; ntspte;Js;sd.
mUk;gjq;fs; / gpwnkhopr;nrhw;fs;
ntspgg
; Lj;j tpioe;j tplak;
neUf;fbf;F cs;shfpa xUtuJ epiyAk; mjpypUe;J mtiu ntspf;nfhz;L
tUtjw;fhf mDjhgj;Jld; nraw;gLk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; Jyq;fYk;.
ntspg;ghl;L Kiw
fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; ciuahly;fspD}lhff; fij efu;j;jpr; nry;yg;gLfpwJ.
,aw;iff; fhl;rpfNshL njhlu;GgLj;jp epiyikfs; rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
c - k;: mtiuf; nfhbnahd;W nfhOnfhk;gpd; JizAld; NkNy glu;e;J
nfhz;bUg;gJ njupe;jJ.
74
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
75
Nju;r ;r p 5.0 : jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;Ffis mwpeJ
; fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 4
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
76
• ,yf;fpa tiffs;
- ftpij
- fl;Liu
- jpwdha;T
- ehlfk;
- ehty;
- rpWfij
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
77
Nju; r ; r p 5.0 : jkpo; ,yf; f p tuyhw; W g; Nghf; F fis mwpe; J
fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
78
mr;rpae;jpug; ghtid tsu;r;rpaile;jik.
79
Ik;g Jfspd; gpd;d uhd rpWfijfs;
• tl;lhur; rpWfijfs; :
rp. uh[ehuhazdpd; gilg;Gf;fs;.
• Kw;Nghf;Fr; rpWfijfs; :
jkpo;r; nry;tdpd; gilg;Gf;fs;.
• gpd;etPdj;Jtr; rpWfijfs; :
gpNuk; - uNk\; gilg;Gf;fs;
Nfhzq;fpapd; gilg;Gf;fs;
• ngz;zpar; rpWfijfs; :
mk;ikapd; gilg;Gf;fs;
• jypj;jpar; rpWfijfs; :
,ikaj;jpd; gilg;Gf;fs;
• tpQ;Qhdg; GidTfs; :
R[hjhtpd; gilg;Gf;fs;.
nghJg; gz;Gfs;
• GJtifahd eil
• GJikahd / Gul;rpahd Nehf;F
• GJg; GJ cj;jpfs;.
• ajhu;j;jg; gz;Gilait.
• thOk; kdpju;fisf; fijkhe;ju;fshff; nfhz;lit.
• Ngr;R tof;Fr; nrhw;fisf; ifahz;L capNuhl;lkhd eilapy; mikgit.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;.
• ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L ,yf;fpatuyhw;W E}y;fs;.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;.
80
Nju;r;rp 5.0 : jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;Ffis mwpe;J
fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;
jkpo;; ehty; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Njhw;wj;Jf;fhd gpd;dzpia mwpe;J $Wthu;.
RFzRe;jup (1887)
fhtpakugpd; njhlu;r;rp
nre;jkpo; eil
fh. rp. Ntq;flukzp - KUfd; Xu; cotd;> fe;jd; xU Njrgf;jd; vd;gd ,g;Nghf;Ff;F
tpjptpyf;fhdit.
fy;fpapd; miyNahir
tl;lhu ehty;fs; :
tuyhw;W ehty;fs; :
mfpydpd; fay;tpop
kzptz;zdpd; gy;ytk;
rhz;by;adpd; atduhzp
82
Kw;Nghf;F ehty;fs; :
etPdj;Jt ehty;fs; :
cstpay; ehty;fs; :
gpd;etPdj;Jt ehty;fs; :
ngz;zpa ehty;fs; :
jypj;jpa ehty;fs; :
tpQ;Qhdg; GidTfs; :
jutpUj;jp cs;sPL
83
Nju;r;rp 5.0 : jkpo; ,yf; f pa tuyhw; W g; Nghf; F fis mwpe; J
fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gu;.
ghlNtis : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
jw;fhyj; jkpo; ftpijapd;; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia tpsf;Fthu;.
jkpo; f; f tpij tuyhw; w py; ghujpahuhy; Vw; g Lj; j g; ngw; w khw;w q;f s; gw;w pf;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
ghujpahu; jkpof
; f
; tpijapd; jpUg;G KidahfTk; etPd ftpijapd; Kd;NdhbahfTk;
jpfo;gtu;. ftpijapd; nghUs;> tbtk; vd;gtw;wpy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpatu;.
