angles

in Algebra
LESSOINS
11-1 Square Roots and
Irrational Numbers
11-2 The Pythagorean
Theorem
11-3 Distance and
Midpoint Formulas
11-4 Problem Solving:
Write a Proportion
11-5 Special Right
Triangles
11-6 Sine, Cosine, and
Tangent Ratios
11-7 Angles of Elevation
and Depression

Key Vocabulary
• angle of depression (p. 616)
• angle of elevation (p. 614)
• cosine (p. 608)
• distance (p. 592)
• hypotenuse(p.584)
• irrational number (p. 581)
• legs (p. 584)
• midpoint (p. 594)
• perfect square (p. 580)
• sine (p. 608)
• square root (p. 580)
Where You're Going • tangent (p. 608)
• trigonometric ratio (p. 608)
In this chapter, you will learn how to
• trigonometry (p. 608)
• Find the square roots of numbers.

• Find the missing measures of right triangles.

• Use the Distance and Midpoint Formulas.

• Solve a problem by writing a proportion.

Real-World Snapshots Applying what you learn, on

pages 626-627 you will apply ratios to solve problems
about proportions in rectangles.

\
 Square Roots
and Irrational Numbers
OBJECTIVE

What You'll Learn

To find square roots
'limns
of numbers
To classify real
Consider the three squares shown below.
numbers
Each square has sides with
... And Why integer length. The area of
a square is the square of
To use square roots in real-
world situations, such as the length of a side. The
finding the distance to square of an integer is
the horizon a perfect square.

af Cheek Skills You'll Need

Write the numbers The inverse of squaring a number is finding a square root.
in each list without The square-root radical, V, indicates the nonnegative square root of
using exponents. a number. In this book, you may assume that an expression
under a square-root radical is greater than or equal to zero.
1.1P,2.3, ....12°

2.10-,20-.30.....120°
1 EXAMPLE Simplifying Square Roots
] ror help, go to Lesson 4-2.
Simplify each square root.
New Vocabulary a. Va b.-Vizi
• perfect square
• square root
% V6i=8 -Vi2i=-11
• irrational number
/ Check Uderstanding Example 1
1. Simplify each square root.

a. Vioo .=Vioo c. Vi6 d.-Vi

Reading Math
The symbol \/100 is the
positive square root of The first thirteen perfect squares are
100, so you may read 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100,121, and 144.
/100 as the negative Memorizing these will help you solve problems efficiently.
square root of 100.

For an integer that is not a perfect square, you can estimate a square
root. For example, 8 is between the perfect squares 4 and 9.
Va Vs V©
I g is between \/4 and \/9
2 3
• interactive lesson
(±au Since 8 is closer to 9 than to 4, V8 is closer to 3 than to 2. So,
includes instant self-check, Vs = 3.
tutorials, and activities.

580 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

 2 EXAMPLE Real-World ,) Problem Solving

Lifeguarding You can use the formula d = V1.5h to estimate

the distance d, in miles, to a horizon line when your eyes are
h feet above the ground. Estimate the distance to the horizon
seen by a lifeguard whose eyes are 10 feet above the ground.
d= /j.5r Use the formula.

d= /j5 Replace h with 10 and multiply.

</15</16 Find perfect squares close to 15.

Find the square root of the
Vi6 = 4 closest perfect square.

• The lifeguard can see about 4 miles to the horizon. Real-World 46;) Connection
/ Check Uderstanding Example 2 This lifeguard can see nearly
1 mile farther than he can
2. Estimate to the nearest integer. standing on the beach.

a. Va7 .-V7a < Vso d. -Vaz

OBJECTIVE

911◄ 1111111111 ..... ~~ ....................

You can express a rational number as the ratio of two integers

with b =f. 0. In decimal form, a rational number either terminates or
5, @ Need Help?
repeats. An irrational number has decimal form that neither To review rational
numbers, see Lesson 4-6.
terminates nor repeats, and it cannot be written as the ratio of two
integers. Together, rationals and irrationals form the real numbers.
If an integer is not a perfect square, its square root is irrational.

3 EXAMPLE Identifying Irrational Numbers

Identify each number as rational or irrational. Explain.

a. \V18 irrational, because 18 is not a perfect square
b. Vl21 rational, because 121 is a perfect square
c. 432.8 rational, because it is a terminating decimal
d. 0.1212... rational, because it is a repeating decimal
e. 0.120120012... irrational; it neither terminates nor repeats
f. n irrational; it cannot be represented as },,
• where a and b are integers

f Check Uderstanding Example 3

3. Identify each number as rational or irrational. Explain.

a. V2 b. -Vsi c 0.5s3 d. \Va2

11-1 Square Roots and Irrational Numbers 581
EXERCISES f r>r more exercises, see Extra Practice.
Practice and Problem Solving

;) Practice by trample Simplify each square root.

Example 1 1. Va 2 -VS6 3. Vi 4. Vas
(page 580)
s.-ao 6. VSi 7.=V9 s.-Vi69
Example 2 Estimate to the nearest integer.
(page 581)
9. Vio 1o. Vi7 11. =V39 12. =VS5
13. Viewing Distance The observation
windows at the top of the Washington
Monument in Washington, D.C.,
are 500 ft high. Using the formula
d= L.sh of Example 2, estimate the
distance you can see to the horizon
from the observation windows.

Example 3 Identify each number as rational or

(page 581) irrational. Explain.
14. 4.1010010001... 15. \/97
16. -/f6 17.-0.3

18. V5 19. 2,222,222

20. Vi4a 21.0.31311...

Ow Your Skills Simplify each square root.

22. Vis 23. \/3 s
24. \'i5
/s6
25. 'i

Estimate to the nearest integer.

26. V7 27. V2 28. \Va0 29. -Vs
30. Vss 31. -Vs 32. Vi4 33. Vios
Identify each number as rational or irrational. Explain.
34. VO 35. 1.001001001 . . . 36. 2.3010010001 ...

37. Reasoning What do you get when you square \Vr?

38. Writing,inMath A classmate was absent for today's lesson.
Explain to him or her how to estimate V30,
39. a. Patterns You can create irrational numbers. For example, the
number l.010010001 ... shows a pattern, yet it is irrational.
What pattern do you see?
b. Open-Ended Name three irrational numbers between 9 and 10.
¢

582 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

 (Algebra) Find two integers that make each equation true.
40. a? =9 41. °=25 42. y?= 100 43. m? = "

44. Geometry Find the length of a side of a square with area 81 cm?
@ aantangs 45. Geometry The area of a circle is 12 in.2. Estimate its radius to the
nearest inch.

