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Lecture 2
2
Forms of Energy
3
Objectives
• Introduce the concept of energy and define its various forms.
Total energy of a system could be divided into two groups: macroscopic and
microscopic forms of energy.
The macroscopic forms of energy are those a system possesses as a whole with
respect to some outside reference frame, such as kinetic and potential energies.
The microscopic forms of energy are those related to the molecular structure
and the molecular activity, and they are independent of outside reference
frames, their sum is called the internal energy of a system.
Forms of Energy
The macroscopic energy of a system is related to motion and the influence of
some external effects such as gravity, magnetism, electricity, and surface tension.
The energy that a system possesses as a result of its motion relative to some
reference frame is called kinetic energy (KE).
It is the amount of mass flowing through a cross section per unit time.
It is related to the volume flow rate V.
Forms of Energy
A control volume can also exchange energy via mass transfer since
any time mass is transferred into or out of a system, the energy
content of the mass is also transferred with it.
Energy transfer by heat
The work done per unit time is called power and is denoted W.
Direction Convention
Heat and work are directional quantities, and thus the
complete description of a heat or work interaction requires the
specification of both the magnitude and direction.