84
nghUs;: nghJkf;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jy;. NjrtpLjiy> ngz;tpLjiy>
rhjp vjpu;g;G %lf;nfhs;iffSf;F vjpu;g;G> nkhopczu;r;rp.
Re;juuhkrhkpapd; ftpijfs;
gbkk; / FwpaPl;Lg;ghq;F :
gpukpd;
mg;Jy; uFkhd;
K. Nkj;jh
85
Kw;Nghf;Fg; ghu;it :
kP uh
rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;
,d;Fyhg;
jypj;jpak; :
gokiy
ngz;zpak; :
Rfpu;juhzp
khyjp ikj;up
jpiug;glg; ghly;fs; :
gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilf; fy;ahzRe;juk;
fz;zjhrd; ghly;fs;
thypapd; ghly;fs;
iff;$ ftpijfs; :
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
ftpij - E}y;fs;
ftpQu;fs; ml;ltiz
86
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : nkhopaikg;ig (kuG> jw;fhyk;) mwpe;J nkhopiar;
nrk;ikahff; ifahs;thu;.
ghlNtis : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;
87
Ntw; W ikj;n jhif
,uz;L Kjy; VO tiuAs;s Ntw;Wikfspd; cUGfs; kiwe;J tUk; njhlu;> Ntw;Wikj;
njhif vdg;gLk;.
1) taYOjhd; (I) - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
2) kug;ngl;b (My;) - %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
3) $ypNtiy (F) - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
4) Cu;ePq;fpdhd; (,d;) - Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
5) jk; tPL (mJ) - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
6) Fiff;Nfhapy; (fz;) - Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
tpidj; n jhif
nganur; rj;jpd; tpFjpAk; fhyq;fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyAk; njhf;F epw; f> mjd;
Kjdpiyahfpa tpidabAld; ngau;r; nrhy; njhlu;tJ tpidj;njhifahFk;.
(c+k;) tpbfhiy ce;Jtpir
eLfy; epiwFlk;
nra;k;kjp
gz;Gj; njhif
gz;ig czu;j;jp Md> Mfpa cUGfs; kiwe;J epd;W> xU nrhy; ePu;ikg;gLk;
njhif epiyj; njhlu; gz;Gj; njhifahFk;.
jhkiug;G+ - nghJg;ngau; - G+
- rpwg;Gg; ngau;- jhkiu
fjypthio - nghJg;ngau; - thio
- rpwg;Gg;ngau; - fjyp
ctikj; njhif
Nghy> xg;g> md;d> Giua Kjypa ctik cUGfs; ,ilapNy njhf;F epw;f
ctkhdr; nrhy;Yk; ctNkar; nrhy;Yk; njhlu;tJ MFk;. ,t; ctik tpid>
gad;> tz;zk;;> tbtk; vd;gd gw;wp tUk;.
kiof;if - gad; fay;tpop - Njhw;wk; (tbtk;)
Gtpr;Nrhod; - tpid gtstha; - tz;zk;
ck;ikj; njhif
vz;zy;> vLj;jy;> Kfj;jy;> ePl;ly; vd;Dk; ehy;tif msTfshw; nghUl;fis
msf;Fkplj;Jj; njhlUk; mt;tsitg; ngau;fSs; ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYk; ~ck;|
vd;gJ kiwe;J epw;gJ ck;ikj;njhifahFk;.