If a number is the product of three identical factors, each factor is the

cube root of the number. Since 2°= 8, 2 is the cube root of 8. In
Exercises 46--49, find the number n that makes each equation true.
46.n?= -8 47.n°=27 48. n=-27 49.n°= 343

On your graphing calculator, press [IgI] 4 to show the cube-root

radical / .Use it to find each cube root.

so. \/-s s1. /is s2. /-1.331 ss. \/is62s

Joe is hiking in national park wilderness. His radio transmits signals as

far as the horizon. Use the formula d 1.5h,
where dis the line-of-
sight distance to the horizon in miles and h is height in feet, to answer
the following questions.

# ;a i o to NEr
5,e lesson quiz at
54. Joe has the transmitter at a height of 6 ft. About how far is it from
the transmitter to the horizon?
! www.PHSchool.com A. 3 mi B. 5 mi C. 7 mi D. 9 mi
···-·-· Web Code: ada-11OT
55. Joe sets his receiver on the ground. What is the farthest away that
a transmitter 4 ft above the ground can be in order to reach Joe?
F. 0 mi G. 1.2 mi H. 2.4 mi I. 6 mi

Short Response 56. Joe wants to talk with his base camp that he knows is 6 mi away.
(a) Explain how Joe could find the height at which he should have
the transmitter. (b) Find that height.

4 Mixed Review

Lesson10-9 Find the volume of each figure in cubic centimeters.

57. sphere with r = 0.03 m 58. cone with r = 4 cm, h = 10 cm

Lesson 6-5 59. Shannon scored 17 correct on a 25-item test. The passing grade
was 65%. Did Shannon pass? Explain.

Lesson 4-1 List the positive factors of each number.

60. 18 61. 22 62. 33 63. 45 64. 50 65. 90

11-1 Square Roots and Irrational Numbers 583

 The Pythagorean Theorem

OBJECTIVE

What You'll Learn 1 Using the Pythagorean Theorem

V
OBJECTIVE
To use the
Pythagorean
Theorem
V
OBJECTIVE
To identify right
estigation
triangles 1
Exploring Right Triangles
... And Why
1. On graph paper, create right
To use the Pythagorean
triangles with legs a and b.
Theorem in real-world
situations, such as carpentry Measure the length of the
third side c with another
piece of graph paper.
/ Check Skills You'll Need
Simplify. Copy and complete the
table below.
1. 4? +6° 2. 5? + 8?
a b C a? b? c?
3. 7°+ 9? 4, 9°4 3°
3 4 9 16
{ ror help, go to Lesson 4-2.
5 12 25 144 to
9 12 81 144
New Vocabulary
• legs
2. Based on your table, use >, <, or = to complete the following
• hypotenuse
statement.
a? +? c 6

In a right triangle, the two shortest sides are legs. The longest
o Need Help? side, which is opposite the right angle, is the hypotenuse. The
A right triangle is
Pythagorean Theorem shows how the legs and hypotenuse of a
a triangle with a
90° angle. right triangle are related.

Key Concepts ]ythagorean

P Theorem
In any right triangle, the sum of the squares Hypotenuse
of the lengths of the legs is equal to the
square of the length of the hypotenuse.
a? + ?= cO
;~
l Legs '

You will prove the Pythagorean Theorem in a future math class. For
• interactive lesson
fl± now, you will use the theorem to find the length of a leg or the
includes instant self-check,
length of a hypotenuse.
tutorials, and activities.

584 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

1 EXAMPLE Using the Pythagorean Theorem

Find c, the length of the hypotenuse, in the triangle at the right.

c? = a?+ b? Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
6cm C
c? = 6° + 8? Replace a with 6 and b with 8.
c2 = 100 Simplify.
c= V100 = 10 Find the positive square root of each side. 8cm
• The length of the hypotenuse is 10 cm.

/ Check Uderstanding Example 1

1. The lengths of two sides of a right triangle are given. Find the
length of the third side.
a. legs: 3 ft and 4 ft b. leg: 12 m; hypotenuse: 15 m

You can use a calculator or a table of square roots to find

approximate values for square roots.

2 EXAMPLE Finding an Approximate Length

Find the value of x in the triangle at the right. Round to the

nearest tenth. 9 in.
a? + ? = c? Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
6? + .a?= 9? Replace a with 6, b with x, and c with 9. .x
6 in.
36 +? = 81 Simplify.
x2= 45 Subtract 36 from each side.
x = V45 Find the positive square root of each side.
Then use one of the two methods below to approximate V45,
Method 1 Use a calculator.
A calculator value for V45 is 6.7082033.
x = 6.7 Round to the nearest tenth.

Method 2 Use a table of square roots.

Use the table on page 778. Find 45 in the N column. Then find the
corresponding value in the VN column. It is 6.708.
x = 6.7 Round to the nearest tenth.

• The value of xis about 6.7 in.

a/ Check Uderstanding Example 2

2. In a right triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is 15 m and the
length of a leg is 8 m. What is the length of the other leg, to the
nearest tenth of a meter?

11-2 The Pythagorean Theorem 585

 3 EXAIIPLE Real-World ,) Problem Solving

Carpentry The carpentry terms span, rise, and rafter length are
illustrated in the diagram at the left. A carpenter wants to make a
roof that has a span of 24 ft and a rise of 8.5 ft. What should the
rafter length be?
c? = a? + b? Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
Use half the span, 12 ft. Replace a with 12
c? = 12? + 8.5?
and b with 8.5.
c?= 144 + 72.25 Square 12 and 8.5.
c?= 216.25 Add.
c= Vais2s Find the positive square root.
C = 14.7 Round to the nearest tenth.

• The rafter length should be about 14.7 ft.

/ Check Understanding Example 3

3. Carpentry What is the rise of a roof if the span is 22 feet
and the rafter length is 14 feet? Round to the nearest tenth
of a foot.

OBJECTIVE

e ICICI
The Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem allows you to substitute the
lengths of the sides of a triangle into the equation a2 + b?= c2 to
check whether a triangle is a right triangle. If the equation is true,
the triangle is a right triangle.

4 EXAMPLE Finding a Right Triangle

Is a triangle with sides 12 m, 15 m, and 20 ma right triangle?

Write the equation for the Pythagorean
a? + ?= O Theorem.
12' 4 15° 2 292 Replace a and b with the shorter lengths
and c with the longest length.
144 + 225 2 400 Simplify.
369 + 400
• The triangle is not a right triangle.

/ Check Understanding Example 4

4. Can you form a right triangle with the three lengths given? Explain.
a. 7 in., 8 in., \/113 in. b. 5 mm, 6 mm, 10 mm

586 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

EXERCISES ' ror more exercises, see Extra Practice.
Practice and Problem Solving

;) Practice by Example In each right triangle, find each missing length to the nearest tenth.
1. 2.
Examples 1 and 2
(page 585) [ 8m

3. " "
6 in.
12cm

10 in.
4.

mm h

The lengths of two sides of a right triangle are given. Find the length
of the third side. Round to the nearest tenth where necessary.
5. legs: 12 in. and 16 in. 6. legs: 21 ft and 28 ft
7. leg: 48 ft; hypotenuse: 50 ft 8. leg: 33 ft; hypotenuse: 55 ft

Example 3 Use the Pythagorean Theorem to solve each problem.

