MAGNETIC FIELD DUE To CURRENTIN A LONG STRAIGHT WIRE Prof. Hans Oersted firstly desc magnetic field due to curre’ j i pat ly described the magnetic fiel ie Experiment * Take a copper wire that passes vertically through a horizontal piece of card board * Place small magnetic compass needles on the card board along a circle with centre at the wire * Ail the compass needles point in the direction of north-south lo Fig. 14.9 (0) When a heavy current passes through wire, the compass needles set themselves along the tangent to the circle. the direction of current, the direction of needles is also reversed. * Revers * When the current though the wire is stopped, all the needles again point in the north south direction Conclusions ) Amagnetic field is set up around current carrying conductor. } The lines of forces are circular and their direction depends upon the direction of current. } The magnetic field lasts only as long as the current is flowing through it Direction of Magnetic Field he direction of magnetic field can be determined by right hand rule. Right hand rule Wf the wire is grasped in the fist of right hand with the thumb pointing in the direction of current, then the curled fingers indicate the direction of magnetic field Fig. 14.1 (b) ‘e the Expression for the Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in Uniform Magnetic Field. D.G.Khan - 2009 az Deter: Also Define Magnetic induction. aD Force ON CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD Juctor has its own magnetic field but when it is placed in an external magnetic field. Then as .e two magnetic fields, a force may be experienced by the conductor. A current carrying, cond a reaslt of mteraction between thesVector Form Explanation placed between the ngement is Consider a copper rod capable to move along a pair of copper rails. The whole arrang tion. dire’ p tical upward pole pieces of horse-shoe magnet. So the uniform magnetic field acts on the rod in ve conduction rails Wet Wee? a Fig. 14.2 1 Consider a copper rod that can move on a pair of copper rails as shown in figure. When current is passed through the copper rad by a battery, the rod moves on the rail. Jt is found that the direction of force is at right angle t0 the plane containing the rod and clirection of magnetic field. The magnitude of the force depends upon the following factors. . i Factors upon which of Magnitude of Force Depends Diep reece # Tenomenennecaresariiesane secon, L= length of conductor inside the magneti 1 = current flowing through the conductor. 8 = strength of magnetic field applied a = angle between conductor and the field Many electromagnetic devices are very sensitive to magnetic fields. You can easily ruin your F = magnitude of magnetic force acting on the conductor Then, television screen, _ scramble Fee sina “0 your credit card or érase your Fel (ii) ard deve by bringing a La magnet too close to it Keep fet ___ii) all magnets far away from bee (wy anything with a screen or a Combining all these factors, we get. memory. FeILBsina or F=kILBsina h ere & is the proportionality constant and in SI system its value is equal LBsina | —____() vector form, the force acting on a current carrying conductor is given by store information. They are Lr |F store information® because PeIlBsinan ‘many materials will absorb and 7 store a magnetic field. The field }ye1(txBy) | ———®) can then be read back by a magnetic reader information is n Many when the leeded again. ‘mediums-from audiotapes to memory sticks. vse magnets im this way,EN =I B sino? F=11B(0) Feo {zero} ff a= 90° Le. the rod is right angle to the field then F=1LB sin90° F=1LB(1) FeILB [maximum] Direction of magnetic force The direction of force can also be determined by right hand rule as follows, Right Hand Rule join the tails of vectors L andB.Rotate the vector L towards B through the smaller angle. url the fingers of right hand in the direction of rotation. The erect thumb indicates the direction of force. Extension of Right Hand Rule This rule is often referred as extension of right hand rule. Physical view to develop the magnetic force der a straight current carrying wire placed at right angle to the magnetic field. Let the current is flowing out of the paper. The two fields 10 reinforce each other on left hand side of the conductor and ance! each other on the right side. So the conductors tend to move the weaker part of the field. i.e., the force on the conductor will ted towards right in a direction at right angles to both the and the magnetic field. Magnetic Induction M < Field Strength, magnetic flux density) F = 1LB sina 1=1A,L=1m an Wt i Tg othe rt ane poms in the direction of the magne field. the thumb in the direction of ‘current, the force on. the conductor wil be normal to the palm towards the reader. me ee erenomel: [Riexueene ese al fixes ox ‘Out of page Toto page ‘Convention to represent directiona Lteslaz-—2newton 1 ampere x 1 meter oR 172 1NA*m? Note The smaller unit of magnetic induction is Gauss tesla = 10’ Gauss 3 _Explain the terms Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density. - Macnetic Flux The number of magnetic lines of force Passing through certain element x of area is called magnetic flux. 2 OR Magnetic flux through a plane area i defined as the scalar product of uniform magnetic field and vector area. & Mathematically, O.=B.A | OR z= BA cosd ° ~ => a” Where A is the vector area, whose magnitude is equal to the area of —> surface and direction is along the normal to the surface of the element. 6 = is the angle between the direction of the vector B and A. © Y Special Cases (i) Maximum flux if the area is held perpendicular the magnetic field lines Qo! O,=BA (i) Minimum flux if the area is held parallel to the magnetic field lines ie. 8 = 90" @, = BAcos90” D, = BA (0) Oe hen 0 hrough a curved surface ules ae ae urface is placed in non-uniform magnetic field. Then, we When a curved 5 ‘ved surface into a number of small elements. The net the curved 5 donde raggetic flux ca each element : O,= Y BAA a — be found by adding the value of magnetic flux through ThusUnit The St unit of ‘magnetic flux is weber or Nm /A. Magnetic flux Density (Magnetic induction) The magnetic flux per unit area of a surface perpendicular to magnetic field is called magnetic flux density. Thus, magnetic flux density, é Unit [>= | SLunit is magnetic flux density is Wb m-? or NA“m” or tesla, Q.4__ State and Explain the Ampere’s Law. AmpeRe’s Law Statement The magnetic field around any cloved loop is equal to Hp times the total current enclosed by that loop. OR The sum of quantities 5 A. for all path elements into which the complete loop has been divided equals Wo times the total current enclosed by the loop” . Mathematically S| BAL) =n. Explanation of nie Of aadius Consider @ current carrying circular loop of wire of radius r. Such a closed path is alied Amperean path. Divide this path into N small elements each of length AL. t 8 be the value of magnetic flux density at the site of AL. If @ is the angle pene erted SL then product of length element AL and the component of B eo para’ field in the vicinity of this long, straight. Current - carrying wire, BALcos6 = BAL } (Where bcos “3 3 eee . Scos6 = component of B siong slomeptcs me alt be 5s = amperes WoT According to Ampere's Law th@"Sum6F all the quantities B.AL for all path | magnetic equivalent of Clements 16 44s times the current enclosed by the loop. So @N Path: whe (BAL), +(BAL),+—+(BAL)y = pol iat)Solenoid 5 The solenoid is a long tightly wound cylindrical coil of wire. When the current passes the solenoid, then it behaves like a bar magnet. The magnetic field due to solenoid is shown in figure. Field due to solenoid The field inside the solenoid is strong and uniform as compare to outside. The field outside of the solenoid is so weak that it can be neglected as compare to inside field. SSS BESSON. FRECHOCOP)