(c+k;) RfJf;fk; - RfKk; Jf;fKk; fgpyguzu; - fgpyUk; guzUk;
88
md;n khopj; njhif
Ke;ija Ie;J njhif epiyj; njhlu;fspy; ahNjDk; xd;W> jhd; Fwpf;Fk;
nghUis tpLj;J thf;fpa epiyapy; jd;NdhL njhlu;Gila gpwpnjhd;iwr; Rl;Lkhapd;
mJ md;nkhopj; njhif vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; : G+q;Foy; te;jhs;.
G+itAila Foiy cilats; te;jhs; vd tpupAk;.
G+q;Foy; - G+itAila Foy; vd tUk; NghJ Ntw;Wikj; njhif.
MfNt G+q;Foy; te;jhs; vd;gJ Ntw;Wikj; njhifaplj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;
njhifahFk;.
fUq;$e;jy; ghbdhs;
gz;Gj; njhifaplj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj; njhif
fay;tpop Mbdhs;
ctik njhifaplj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj; njhif.
njhfh epiyj; njhlu;
njhfhepiyj; njhlu; vd;gJ nrhw;fSf;fpilapy; cUGfs; Kjypad njhfhkYk;
xU nkhopj;jd;ikg;glhkYk; nrhw;fs; njhlu;e;J tUjyhFk;.
,J xd;gJ tifg;gLk;.
1. vOtha;j; njhlu; 6. tpidnar;rj; njhlu;
c + k; - fz;zd; te;jhd; c + k; - te;J gbj;jhd;
2. tpspj;njhlu; 7. ,ilr;nrhw;nwhlu;
c + k; - fz;zh th c + k; - kw;nwhd;W
3. Ntw;Wikj; njhlu; 8. cupr; nrhw;nwhlu;
c + k; - fz;zidf; fz;Nld; c + k; - fbauz;
4. tpidKw;Wj; njhlu; 9. mLf;Fj; njhlu;
c + k; - gbj;jhd; fz;zd; c + k; - ngupa ngupa
5. nganur;rj; njhlu;
c + k; - gbj;j fz;zd;
jutpUj;jpcs;sL
P fs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;.
89
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : nkhopaikg;ig (kuG> jw;fhyk;) mwpe;J nkhopiar;
nrk;ikahff; ifahs;tu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;
thf; f paq;f s; :
• nrhw;fs; nghUs;glj; njhlu;e;J te;J fUj;J Kw;Wg;ngw;W miktJ thf;fpak;
MFk;.
• jdpthf;fpaq;fs;:
XU thf;fpaj; njhliu kl;Lk; nfhz;L miktJ jdp thf;fpakhFk;. ,J Xu;
vOthiaAk; xU gadpiyiaAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
c-k; xsitahu; rpwe;j Gytu;.
ghlrhiy khztu;fs; ePz;l J}uk; ele;jdu;.
• $l;Lthf;fpak;:
,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l rkepiyj; njhlu;fspd; ,izg;Ng $l;L
thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;.
90
vdJ ez;gp jkpo; ,yf;fzk; gbj;jhs;.
ehDk;>vdJ jk;gpAk; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; gbj;Njhk;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
• thf;fpa ml;il
• thf;fpa tiffs; vOjg;gl;l bikd;jhs;
• nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
91
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : nkhopaikg;ig (kuG> jw;fhyk;) mwpe;J nkhopiar;
nrk;ikahff; ifahs;tu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs;
• ,izg; g pilr; nrhw; f isg; nghUj;j khfg; gad; g Lj; j p>jdpthf;f paq; fisf;
$l;Lthf;fpaq;fshf khw;wp vOjtopg;gLj;jy;.
92
• nrag;gLnghUsha; mikAk;> Ntw;WikNaw;w ngau;j;njhlu; ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
c-k; : fkyh jpUf;Fws; gbj;jhs;.
fkyh ehybahu; gbj;jhs;.
fkyh jpUf;FwisAk; ehybahiuAk; gbj;jhs;.
• tpidailj;njhlu;fs;
c-k; : mk;kh Ritahfr; rikj;jhu;.
mk;kh thridahfr; rikj;jhu;.
mk;kh RitahfTk; thridahfTk; rikj;jhu;.