(page 580 9 9, Carpentry Use the diagram in Example 3 on page 586.A
carpenter wants to make a roof that has a rise of 5 ft and a rafter
length of 16 ft. What is the half span? The span?
Q 10. House Painting A painter places an 11-ft ladder against a house.
The base of the ladder is 3 ft from the house. How high on the
house does the ladder reach?
@ 11. Hiking Darla hikes due north for 6 km. She then turns due east and
hikes 3 km. What is the direct distance between her starting point
and stopping point, rounded to the nearest tenth of a kilometer?

Example 4 Can you form a right triangle with the three lengths given? Explain.
(page 586)
12. 4 m, 6 m, 7 m 13. 4 mi, 5 mi, 6 mi 14. 7 in., 24 in., 25 in.
15. 6.7.Vs5 16. 8in.,10in.,12in. 17. 5cm,12cm,13cm

0 Apply Your Skills Use the triangle at the right.

Find the missing length to
the nearest tenth of a unit.
4" b

18. a = 2 in., b = 4 in., c = 19. a = l.4 m, b = 2.8 m, c = ■

20. a = 3 ft, c = 5 ft, b = 21. b= 2.7 km,c = 3.4 km,a =

22. Reasoning Is a triangle with side lengths or Vi2 em. V7 cm, and
VS cm a right triangle? Explain.

11-2 The Pythagorean Theorem. 587

 Any three positive integers that make a2 + =
c2 true form
a Pythagorean triple. Does each group of three integers below
form a Pythagorean triple? Show your work.
23. 3, 4, 5 24. 7,24, 25 25. 10, 24, 25 26. 5, 12, 13
27. For each group in Exercises 23-26 that forms a Pythagorean
triple, multiply the integers by 2. Do the three new numbers form
a Pythagorean triple? Show your work.

" 28. Landscaping Jim works for a landscaping company. He must plant
and stake a tree. The stakes are 2 ft from the base of the tree.
They are connected to wires that attach to the trunk at a height of
5 ft. If there is 6 in. of extra length at both ends of each wire, how
long must each wire be, to the nearest tenth of a foot?

Can you form a right triangle having the three given lengths? Explain.
29. V5yd, V3yd, V2yd 30. 1m,0.54m,0.56 m

© 31. Quilting The diagonals for a quilting frame must be the same
length to ensure the frame is rectangular. What should the lengths
of the diagonals be for a quilting frame 86 in. by 100 in.? Draw a
sketch and then solve.
32. Writing,inMath Can you form a right triangle having side lengths
of 3p ft, 4p ft, and Sp ft? Explain.
3) aamtoge 33. Geometry In the rectangular prism at the left, d, is the diagonal
of the base of the prism, and d, is the diagonal of the prism.
a. Find d}.
4 in. b. The triangle formed by d\, do, and the side that is 4 in. is a right
triangle. Use your answer to part (a) to find dy.
c. Find the diagonal of a rectangular prism with dimensions 9 in.,
12 in., and 5 in.
6 in. Find the value of n in each diagram. Give your answer as a square root.
34. 35.
X

2
X
-3 3
-2

36. 37.
3 y
X

X
-3 3
-4

588 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

 Test Prep

Multiple Choice For Exercises 38 and 39, the lengths of two sides of a right triangle are
given. What is the length of the third side?

38. legs: 36 m and 48 m

A. 5 m B. 12 m C. 50 m D. 60 m
39. leg: 6 m; hypotenuse: \/85 m
F. 7m G. 8 m H. 9 m I. 10 m
Extended Response 40. a. Can segments with lengths 3 ft, 4 ft, and 5 ft form a right
triangle? Explain.
b. Ancient builders are said to have used ropes with
12 equally-spaced knots to make sure that square corners
# i% iionieauiz
5,ne
Er
lesson at
were indeed right angles. How could you use such a rope to
determine whether a corner in your room forms a right angle?
' www.PHSchool.com c. Explain your answer in part (b).
: · · · · · · · · Web Code: ada-1102

4 Mixed Review

Lesson 11-1 Identify each number as rational or irrational.

41. \V36 42.0.6 43. -\/i2 44.-33.3 45. 0.654

Lesson 5-9 Simplify each expression.

46. (bc) 47.(2?) 48. (3b)° 49. (a?)' so. (")
Lesson 4-951. Geography Greenland is the world's largest island and has an
area of 2,175,600 km-. Express this area in scientific notation.

r. . Math at Work
============O=···=
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····=
···=
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····=···=
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···=
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····=
···=
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····=
···=
····=
···=
···A
= ir-
=Tr=
a=ff
= ic=C=
o=n=
tro
=l=le=r=5'

When we think of airline safety, many of us think of pilots. But

there is also a network of people, the air-traffic controllers, who
work hard to ensure the safe operation of aircraft. Using radar and
visual observation, they closely monitor the location of each plane.
They coordinate the movement of air traffic to make certain that
aircraft stay a safe distance apart. They also coordinate landings
and takeoffs to keep delays at a minimum.

In their jobs, air-traffic controllers use angle measurements in

some of the same ways you do when you solve problems in
algebra and geometry.

ja
gr
to the NET +or ore atoreuono ao
;-traffic controllers, go to www.PHSchool.com.
: · · · · · · · · Web Code: adb-2031

11-2 The Pythagorean Theorem 589

 .
.. '--,
- : q
.. . l
f \ '•·tf'_.
:
. X:. . . . .
. . 1 -- . "' . . ~
~.., v
7&
. .: .:
;r

• [ s 7.y' }
• Extension ,The Pythagorean Theorem )
?'©' and Circles (
----------------
Follow the steps below to discover a characteristic of circle chords and
their perpendicular bisectors.
Step 1 With a compass, construct a large circle. Label the center 0.
Step 2 Draw a chord AB that is not a diameter.
Step 3 Construct the perpendicular bisector of the chord with a
compass and straightedge or by folding the circle so that
A lies on B.
Step 4 Label the point where the perpendicular bisector intersects
the chord as point D.

1. Write a conjecture about the perpendicular bisector of a chord

and the center of the circle.
2. Classify AAOD by its angles.

The distance from the center of a circle to a chord is the length of the
perpendicular segment with endpoints at the center and on the chord.
You can use the radius of a circle and the length of a chord to find the
distance from the center of a circle to the chord.

