FOUNDATION

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PRESENTED BY

ANOSHA IRAM
RAJVEER MILAN
ANAM DIKSHA
BUILDING CONSTUCTION OM KONIKA
(102)
 WHAT IS FOUNDATION ?
A building foundation is defined as the lowest part of any structure. Its
main function is to support load coming from the upper part and transfer
it to the soil beneath it.

Foundation is the first step in the construction of any structure.

FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATION:
1. REDUCTION OF LOAD INTENSITY
Foundation distributes the loads of the super structure, to a larger area so
that the intensity of the load at its base (i.e. total load divided by the total
area) does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the sub-soil.

2. EVEN DISTRIBUTION OF LOAD

Foundations distribute the non-uniform load of the super structure evenly
to the sub soil.

3. PROVISION OF LEVEL SURFACE

Foundation provide leveled and hard surface over which the super
structure can be built.
4. LATERAL STABILITY
FOUNDATION LOADS
It anchors the super structure to the ground, thus imparting lateral
stability to the super structure. The stability of the building, against 1.Dead Load
sliding and overturning, due to horizontal forces (such as
wind, earthquake etc.) is increased due to foundations. this is the load of the material used for
the various components of a building
5. SAFETY AGAINST such as walls, floors, roofs, etc. all
UNDERMINING permanent loads are thus included in
It provides the structural dead load.
safety against undermining
or scouring due to
burrowing animals and
2. Live Load
flood water.
this is the movable load on the floor
6. PROTECTION AGAINST and hence its variable. Its also
SOIL MOVEMENTS sometimes known as the super
Special foundation imposed load. It includes the load of
measures prevents or persons standing on a floor, weight of
minimizes the distress (or the material stored on a floor,
cracks) in the super weight of snow on a roof, etc.
structure, due to expansion 3.Wind Load
or contraction of the sub In case of tall buildings, the effect due
soil because of moisture to wind should be considered.
movement in some 4. Structural Member Forces
problematic soils. 5. Uplift
6. Earthquake
TYPES OF
FOUNDATION

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TYPES OF FOUNDATION
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
The foundation in which depth of foundation
is less than or equal to its breadth is called
shallow foundation. It transfers the
structural load to the earth near to its
surface.
SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATION
Spread footing are those who spread the
structural load to a larger area for greater
stability Spread footing can further be
divided into -
1.Pad footing
2.Stepped footing
3.Sloped footing PAD FOOTING STEPPED FOOTING SLOPED FOOTING
4.Continuous wall footing
5.Continuous wall footing with steps
6.Grillage footing
USES : Spread footings are used to support a
foundation or set of piers below a building. To add
additional support, spread footings are
constructed with concrete and reinforced with
steel. WALL FOOTING STEPPED WALL FOOTING
ADVANTAGES
•Spread footings are economical.
•The isolated footings are easy to construct.
•Even it can be constructed, unskilled workers.
•It requires less earth excavation.

DISADVANTAGES
•The soil needs stability all around the base
of the structure.
•To cope with the high load, it can be very
large in size.
•Separate foundations make this design
weak against the differential settlement that
may affect the building.

When the isolated footing makes

They have some reasons to make It:-
•This is economical.
•When the soil bearing capacity is high.
•When the loads on footing are less.
•If the columns of a building are not close space.
COMBINED FOOTING
A spread footing that supports two or more
column is termed as combined footing.
Combined footing can further be classified
as
1.Rectangular combined footing
2.Trapezoidal combined footing
3.Combined column and wall footing
USES : Combined footings are used when two
columns are so close that single footings cannot
be used or when one column is located at or near
a property line.The shape of this footing is a RECTANGULAR AND TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTING COLUMN AND WALL FOOTING
rectangle and is used when loads from the
structure is carried by the columns.
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
The main disadvantage of using
• it increases the load-bearing of soil ( •if there is no space to
combined footing is the groundwater
increases the strength of soil to hold the spread the footing near
level rises.
heavy building). the boundary line then in
2- The second disadvantage of
• it prevents the footing from overturning this type of situation the
combined footing is the shape and
by connecting the footing to each other combined footing is used
the size of these footing is varying
using a strap beam. .
due to the condition.
• it helps to make the centers of gravity of •it helps to get the
3- The third disadvantage of
the column load and center of gravity of uniform load distribution
combined footing is it reduces the
soil reaction remain in the same vertical under the footing.
footing area because for more than
line. one column we use only on footing.
STRAP FOOTING
In a strap footing foundation, independent
footings are connected by a beam. It is done
when distance between two footings is
large.
USES : This type replaces a combined footing and
is more economical. This is used when the distance
between the two columns is greater and the
allowable soil pressure of the soil is higher. Strap
footing is cheaper than combined footing.
•
ADVANTAGES
1.It helps distribute load uniformly and
transfer moment to the adjacent footing. STRAP FOOTING
2.It prevents the column from tilting.
3.The employment of a strap footing may be
excusable where the gap between columns
DISADVANTAGES
is long and a regular combined footing is
impractical due to the required massive 1.Strap footing requires more concentration
excavation. while it has been constructed because it has a
difficult design.
2.It can become more time-consuming
comparatively as the calculation of pressure
bearing, pressure distribution, moment, forces,
and shears can become complex.
3.It will demand expert workers for its
construction
MAT FOUNDATION
A mat is a combined footing that covers the
entire area beneath a structure and
supports all the walls and columns. Mat
footing can further be classified as –
• 1Flat plate mat
• Plate thickened under columns
• Two-way beam and slab
• Plate with pedestal