,) M (khw;Wtpdh ,izg;G)
tpdh thf;fpaq;fis ,izj;J>khw;Wtpdh thf;fpaq;fis cUthf;f M vDk;
,ilr;nrhy; gad;gLfpd;wd.
c-k; : eP ,g;NghJ rhg;gpLfpd;whah?
eP ,g;NghJ rhg;gpltpy;iyah?
eP ,g;NghJ rhg;gpLfpd;whah>,y;iyah?
<) Mdhy;
Kjy; thf;fpaj;jpd; fUj;Jf;F Kuzhd fUj;Jila thf;fpaj;ij ,izf;f>
Mdhy; ,ilr;nrhy; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
c- k; : ehd; ehisf;F tUNtd;.
ehd; cd;idg; ghu;f;fkhl;Nld;.
ehd; ehisf;F tUNtd; Mdhy; cd;idg; ghu;f;fkhl;Nld;.
93
c) MfNt
xU thf;fpaj;jpd; fUj;NjhL njhlu;Gila>mjd; tpisT vdj;jf;f>
fUj;Jila thf;fpaj;ij ,izf;f ~MfNt| ,ilr;nrhy; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
nraw;g hl;Lg;gj;jpuk;.
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
jdpthf; f paq; fisj; njhlu; t h f; f pakhf Tk; > nj hlu; th f; f paq; f isj;
jdpthf;fpaq;fshfTk; khw;wp vOJthu;.
94
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : nkhopaikg;ig (kuG> jw;fhyk;) mwpe;J nkhopiar;
nrk;ikahff; ifahs;tu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 02
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
tOtiffs;
95
vz;tO - thf;fpaj;jpy; xUik> gd;ik vd;gd Kuz;gl miktJ.
c-k;: rfy rk;gs Vw;wq;fSk; ,ilepWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,ltO - thf;fpaj;jpy; jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glu;f;if vd;gd Kuz;gl miktJ.
c-k;: ehq;fs; NfhtpYf;F te;jhu;fs;.
fhytO - ,we;jfhyk;> epfo;fhyk;> vjpu;fhyk; vd;git Kuz;gl miktJ.
c-k;: New;W mtu;fs; Njhl;lj;ij cOthu;fs;.
tpdhtO - nghUj;jkw;w tpdhitf; Nfl;gJ.
c-k;: fl;bw;fhy; Nghy gQ;rghz;ltu; MWNguh?
tpiltO - tpdhTf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;w tpiliaf; $WtJ.
c-k;: cdf;Fr; rNfhjuu;fs; vj;jid Ngu;? vd;W Nfl;lhy; ehd;
jkpopNyjhd; mjp$ba Gs;spfisg; ngWNtd; vdf; $WtJ.
kuGtO - njhd;Wnjhl;L tUk; kuGf;F khwhff; $WtJ.
c-k;: ahidf; Fl;b
nrhy;tO - xU nrhy;ypw;Fg; gjpyhf ,d;ndhU nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;JtJ.
tohepiy
tOtikjp
tOthf mike;j xU thf;f pak; rpy Fwpg; g pl; l #o; e piyfspNy tpjptpyf; fhf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtJ tOtikjp vdg;gLk;.
• jpiztOtikjp
96
%j;Njhu;> ,isNahu;> ngz;bu; vd;Dk; cau;jpizg; nghUs;fNshL gRTk Nru;eJ
‘,tu;fs;’ vd;Dk; cau;jpiz KbT ngw;wJ.
• ghy; tOtikjp
• ghy; tOtikjp
• ,l tOtikjp
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
97
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : nkhopaikg;ig (kuG> jw;fhyk;) mwpe;J nkhopiar;
nrk;ikahff; ifahs;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
• epWj;jf;FwpaPLfspd; tiffs; gw;wp mwpe;J $Wthu;.
• epWj;jf;FwpaPLfs; gad;gLk; ,lq;fs; gw;wp tpsf;fpf; $Wthu;.
• epWj;jf;FwpaPLfisg; nghUj;jKw thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;J nghUs; njspTld; vOJthu;.