1 EXAMPLE

Circle O has a radius of 10 cm. Chord FG 12cm

is 12 cm long. OM is the perpendicular 1-:::==:::::-----1
- - E G
bisector of FG. How far is FG from O?
I

AOMG is a right triangle with legs x1 '10cm

OM and MG, and hypotenuse OG.
0
0 M = distance to chord = .X

OG = radius = 10 cm
MG= \FG = 3a2)= 6
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find x.
OG? = OM? + MG?
10-= a?+ 6°
100 x2
= + 36
100= 36 = .p?+ 36= 36
64 = x?
8=x
• The distance from the center to the chord is 8 cm.

590 Extension The Pythagorean Theorem and Circles

 Find x, the distance from the center O of each circle to chord JK.
Round to the nearest tenth.
3. K 4. 5.

J 0

For a given circle, you can also find the length of a chord or the length
of the radius if you know two other lengths.

2 EXAMPLE

Chord PT is 24 in. long and 5 in. from the center O of the circle.
Find the length of the radius.
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the radius r.
PM= \PT)y= 12
r?= 12- + 5?
r? = 144 + 25 0
r? = 169
r = 13
• The radius is 13 in.

Find x. If your answer is not an integer, round to the nearest tenth.

6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11.

i!

Extension The Pythagorean Theorem and Circles 59'1

11-3 Distance and
Midpoint Formulas

limy
OBJECTIVE

What You'll Learn

To find the distance
between two points
using the Distance
Formula
To find the midpoint
of a segment using
the Midpoint Formula
In the graph at the right, you can
locate point C(7, 1) to form a
right triangle with points A(2, 1)
and B(7, 3). Using the Pythagorean
Theorem, you can find AB. 0
y

A2.) °
2<...3co.»
B(7, 3)

7 X

... And Why (AB)? = (AC)} + (BC}

To find the perimeters
of figures on the AC equals the difference in x values.
(AB} =(7-2°+(3- 1)?
coordinate plane BC equals the difference in y values.
(AB?= 5° + 2- Simplify.
af Check Skills You'll Need AB=V25 + 4= V29= 5.4 Find the square root.
Write the coordinates of
each point.
You can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of a
1. A 2. D 3. G 4. J segment on a coordinate plane, or you can use the Distance Formula.
The Distance Formula is based on the Pythagorean Theorem.
·% 4f
2 D
x
4 -2 O 2 • 4
Key Concepts Distance Formula
c -2
J
You can find the distance d between any two points (x.y;)
-4 and (x5, yo);

f. For help, go to Lesson 1-10.

New Vocabulary
• distance 1 EXAMPLE Using the Distance Formula
• midpoint
Find the distance between A(6,3) and B(1, 9).

d= V(s=a) +6=? Use the Distance Formula.

Replace (x;, y;) with (1, 9)

d= V(I-6)° + (9= 3° and (x4, y+) with (6, 3).

d= V(-5° + 6° Simplify.

4= NV/6 Find the exact distance.

d = 7.8
•
(fa interactive lesson
Round to the nearest tenth .

includes instant self-check, • The distance between A and Bis about 7.8 units.
tutorials, and activities.

592 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

f Check Uderstanding Example 1
1. Find the distance between the two points in each pair. Round to
the nearest tenth.
a. (3, 8). (2.4) b. (10, 3).(1.0)
Reading Math
You can also use the Distance Formula to solve geometry problems. The Distance Formula
Wait until the last step to round your answer. indicates that you
subtract (twice), square
(twice), and add before
2 EXAMPLE Finding Perimeter you find the square root.

Find the perimeter of ABCD.

10 X
'!io,-19

Use the Distance Formula to find the side lengths.

AB = V(8-0)° + (0 (1yy2 Replace (x;, yj) with (8,0)
and (x4, y+) with (0, -1).

=V64 + 1= 6s Simplify.

Replace (xj, y;) with (9, 4)

BC= V(9- 8)? + (4- 0)°
and (x4, y+) with (8, 0).
=Vi+16 = /i7 Simplify.

Replace (x;, y;) with (3, 3)

CD= V(3=9)° + (3- 4)° and (x4, y+) with (9, 4).
=V36 + 1 = 37 Simplify.

DA = V(0- 3)° + ((1)= 3j2 Replace(x;,yj) with(0,-1)

and (x,, y+) with (3, 3).
= V9 + 16 = \V@5= 5 Simplify.

perimeter = V65 + /17 + /37 + 5= 23.268126

• The perimeter is about 23.3 units.

sf Check Uderstanding Example 2

2. Find the perimeter of ADEF

As
at the right. Round to the
nearest tenth.

11-3 Distance and Midpoint Formulas 593

 OBJECTIVE

@liITy
The midpoint of a segment AB is the point Mon AB halfway
between the endpoints A and B where AM= MB.

~ Kt'( Co"cep-h J Midpoint Formula

Reading Math
You can find the midpoint of a
Each coordinate of a
midpoint is the mean
line segment with endpoints
of the corresponding A(q, yj) and Ba, yo);
coordinates of
the endpoints. x

3 EXAMPLE Finding the Midpoint of a Segment

Find the midpoint of GH.

3 y

-3 7 X
2 H(7,-2)

.r I + X2 Y1 )
( 2 · 2 Use the Midpoint Formula.

(- ±12+c Replace (x+, y+) with (-3, 2) and

2 • 2 (xg, yj) with (7,--2).

(g
22
g) Simplify the numerators.

= (2, 0) Write the fractions in simplest form.

• The coordinates of the midpoint of GH are (2, 0).

s/ Check Uderstanding Example 3

3. Find the midpoint of each segment.
a. b.
6 y Q

4 X

4
2
p
0 2 4 6 X

594 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

EXERCISES f pr%r more exercises, see Extra Practice.
Practice and Problem Solving

Q Practice by Example Find the distance between the two points of each pair. Round to the
nearest tenth.
Example 1
(page 592) 1. (1.5), (5, 2) 2. (6, 0).(6.5) 3. (5,10), (11, -7)
4. (-6,12),(-3, -7) 5. (8, -1),(-5,11) 6. (12,3),(-12,4)

Example 2 Geometry Find the perimeter of each figure.

(page 593)
7. 8.
6 y
B

0 2 4 6 X

Example3 Find the midpoint of each segment.

(page 594)
9. 10. y
4

2
(0, 0) X
2 0 2 4
2

Ow» Your Skills For Exercises 11 and 12, find both the length and the midpoint of the
segment joining the two given points. Round to the nearest tenth.
11. $(9,12) and U(-9,= 12) 12. K(23, 4) and W(-2, 16)
13. Error Analysis A student's calculation of the (6-(-4) (6-2))
midpoint of the segment with endpoints ( 2 · 2
A(-4, 2) and B(6, 6) is shown at the right.
What mistake did the student make? -(gs)
14. Reasoning The midpoint of AB is =(5,2)
(3,5). The coordinates of A are (6,1).
What are the coordinates of B?