FOUNDATION
• Rigid frame mat
• Piled raft

MAT
USES : They are used, when soil bearing capacity
is low, column loads are heavy single footings
cannot be used, piles are not used and differential
settlement must be reduced.
Used to distribute heavy columns and walls loads ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
across the entire building area to lower the •Mat foundation can be provided •Prone to edge erosion.
contact pressure compared to conventional where the shallow foundation is •Special measurements are
spread footings. necessary but soil condition is poor. needed when mat foundation
•It resists differential settlement. is subjected to the
• Mat foundation requires less earth concentrated load.
excavation.
•Mat foundation itself can be
considered as a floor slab. So it
reduces the cost of constructing floor
slab.
 DEEP FOUNDATION
The Foundation in which the depth of
foundation are much greater than its breadth.
It transfers the loads to the subsurface layers
of earth.
DEEP STRIP FOOTINGS
These are usual strip or rectangular . Footings
with depth higher than width.

PILE FOUNDATION
Pile is a slender, structural member consisting
of steel or concrete or timber used as
foundation. It is installed to transfer the load to
a significant depth below the structure.
Pile foundation can be classified as-
1.Load bearing pile
2.Friction pile
USES : Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group
of piles together to support and transmit column
loads to the piles.
The cost of footings as compared to entire R.C.C.
framed structure is less and is about 4 to 5% of the
total building can only. Hence one should not
economical foundation also pad footings are
preferred, though increase cost marginally FRICTION PILE PILE FOUNDATION
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1.A pile can be damaged quickly by driving
1.According to the specification we pre-order the through stones and boulders.
pile 2.Piles are can be attacked by marine borers in
2.The pile can be pre-made its length breadth its salt water
size according to site use 3.A pile cannot be above ground level.
3.Precast is the process through which reducing the 4.It is very difficult to know the actual required
completion time length in advance.
4.Can be installed in a very large area. 5.Vibrations generate when piles are driving
5.Can be installed in very long lengths. which affects the neighboring structures.
6.We can use piles in a place where drilling and 6.Heavy equipment is required by driving the
holes are not done. piles.
7.Work of pile is very neat and clean. 7.Pile is not containable for low drainage.

PIER FOUNDATION

Pier foundation is functionally same as pile

foundation. The difference lies in the method
of construction
1.Masonry or concrete pier
2.Drilled pier

MASONARY PIER DRILLED PIER

 USES : Pier foundation majorly used for bridge construction & other
structures that require foundation beneath rivers & other bodies of
water. This is because caisson can be transported by floating to the
construction site and sunk in water to use as a pier of foundation.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1.This method is easy which requires a small amount of material and 1.The installation of drilled piers requires
labor. careful supervision and quality control of all
2.The necessary material is easily available and has a wide range of materials used in construction.
design variations. 2.The method is bulky so adequate storage
3.The pier foundation saves money and time because it does not require space is required for all materials used in
extensive excavation and much concrete which causes minimal construction.
disruption to the soil environment. 3.The construction of piers in a heavy flow of
4.The space between the house and the ground is sufficient to install groundwater due to the pressure of the artesian
utilities such as plumbing and electrical wiring between them. is very difficult.
5.It is comfortable for walking on the floor, which does not rest on a
solid surface and it is good for those who have stiffness and back pain.
6.Inspection is possible because the diameter of the shaft is large.
7.Workers can easily find the space between the house and the ground
to solve issues related to plumbing and electrical as there is enough
space to crawl.
8.Ground vibration that is normally associated with driven piles is
absent in the case of drilled pier construction.
9.Bearing capacity can be increased by under-reaming the bottom (in
non-caching material).
COMMON
MATERIALS
FOR
FOUNDATION