98
C. gy jdpthf;fpaq;fs; ,ize;J njhlu;thf;fpakhFk; NghJ tpidnar;rq;fis
mLj;J ,lg;gLk;.
c-k;: mtd; fhiyapy; vOe;J> gy;Jyf;fp> Fspj;J> cilazpe;J nfhz;L
ghlrhiyf;Fg; Nghdhd;.
5. tpdhf;Fwp ( ? )
m. tpdh thf;f paj;jpd; ,Wjpapy;
c-k;: 1996 ,y; cyff;fpz;zj;ij ntd;w fpupf;fl; mzp vJ?
M. nrhy;yg;gLk; tplak; re;Njfj;jpw;F ,lkhdjhf ,Ue;jhy; thf;f paj;jpd;
,Wjpapy; milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; tpdhf;Fwp ,lg;gLk;.
c-k;: mnkupf;f [dhjpgjpapd; ntw;wpapd; gpd;dhy; u\;a csTg;gpupT
,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ (?)
6. Nkw;Nfhl;Fwp ( “ ” )
m. xUtuJ fUj;ij mtuJ $w;whfNt jUkplq;fspy;
c-k;: “nghd; nra; nfhy;yd; jd; nrhy; Nfl;l ahNdh murd;?” vdg;
ghz;bad; Nfl;lhd;.
99
7. tpl;birf;Fwp ( - )
8. nka;g;ghl;Lf;Fwp / czu;r;rpf;Fwp ( ! )
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;.
100
juk; - 13
%d;whe; jtiz
101
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;gjD}lhfj; juk; tha;e;j
Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs;
gy;NtW Mf;fq;fis thrpg;gjd; %yk; jkJ mDgtq;fisj; njhlu;GgLj;jpf;
fl;Liu vOJthu;.
jiyg;Gf;F Vw;w jfty;fisj; jpul;b> njhFj;J fl;Liu vOJthu;.
fl;Liu El;gq;fisg; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; fl;Liu vOJthu;.
KbTiu -
jhd; Kd;itj;j rfy juTfisAk; njhFj;J> fl;Liuiag; G+uzg;gLj;jy;.
102
tpQ;Q hdk; rhu;e ;j it
c-k; tpQ;QhdKk; r%fKk;
KfTiu
r%fj;jpd; Njitfspd; gy;tifikia tpsf;fp tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; %ykhd
r%f epiwit vLj;Jiuj;jy;.
tpla cs;slf;fk;
tpQ;QhdKk; r%fKk; xd;Wld; xd;W gpd;dpg;gpize;Js;sd.
kdpj mwptpaypd; tpaj;jF tsu;r;rpapy; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;.
Jiwrhu;e;j tpQ;Qhdf; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fSk;> mtw;wpd; r%fg; gad;ghLfSk;.
- itj;jpak; - Nghf;Ftuj;J
- tptrhak; - fy;tp
- tpz;ntsp Ma;Tfs; - tho;thjhuj; Njitfs;
tpQ;Qhdf; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshy; r%fj;jpw;Ff; fpilj;j ed;ikfs;.
gaDs;s tifapy; tpQ;Qhdj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
KbTiu
tpQ;QhdKk; - r%fKk; xd;wpypUe;J xd;W gpupf;f KbahjthW
,ize;Js;sikAk; gaDs;s tifapy; gad;gLj;Jtjd; mtrpaKk;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
103
Nju;r;rp 4.0 : ,yf; f paq; f isf; fw; g jD}lhfj; juk; tha; e ; j
Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs;
ghlj;ijj; jpll
; kpLjy; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
104
(M ) ftpQu; ntspg;g Lj;j tpioe;j tplak;;:
• jj;Jt&gkhd tu;zid.
• fl;Gyf; fhl;rpr; rpj;jpupg;G.
• fij nrhy;Yk; ghq;F.
• Ngr;NrhirNahL $ba vspikahd nkhopg; gpuNahfk;.