When you use the indicated formula, does it matter which point
you choose as (r, yy)? Explain.
writing in Matl 15. the Midpoint Formula 16. the Distance Formula
For help with writing a
solution for Exercise 17. A segment has endpoints A(3, 5) and B(2, 1).
17, see page 597. a. Find the midpoint M of the segment.
b. Use the Distance Formula to verify that AM = MB.

11-3 Distance and Midpoint Formulas 595

 3) aatanse 18. Geometry The three vertices of a triangle have coordinates
P(3,1), Q(2, -5), and R(4, 6). Determine whether the triangle
is scalene, isosceles, or equilateral. Show your work.
19. Wri
ting,in Math Explain how using the Midpoint Formula
involves finding averages.

· Test Prep

Gridded Response Use the diagram for Exercises 20 and 21.

20. What is the number of square units
in the square?

21. What is the perimeter of the

square, to the nearest tenth?
-4
'# ;% iio nie NEer
p5-e lesson auiz a
22. What is the length, to the nearest
tenth, of the segment whose
: www.PHSchool.com endpoints are A(3, 7) and 8(8, 21)?
........ · Web Code: ada-1103

• Mixed Review

Lesson 11-2 Can you form a right triangle with the lengths given?
23. 8 m, 15 m, 17 m 24. 5 in., 8 in., 5 in. 25. 20 yd, 12 yd, 16 yd

Lesson 10-4 26. Geometry Draw a net to represent a rectangular prism that is
4 in. long, 3 in. wide, and 2 in. high. Label dimensions on the net.

Lesson 6-2 Solve each proportion.

3 a
27 ·B24 11 _ 66
28 ·? b 7
72 30. 19 9.5

gf checkpoint Quiz 1 Lessons 11-1 through 11-3

•
(j±@ instant self-check Estimate to the nearest integer.
quiz online and
on CD-ROM 1. -Vs 2 Vi@ 3. V27 4. V9o s. -Vis 6. Vios
The lengths of two legs of a right triangle are given. Find the length
of the hypotenuse. Round to the nearest tenth.
7. 6ft,8ft 8. 8m,14m 9. 7 yd, 24 yd 10. 5 cm, 5 cm

Find the length of AB and the midpoint of AB. Round the length of
AB to the nearest tenth.
11. A(0,=2) and B(-6, -9) 12. A(8, 11) and B(5.2)

13. Open-Ended Name three irrational numbers between 10 and 20.

596 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

 ya £ 1Il la o
rcpt 2pOOw

For Use With Page 595, Exercise 17

One way to justify your solution of a problem is to give a reason for

each step you take, keeping in mind the persons who will read your
work. Acceptable reasons include properties and procedures that you
and your audience have agreed upon.

EXAMPLE

A segment has endpoints A(3, 5) and B(2,1).

a. Find the midpoint M of the segment.
b. Use the Distance Formula to verify that AM = MB.

a. First find the midpoint of AB.

Steps Reasons

-3 + 2 5 + 1) Use the Midpoint Formula. Replace (x4, y;)

( 2 • 2 with (-3, 5) and (x;, y) with (2, 1).

(3.3)or (0.5.3) simplify.

b. Next verify that this is the midpoint M by showing that AM = MB.

Steps Reasons

AM= \V(-0.5' (3))° + (3= 5)° Find AM. Use the Distance Formula.

AM = Vi0.as Simplify.

MB =V(2-(-0.5))° + (1= 3y° Find MB. Use the Distance Formula.

MB = V1625 Simplify.

Since AM and MB are both \/'io.25, AM = MB and (-0.5, 3) is

• the midpoint of AB .

EXERCISES
Solve each problem. Justify your steps to verify your answer.
1. Find the perimeter of the triangle with vertices located at (5, 9),
(7, 4), and (-3, 7).
2. The vertices of a triangle are located at (-1, 5), (2, 5), and (2, 1).
Show that this is a right triangle. (Hint: Use the Distance Formula
and the Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem.)

Writing in Math Writing to Justify 597

-o 11-4
·.•.-..... -
..... ·.'.- .-...f
----. -- >
. »»
·~~.-.-.-.-.· .. · Pro~lem
Solving Write a Proportion
OBJECTIVE

What You'll Learn

iKj ro wrte a
proportion from
5Jim: mo
similar triangles Math Strategies in Action You can't measure distance across the
Grand Canyon with a tape measure. Yet, distances across it have been
... And Why measured. How were they measured?
To solve problems of
unknown distance

Check Skills You'll Need

Solve each proportion.
1 _ a
1 37 2 h 20
I2 ·5° 25
31-.6'4r
42_c
·7 35
] ror help, go to Lesson 6-2.

Surveyors sometimes find such distances indirectly using similar

triangles and proportions. You learned about these in Lessons 6-2
and 6-3. Now let's see how you can use similar right triangles and
proportions to find measurements indirectly.

1 EXAMPLE Real-World ,,} Problem Solving

SurveyingTo find the distance from Q to P across a canyon, a

surveyor picks points Rand S such that RS is perpendicular to RP.
- - -
He locates point Ton SP such that QT is perpendicular to RP. The
two triangles, APRS and APQT,are similar. He then measures RS,
- -
RQ, and QT. What is the distance QP across the canyon?

Test-Taking Tip
If problems involving
,.a
i
distance do not include
95ft
diagrams, draw your
own to help you solve
the problem.
a-'
S, a
Not drawn to scale

(Read and Understand_)

• interactive lesson
fl±
includes instant self-check,
1. What information is given?
tutorials, and activities. 2. What are you asked to find?

598 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

 ( Plan and Solve)

Since APQT APRS and you know three lengths, writing and
solving a proportion is a good strategy to use. It is helpful to draw the
triangles as separate figures.

Q X
.--r---------------::::-,eP

90 ft

R T
40 + X
.-.-----------------=-?

95 ft

Write a proportion using the legs of the similar right triangles.

.x 90
40 + r 95 Write a proportion.

95x = 90( 40 + x) Write cross products.

95x = 3,600 + 90x Use the Distributive Property.

5x = 3,600 Subtract 90x from each side.

x = 720 Divide each side by 5.

The distance QP across the canyon is 720 ft.

(Look Back and Check_)

Solving problems that involve indirect measurement often makes

use of figures that overlap. Use the diagram on page 598 to answer
the following questions.

/ Check Understanding
3. Which segments overlap?
4. A common error students make is to use part of a side
in a proportion. For example, some students might think
" is equal to ,}. How does drawing the triangles as separate
figures help you avoid this error?