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 MATERIALS USED IN FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION
1.WOOD
2.STONE
3.CONCRETE
4.CONCRETE BLOCK
5.STEEL
6.AGGREGATE
7.FLY ASH
8.BRICK
9.SAND
10.CLAY
11.PRESERVATIVE TREATED WOOD
12.EARTH
WOOD
Wood as a foundation material may look unsuitable, but it is used for
house foundations in many cases, where concrete foundation becomes
an expensive option.
When wood is used as the foundation is pressure-treated and coated
with multiple chemicals to prevent rotting and to keep wood-eating
pests such as termites away

STONE
Stones as building foundation material proved to be strong, durable and
economical to use if they are available near the building site. Stone
mostly used for curtain walls and low piers and, where they may be laid
up without mortar if the economy is a major factor, although it is
difficult to make them watertight, even if laid with mortar.
To protect the house from termite attack the stone foundations are most
suitable because it provides an impermeable barrier to enter the house.

Treated wood
Preservative treated wood is a cost-effective solution in building
foundations. The wood is pressure infused with preservative chemicals.
It can be used for the construction of crawlspace stem walls and
basements.
Wood foundations are lighter, easier and faster to build, and do not
require a poured concrete base to build on. According to Tool Base
Services, more than 300,000 homes have been built in the United States
with preservative treated wood foundations.
CONCRETE CONCRETE BLOCK

•Concrete is the best material for foundation among •Block made of concrete can be used to construct
all other materials used for foundation because it is attractive and durable foundation walls. Concrete
hard, durable, and strong in compression. Concrete block eliminates the need for unnecessary formwork
does not affect by moisture and can be made nearly and, because of their large size, concrete blocks will
watertight for basement walls. It can easily casted in lay up faster than bricks. Its major disadvantage is
any shape required for each foundation. These that concrete block walls are difficult to make
materials used in concrete foundations work. watertight than a concrete wall and do not resist
lateral forces as well as a poured-concrete wall.
EARTH
The primary advantage of using earth as a foundation material is its
low cost and availability. It is suitable only in very dry climates.
Where rainfall and soil moisture are too high for an unprotected
earth foundation, they may be faced with stones, as shown in Figure
below, or shielded from moisture with polythene sheet.

BRICK
The Brick masonry foundation is mainly used for its cost-
effectiveness and its unattractive appearance would not be visible.

STEEL
Steel is the most popular reinforcing material used by foundation
contractors in the United States because of its strength and
durability. It is utilized in the form of steel rods of varying
thicknesses. These steels can be arranged either parallel or
perpendicular to each other. Generally, the steel used as
reinforcements is usually treated to be stainless and rust-free.
AGGREGATE
Aggregate is not only one material, it includes gravel, crushed stone,
sand, slag, and recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. This
material may natural, manufactured or recycled.
Aggregates cover 60 – 80 % volume of concrete mix. Its main function
is to provide compressive strength and bulk to concrete. Amount of
aggregates are used in any concrete are selected for their durability,
strength, workability, and ability to receive finishes.
For making strong and durable concrete, and aggregates need to be
clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings
of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of
concrete.

Fly Ash

The fly ash primly used as supplementary cementitious material

(SCM) in the production of portland cement concrete. Also, it used in
the concrete making when used in conjunction with portland cement,
contributes to the properties of the hardened concrete
through hydraulic or pozzolanic activity, or both.
 SAND AND CLAY
•Before you build anything, the land needs to be graded level and
the topsoil removed. It is a good idea to elevate the foundation
above grade level for better drainage. To do this, you will need a
layer of fill that will elevate the structure and provide a route for
rain water to drain down away from the home.
The bulldozer used for grading will put down a layer of sand and
clay to provide the drainage medium. The weight of the bulldozer
packs the sand and clay mixture down, and a couple of days'
exposure to the sun will make it hard.
THANKYOU
▪ BUILDING CONSTRUCTION