- ghj;jpuj;jpd; Ngr;R> fij Nghy ,Uf;fpd;w ftpijf;Fs;>
• kuG top ahg;G> vJif Nkhidfs; mike;jpUj;jy;.
• khl;ilAk; fhfj;ijAk; FwpaPLfshff; nfhz;L fijtbtpw; fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itj;jy;.
• rk;gtk;> epfo;fsk; gw;wpa El;gkhd tu;zidfs;.
- FQ;rp ePu; Xil FWkzNy thu;e;jpUf;Fk;
rhk;gpf; FUj;Jk; rUfhd nts;sWF
nfhRf;fs; gil ‘nqha;q;q’; >
rg;gspe;J Nghd tapW
• mzpfspd; gad;ghL
1. ctik mzp
‘fl;lhjiyfpd;w fhl;nlUik Nghy; Ngd;fs;’
2. cUtf mzp
‘nqha;q;q; Foy;’
‘rhl;il tpRf;Fk; gRthy;’;
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
105
Nju;r;rp 3.0 : ciueil ,yf; f paq; f isf; fw; W mit $Wk;
tplaq;fisAk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; nrk;ikahd
nkhopeilapy; Kd; itg;ghu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl; lk; 3.1 : capu; j ; J bg; G s; s fl; L Uthf; f r; nraw; w pwDila
thrfuhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;
fl;L iu Mrpupau;
t.uhkrhkp Iaq;fhu; (1889 - 1951)
• kfhftp ghujpAld; neUq;fpa njhlu;G nfhz;ltu;.
• jkpoff; ftpij cyfpy; ghujpf;Fupa cd;dj ];jhdj;ij czu;j;jpatu;. jkpo;
kf;fis mwpT G+u;tkhfTk; ju;f;fuPjpahfTk; rpe;jpf;f itg;gjpy; Mu;tKilatu;;.
• mwpQu; mz;zhthy; ~~mf;fpufhuj;J mjprakdpju;|| vd;W Nghw;wg;gl;ltu;.
• Rje;jpud; (jQ;ir)> kzpf;nfhb gj;jpupiffspy; Mrpupau;.
tu; j ; j kpj; j pud; > gpugQ; r kpj; j pud; > jkpo; e hL Kjypa gy gj; j pupiffspYk;
gzpahw;wpatu;. ,yq;ifapy; tPuNrup gj;jpupifapYk; gzpGupe;jtu;.
• ,tu; vOjpa ehty;fs; :- Re;jup> rpd;dr;rhk;G> tp[ah> Nfhijj; jPT.
• rpWfijfSk; vOjpAs;shu;.
• cg;Gr;rj;jpahf;fpufj;jpy; <Lgl;ljw;fhfr; rpiwapy; ,Ue;jNghJ vOjpa ~n[apypd;
laup| gpd;du; E}yhf ntspte;jJ.
106
Mrpupau; $wtpioe;j tplak;
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
107
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : <oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;Ffis mwpe;J
fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 06
fw;ww; NgWfs;:
108
Kjyhspj; J t mikg; G tYg; n gWjy;> r%f rP u ; j; j pUj; j ehl; l k; > mur
cj;jpNahfq;fspy; <Lgly;> efu tho;f;if> ,ytrf; fy;tp mwpKfj;jhy; fy;tp
rfyUf;Fk; rhj;jpakhjy;> etPd njhopy; El;gq;fspd; gad;ghL mjpfupj;jy;>
gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffs; mjpfupj;jy;> etPd murpay; rKjhar; rpe;jidfs;
jhf;fk; nrYj;Jjy;> ,d Kuz;ghl;bd; ghjpg;Gf;fs;.
r%f Nehf;F> Rje;jpu r%f ePjp> r%f rPu;j;jpUj;jk;> r%f rkj;Jtk;> rka
rkurk; gFj;jwpTr; rpe;jidfs;.
jd;dDgtk;
vspik
jw;;GJik
ajhu;j;jg;gz;G
Ngr;Nrhir
1950 - 1980
1980 Kjy;
109
~kfhftp|> eP y htzd; > KUifad; MfpNahu; <oj;J etP d ftpijapd;
Kd;Ndhbfshfpwhu;fs;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L <oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; - rp. nksdFU> nks. rpj;jpuNyfh>
vk;. V. E/khd;.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpgg
; PLk; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L <oj;J murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu gpd;dzpia tpsf;Fthu;.