11-4 Write a Proportion 599

EXERCISES ]' ror more exercises, see Extra Practice.
Practice and Problem Solving

0 Practice by Example In Exercises 1-5, write a proportion and find the value of each x.
Example 1 1. AABE- ACD D 2. AGHI- AKII
(page 598) X
E
G
60 d J
20m
X

A C
13mB K
[+2lm >l

3. A swimmer needs to know the distance x across a lake (at left)

to help her decide whether it is safe to swim to the other side.
She estimates the distance using the triangles shown.
AABC- AEDC.What is the distance across the lake?
D 4. Landscaping A landscaper needs to find
the distance x across a piece of land. She
estimates the distance using the similar
sa
wI>
triangles at the right. What is the distance? X

;5) Amy rour sias @ s. Indirect Measurement To

estimate the height of a tree, ,
n
✓

Milton positions a mirror o

the ground so he can see the /
top of the tree reflected in it. ¢
/
His height, his distance from
- Strategies the mirror, and his line of
sight to the mirror determine
5 ft
I
1

-iioh
\
,.'
,

• Account for All

Possi bi I ities a triangle. The tree's height, its2ft 11.2 ft
• Draw a Diagram distance from the mirror, and the distance from the top of the
• Look for a Pattern tree to the mirror form a similar triangle. Use the measurements
• Make a Model shown to determine the height of the tree.
• Make a Table
• Simplify the Problem Solve using any strategy.
• Simulate the Problem 6. There are 30 students in a math class. Twelve belong to the
• Solve by Graphing computer club, and eight belong to the photography .club. Three
• Try, Test, Revise belong to both clubs. How many belong to neither club?
• Use Multiple Strategies
• Work Backward 7. Jake spent } of his money on a book and } of what was left on a
• Write an Equation magazine. He now has $6.25. How much money did he start with?
• Write a Proportion 8. Hai takes 12 minutes to walk to school. He wants to get there
15 minutes early to meet with his lab partner. What time should
he leave his house if school starts at 8:10 A.M.?
9. Number Sense Christa thought of a number. She added 4,
multiplied the sum by=5,and subtracted 12. She then doubled
the result and got=34.What number did Christa start with?

600 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

 @) amens 10. The height of the Eiffel Tower is 984 ft. A souvenir model of the
tower is 6 in. tall. At 5 P.M. in Paris, the shadow of the souvenir
model is 8 in. long. The Eiffel Tower and its shadow determine
two legs of a right triangle that are similar to the two legs of a
right triangle determined by the souvenir model and its shadow.
About how long is the shadow of the Eiffel Tower?
@11. Architecture Madison Square Garden in New York City is built in
the shape of a circle. Its diameter is 404 ft and it accommodates
20,234 spectators. To the nearest tenth of a square foot, how much
area is there for each spectator?
12. (Algebra) You serve a p

tennis ball from one end

of a tennis court, 39 ft
from the net. You hit
Real-World 6) Connection the ball at 9 feet above
the ground. It travels in
The Eiffel Tower was named
for its designer, Gustave Eiffel,
a straight path down the middle of the court, and just clears the top
who also designed the Statue of the 3-ft net. This is illustrated in the diagram. APQR= AMQS.
of Liberty framework. How far from the net does the ball land?

Test Prep

Multiple Choice 13. In the diagram at the right, what is x?

5
A. 43.75 B. 28 x
C. 26.25 D. 17
# ;%note rr 14. What is the value of x in this 21
4

5,e
:
iesson quiz at
www.PHSchool.com
proportion, g} =±
37
35

........ · Web Code: ada-1104

F. 15 G. 60 H. 120 I. 156
Short Response .15. Suppose a friend says to you "xis to x + 1.5 as 64 is to 72."
a. Write a proportion to solve for x.
b. Solve your proportion.

4 Mixed Review

Lesson 11-3 Find the midpoint of each segment with given endpoints.
16. A(2,3) and B(4, 7) 17. L(-1, 2) and M(2, 6)

Lessons 9-3 Sketch each figure.

18. isosceles right triangle 19. scalene obtuse triangle

Lesson 7-4 Q 20. Fundraising Keith collected twice as much money as Lucy for a
walkathon. Together they collected $120. How much money did
each person collect?

11-4 Write a Proportion 601

"11-5 ®
Special Right Triangles
OBJECTIVE

What You'll Learn

V
OBJECTIVE

To use the
5llimm2SALSER1TILDI
relationships in
45°-45°-90° triangles The Pythagorean Theorem requires that you understand square
iE"" rouse he
relationships in
roots. The rule for Multiplying Square Roots will help you work with
square roots more efficiently.
30°-60°-90° triangles

... And Why Key Cot1cepts J Multiplying Square Roots

To find distances in
real-world situations, such For nonnegative numbers, the square root of a product equals the
as in sports product of the square roots.
Arithmetic Algebra
f Check Skills You'll Need = =
If a 0 and b 0,
Find the missing side of Vo.5- Vo.Va hen Vab = Va +E,
each right triangle.
1. legs: 6 m and 8 m
2. leg: 9 m; The rule for Multiplying Square Roots is especially
hypotenuse: 15 m useful with an isosceles right triangle, which is also 45°
known by its angle measures as a 45°-45°-90° C
3. legs: 27 m and 36 m X
triangle. You can use the rule to relate the lengths
4. leg:48 m; of the sides and the hypotenuse in such a triangle.
hypotenuse: 60 m
1 For help, go to Lesson 11-2. °= a? +?
Use the
Pythagorean Theorem.
X
45°

c2 = x2 + x2 Replace a and b with x.

c2 = 2x2 Simplify.

c=\/52 Find the square root.

c=\/g./42 Use the rule for Multiplying Square Roots.

c = V2·x,or.xV2 simplify.

This shows the following special relationship.

Key Concepts 45°-45°-90° Triangles

In a 45° -45°-90° triangle, the legs are

. congruent and the length of the hypotenuse

s the length of a leg times V2.
s2 45° s

• interactive lesson
(Jag
includes instant self-check,
tutorials, and activities.
L hypotenuse = leg ·Va
--------------
45°
s

602 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

 1 EXAMPLE Finding Length of the Hypotenuse

Find the length of the hypotenuse in the triangle at the right.

45°
hypotenuse = leg .\2 use the 45-45-90° relationship.
X
x = 6 .2 me length of the leg is 6. 6 in.
= 8.5 Use a calculator. 45°
• The length of the hypotenuse is about 8.5 in. 6 in.

sf Check Uderstanding Example 1

1. The length of each leg of an isosceles right triangle is 4.2 cm.
Find the length of the hypotenuse. Round to the nearest tenth.

You can use 45--45--90° triangles in real-world situations.

