LESSON 2 - Evaluation of Determinant

EVALUATION OF
DETERMINANT
March 13, 2023
MATRICES
Define: an m × n matrix is a rectangular array of mn real (or complex)
numbers in m rows and n columns. The ith row of a matrix, the jth column
of a matrix. (i, j)- entry of a matrix.
If m = n the matrix is called a square matrix. Main diagonal of a square

matrix: a11, a22, . . . , amm.
March 13, 2023

PLACE SIGNS
Each element in a square matrix has a place sign. The place sign of the element in
the first row and the first column is always ‘+’. The place signs then alternate from
‘+’ to ‘−’ as we move across the rows and down the columns. So, for a 3 × 3 matrix
the place signs are:
DEFINITION OF DETERMINANT OF MATRIX
The determinant of a matrix is the scalar value or number calculated using a

square matrix. The square matrix could be 2×2, 3×3, 4×4, or any type, such
as n × n, where the number of columns and rows are equal.
March 13, 2023

SYMBOL
The determinant of a matrix is represented by two vertical lines or simply by

writing det and writing the matrix name. eg. |A|, det(A), det A
March 13, 2023

CALCULATING THE DETERMINANT
Determinants are calculated from a square matrix, such as 2×2 or 3×3. In a
2×2 matrix, the determinant is calculated by taking the product of the
diagonal and finding the difference.
March 13, 2023

Evaluating the Determinant of a Matrix
Determinant for 3×3 Matrix
To find the determinants of a 3×3 matrix takes more work. By address, it is meant
the row number and column letter. To calculate the determinant, you must remove
the row and column that contains the variable you want to know the determinant to.
Doing this creates what is called the minor. Below is an example with variables.
March 13, 2023

MINORS
Minors
Each element in a square matrix has its own minor. The minor is the value of the
determinant of the matrix that results from crossing out the row and column of the
element under consideration.
EXAMPLE
Find the minors of all elements of the given determinant.
EXPANSION BY
MINORS
EXPANSION BY MINORS
EXAMPLE
Find the determinant of the given matrix.
COFACTORS
Cofactor
A cofactor is a minor whose sign may have been changed depending on the location
of the respective matrix entry.
EXAMPLE
Find the cofactors of all elements 𝑎11 and 𝑎 23 of the given determinant.
LAPLACE
EXPANSION
Laplace Expansion
EXAMPLE
Find the determinant of the matrix using Laplace expansion.
EXAMPLE
Find the determinant of
PIVOTAL
ELEMENT
METHOD
Pivotal Element Method
A Pivotal Element Method is one of the useful methods in evaluating determinants.
In getting the determinant of a matrix of order n, the pivotal element method centers
its solution on finding a pivot element, which is 1, and creating an (n -1) determinant
from here.
Steps:
1.If the given determinant of order n has an element of unity, 1, use this as pivotal
element. If no unity element is present, use some convenient element, say
𝑎 𝑖𝑗 . Reduce this unity by dividing either the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row or 𝑗 𝑡ℎ column by 𝑎 𝑖𝑗 and then
balancing the determinant by multiplying it also by 𝑎 𝑖𝑗 .
2. Cross out the row and column through the pivotal element.
3. From each element of the resulting determinant of order (n-1), subtract each
remaining entry, by a product of the elements in the pivotal rows and columns that
intersects with the remaining entry.
4. Then the value of the given determinant is (−1) 𝑖+𝑗 times the value of the new
determinant.
EXAMPLE
Find the determinant of the matrix using pivotal element method.
EXAMPLE
Define the matrix
EXAMPLE
Define the matrix
TRIANGULAR
METHOD
What are upper triangular matrices and
lower triangular matrices?
Upper triangular matrices are matrices in which all entries below the main diagonal
are 0 The main diagonal is the set of entries that run from the upper left -hand corner
of the matrix down to the lower right-hand corner of the matrix.
Lower triangular matrices are matrices in which all entries above the main diagonal
are 0
Here are the main diagonals in these upper triangular matrices,

What are upper triangular matrices and
lower triangular matrices?
and in these lower triangular matrices:
EXAMPLE
For instance, let’s say we want to find the determinant of the upper triangular matrix
A:
EXAMPLE
THANK YOU!

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EVALUATION OF

If m = n the matrix is called a square matrix. Main diagonal of a square

March 13, 2023

The determinant of a matrix is the scalar value or number calculated using a

March 13, 2023

The determinant of a matrix is represented by two vertical lines or simply by

March 13, 2023

March 13, 2023

March 13, 2023

Here are the main diagonals in these upper triangular matrices,

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