110
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : <oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;Ffis mwpe;
fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 05
fw;ww; NgWfs;
111
cau; epiy khe;jiu ehafuhff; nfhs;Sjy;.
(1916) - tpn[arPyk;
gz;Gfs;.
112
muq;fehafp (1934) Mq;fpy ehtypd; jOty; - Nt. Vuk;gKjyp
gz;Gfs;.
nrt;thdk; (1967)
rlq;F (1966)
gz;Gfs;.
1970fspy;
113
tpbit Nehf;fp (1973) - njzpahd;
gz;Gfs;.
rpijTfs; - njzpahd;
114
JapYk; xU ehs; fiyAk; - Nfhfpyh kNfe;jpud;
gz;Gfs;
ngz;zpa Nehf;F.
r%f khw;wq;fs;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
115
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : <oj;J jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; Nghf;Ffis mwpe;J
fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
gz;Gfs;
116
fpuhkpa tho;f;ifr; rpj;jpupg;G (nts;spg;ghjruk;> ghw;fQ;rp)
nre;newpg;ghq;fhd tptupg;G.
1940 - 1950
gz;Gfs;
1950 - 1980
t. m. ,uhruj;jpdk; (Njhzp)
ee;jp (Cu;ek;Gkh)
117
gz;Gfs;
,d czu;T jiynaLj;jy;.
cstpay; mZFKiw
(cjhuzk; : ee;jp)
gz; G fs;
118
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
<oj;JrpWfij tuyhW
Rje;jpud; rpWfijfs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
119
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : nkhopaikg;ig (kuG> jw;fhyk;) mwpe;J nkhopiar;
nrk;ikahff; ifahs;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 09
fw;ww; NgWfs;
nrhy; y zp
120
nra;Al; rPuf
; spNyh ciueilr; nrhw;fspNyh ,uz;lhtJ vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ
vJif vdg;gLk;.
nra;Al; rPuf
; spNyh ciueilr; nrhw;fspNyh KjyhtJ vOj;J xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ
Nkhid vdg;gLk;.
nghUszp
$Wfpd;w Kiw %yk; ,yf; f paq; f spd; nghUis moFgLj; j p tUk; mzpfs;
nghUszpfshFk;. ctik> cUtfk;> jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;> jd;ik etpw;rp> cau;T etpw;rp>
Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;G> Ntw;Wik> gpwpJnkhopjy; vdg; nghUszp gy tifg;gLk;.
ctikazp
121
“nghd;ndhj;j Nkdpg; Ganyhj;j jlf;ifahd;”
1) ,y; n ghUStikazp
Nghu; ele;j fsj;jpd; jd;ik gw;wpf; $wte;j ftpQu;> rpte;j neUg;igj; jflhfr;
nra;jJ Nghd;wJ vd;fpwhu;. neUg;igj; jfL nra;tJ cyfpy; ,y;yhj xd;W.
2) IaTtik
cUtftzp
122
ehw;FzKk; ehw;gilah itk;GyDk; ey;yikr;rh
esidg; gpupe;J jkae;jp jtpj;j NghJ Nfhopapdk; $tpaJ. jkae;jpapd; Jaiuj; jhq;f
Kbahky; mit jkJ iffshfpa rpwFfshy; tapw;wpy; mbj;J mbj;J tpiuthf te;J
tpbaiyj;jh vdf; $tpajhff; fhl;Lfpwhu; GfNoe;jp.
~~................................
123
jd;i k etpw;r pazp
jutpUj;jp cs;sL
P fs;
fzpgg
; L
P k; kjpgg
; L
P k; njhlu;ghd MNyhridfs;
124