2 EXAMPLE Real-World ,) Problem Solving

Baseball A baseball diamond is a square. The distance from

any base to the next is 90 ft. How far is it from home plate to
second base?
hypotenuse = leg · V2 Use the 45-45-90° relationship.
=90· Q The length of the leg is 90.
= 127.28 Use a calculator.

• The distance from home plate to second base is about 127 ft.

/ Check Understanding Example 2

2. Gymnasts use mats that are 12 m by 12 m for floor exercises.
A gymnast does cartwheels across the diagonal of a mat.
What is the length of the diagonal to the nearest meter?

OBJECTIVE

@lism2STAT.SAD
Another special right triangle is the 30° -60° -90° triangle.
You can form two congruent 30°-60°-90° triangles by
bisecting an angle of an equilateral triangle. This is 2x 2x
shown in the diagram.
In the diagram, the length of the hypotenuse of each 60°
~-~~--~
60°
30°-60--90° triangle is twice the length of the shorter x x
leg. You can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the
length of the longer leg.

11-5 Special Right Triangles 603

 For the figure at the right, find the length of the longer leg.
30°
(2x)'- = ?4 b? Use the Pythagorean Theorem.

4? = ±? +b? Simplify.
b 2x
3? = b? Subtract x2 from each side.

Va?= Find the square root. 60°

X
Vs.VF= Rule for Multiplying Square Roots

b= V3·x,or xV3 simplify.

This shows the special relationship of the hypotenuse and the legs
in a 30° -60° -90° triangle.

Key Concepts 30°-60-90° Triangle

In a 30° -60° -90° triangle, the length of the

zf,
hypotenuse is 2 times the length of the 0°
'
shorter leg. The length of the longer leg
VS
is the length of the shorter leg times V3, 0

hypotenuse = 2 · shorter leg s

longer leg = shorter leg ·Vs

3 EXAMPLE Finding Lengths in a 30°-60°-90° Triangle

Find the missing lengths in the triangle.

hypotenuse = 2 · shorter leg
y
x = 2 · 5 The length of the shorter leg is 5.
x = 10 Simplify. 0

longer leg = shorter leg .Vs 5 ft

y = 5 .3 The length of the shorter leg is 5.
y = 8.7 Use a calculator.

The length of the hypotenuse is 10 ft, and the length of the longer
• leg is about 8.7 ft.

sf Check Uderstanding Example 3

3. Find the missing lengths in each 30-60-90° triangle.
a. b.
4cm 60° 12 in.
a e
30°
60°
30°
b f

604 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

EXERCISES 1 For more exercises, see Extra Practice.
Practice and Problem Solving

) aaice ty trample The lengths of the legs of an isosceles right triangle are given. Find
the length of each hypotenuse to the nearest tenth.
Example T
(page 603) 1. 2. X

45°
9cm

3. legs: 5.4 in. 4. legs: 17 ft 5. legs: 21 m

Example 2 Q 6. Ballet A ballet teacher wants to divide his square classroom in

(page 603) half diagonally with masking tape. How much tape will he need if
the side length of the classroom is 40 ft?
7 Flooring A square piece of tile with sides 12 in. is cut along a
diagonal. What is the length of the diagonal rounded to the
nearest inch?

Example 3 Find the missing lengths. Round to the nearest tenth.

(page 604)
8. 9. y
30°
y
X
60° 10 yd

60°
0 Apply Your Skills 10.
y

f
X
y 13 cm
30°
- 45°
8V3 1 X

12. Error Analysis A student says that a right triangle with a

hypotenuse of length 2\V2 in. has to be an isosceles right triangle.
What mistake might the student have made?
13. Wri
ting in Math Explain how to find the lengths of the longer leg
and hypotenuse of a 30° -60° -90° triangle if the shorter leg is 10 ft.
14. Mrs. Fernandez wants to string a rope diagonally across her
square classroom for her students to hang their completed art
projects. If one side of the room measures 20 ft, what is the
minimum length of rope she can use?

Simplify. Use the rule for Multiplying Square Roots.

1s. VS.27 16. Vs0-V2 1z. Va6-Va
a Challenge 18. Reasoning The smaller angles of a 30° -60° -90° triangle are in the
ratio 1:2. Are the shorter sides also in the ratio 1:22 Explain.

11-5 Special Right Triangles 605

 19. Geometry A polygon is inscribed in a circle if all of its vertices lie
on the circle. To find the area of the hexagon inscribed in a circle
with a diameter of 8 in., answer each of the following.
a. The segments shown form 6 congruent equilateral triangles.
What is the length of each side of each triangle?
b. What is the height of one triangle?
c. What is the area of one triangle?
d. What is the area of the hexagon?
20. Geometry You can inscribe a regular hexagon in a circle using a
r iling in
=a
Mall compass and straightedge.
Sketch a 45°-45°-90° a. Use your compass to construct a circle. Keep the compass at
triangle. Use x for the the same setting. Place the tip of the compass on the circle.
length of one leg. Mark an arc on the circle. Place the tip of the compass where
Explain how to find the
lengths of the other
the arc intersects the circle and mark another arc. Continue
sides of the triangle. around the circle until you have six arcs on the circle. Join
consecutive arcs with segments.
b. Measure the diameter of the circle. Use this measure and
Exercise 19 to find the area of your hexagon.

Multiple Choice 21. In the triangle at the right, what is x, to the nearest tenth?
A. 8.7 B.8 C. 5.7 D. 2
# ;a no to er
5,re lesson quiz at
22. In a 30°-60°-90° triangle, the length of the longer leg X
is 10. What is the length of the hypotenuse, to the
! www.PHSchool.com
.. · .. · · · · Web Code: ada-1105 nearest tenth? 45°
F. 5.0 G. 5.8 H. 11.5 I. 17.3
Short Response In Exercises 23-25, (a) tell whether a triangle with sides of the given
lengths could be 45°-45-90° or 30°-60°-90°. (b) Explain your answers.

23.6,8, 10 24.5,5,5\V2 25. 15,7.5\V3,7.5

4 Mixed Review

Lesson 11-4 26. Surveying A surveyor needs to find the

distance across a lake. He estimates the
distance using the similar triangles at 40m 66m
the right. What is the distance?
20m
Lesson 9-6 Find the circumference of each circle
with the given radius or diameter. 79m

27. radius = 4 in. 28. diameter = 6 m 29. radius = 2.5 ft

Lesson 8-1 Is each relation a function? Explain.

30. {(1.3).(0.4).(1.5)} 31. {(2.3).(3.4).(4.5).(5.6)}

606 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

 r l,
I
"y
'}
! I{ '{&}
%
r y ?
j
I'
A
; .1 ·so» g

gleg y a » e

quare toots of Expressions \

With Variables
3S

For Use With Lesson 11-5

You can simplify square roots of expressions that contain variables.

Assume that the value of each variable is not negative.

1 EXAMPLE

Write each square root without a radical sign.

a. as? Vo
Vasr? = V5ye write2s?as he
square of 5x.
/®= V(Py? Use the rule for the
Power of a Power.

• =5x Simplify. =p? Simplify.

You can also simplify expressions that have nonsquare factors by

using the rule for Multiplying Square Roots.

2 EXAMPLE

Simplify each square root.

a. V9
Ve?- Va., Use the rule for Multiplying Powers with the Same Base.
=V.V? Use the rule for Multiplying Square Roots.

=+ V? Simplify.

b. Vas.r
\/48 = /16·3.x Find a perfect square factor.

\/16.1/3r Use the rule for Multiplying Square Roots.

• =43¥ Simplify.

EXERCISES
Write each square root without the radical sign.
1. Va9? 2. Vioo'? 3. -Vas 4. VrPO s5.-V169m?9

Simplify each square root.

s. v% 7. Vs s. Vsi 9.-Von 1o. -V+?
11. V? 12V,® 13. =Von 14. Van 1s. -Vhon'

Square Roots of Expressions 607

11-6 Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Ratios
OBJECTIVE

What You'll Learn

To find
limm:TITTING=TS
trigonometric ratios
in right triangles
To use trigonometric
ratios to solve
problems Exploring Ratios i Similar Right Triangles
... And Why 1. In the diagram at the Q y
right, APQR- AXYZ. 4n/
To find lengths that cannot
be measured directly Find the length of
the hypotenuse of
8m
R'
>P
z x
7m
each triangle. 14 m
if Check Skills You'll Need
Solve each problem. 2. In the triangles above, LP is the smallest angle of APQR and
Z X is the smallest angle of AXYZ. For each figure, write the
1. A 6-ft man casts an following ratios in simplest form.
8-ft shadow while a
nearby flagpole casts length of leg opposite smallest angle
a 20-ft shadow. How a. length of hypotenuse
tall is the flagpole? length of leg adjacent to smallest angle
2. When a 12-ft tall b. length of hypotenuse
building casts a 22-ft
shadow, how long is length of leg opposite smallest angle
c. length of leg adjacent to smallest angle
the shadow of a
nearby 14-ft tree? 3. What do you notice about the two ratios you wrote for each

{ ror help, go to Lesson 6-3.

part of Question 2? •
New Vocabulary
The word trigonometry means A
• trigonometry
triangle measure. The ratio of the
• trigonometric ratio
lengths of two sides of a right Adjacent Hypotenuse
• sine to Z. A
triangle is a trigonometric ratio.
• cosine To write trigonometric ratios,
• tangent C Opposite z A B
you must identify sides that are
opposite and adjacent to the acute angles of a triangle.

Trigonometric Ratios

sine LA = length of leg opposite LA = CB

length of hypotenuse AB

(()S[)
. LA length of leg adjacent to LA AC
• interactive lesson
t , t1""
length of hypotenuse AB
(jag
includes instant self-check,
t Z A_ length of leg opposite ZA _ CB
tutorials, and activities. angent length of leg adjacent to A AC

608 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

 You can use these abbreviations when you find trigonometric ratios
for a given acute Z N. Reading Math
. opposite adjacent opposite The abbreviations for
sm N = hypotenuse cos N = hypotenuse tan N = adjacent sine, cosine, and
tangent are sin, cos,
and tan, respectively.
1 EXAMPLE Writing Trigonometric Ratios

For AXYZ, find the sine, cosine, and tangent of LX.

. opposite _ 5 y
sm X = hypotenuse 13 ~ 13
adjacent 12 5
cos X = hypotenuse = 13 Z 12 X
opposite 5
tan X = adjacent 12

f Check Uderstanding Example 1

1. For AXYZ above, find the sine, cosine, and tangent of LY.

Trigonometric ratios are usually expressed in decimal form as

approximations. If you know the measure of an acute angle of a
right triangle, you can use a calculator or a table of trigonometric
ratios to find approximate values for the sine, cosine, and tangent of
the angle.

2 EXAMPLE Using a Calculator

Find the trigonometric ratios of 42° using a calculator or the table Graphing Calculator Hit
on page 779. Round to four decimal places. If you use a graphing
calculator, enter the
sin 42° = 0.6691 Scientific calculator: Enter 42 and press the key trigonometric ratio
labeled SIN, COS, or TAN. name before you enter
cos 42° = 0.7431
Table: Find 42° in the first column. the angle measure. Be
• tan 42° = 0.9004 Look across to find the appropriate ratio. sure the calculator is in
degree mode.
a/ Check Uderstanding Example 2
2. Find each value. Round to four decimal places.
a. sin 10° b. cos 75° c. tan53° d. cos 22°

OBJECTIVE

ITH7ASSISTS; JD
You can use trigonometric ratios to find measures in right triangles
indirectly. The advantage to using trigonometric ratios is that you
need only an acute angle measure and the length of one side to find
the lengths of the other two sides.

11-6 Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Ratios 609

 3 EXAIIPLE Real-World ($,) Problem Solving

ts-+,6 Ramps What is the length of the wheelchair ramp at the left?
You know the angle and the side opposite the angle. You want to
Not drawn to scale
find x, the length of the hypotenuse.
. opposite
sm A = hypotenuse Use the sine ratio.
1 Substitute 4° for the angle and T
sin 4° = -
x for the side opposite.
x(sin 4°) = 1 Multiply each side by x.
x=.l, Divide each side by sin 4°.
sin 4°
X = 14.3 Use a calculator.

• The ramp is about 14.3 ft long.

/ Check Uderstanding Example 3

3. How long is the longer leg under the ramp in Example 3?

More Than One Way .$

Ladders Find the height, .x, that the ladder reaches.

Kevin's Method
Use the Pythagorean theorem.
3? + ?= 8?
9 + ?= 64
y?= 55
x= Ve= 74
The ladder reaches about 7.4 ft.

Tia's Method
Use a trigonometric ratio.

- 0 n on"G68° x g
3 ft 8 (sin 68°) = x
7.4 =X
The ladder reaches about 7.4 ft.

Choose a Method
1. Which method do you prefer to use? Explain.
2. What information is needed for each method?

610 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

EXERCISES f r%or more exercises, see Extra Practice.
Practice and Problem Solving

;) Practice ty Example For Exercises 1--3, find the length of the indicated side.
Example 1 1. the leg opposite LA A
(page 609)
2. the leg adjacent to LA ~
3. the hypotenuse of AABC 3] S
C B
4. Find the sine, cosine, and tangent of LA. 4

Use AQRS for Exercises 5 and 6. s

5. Find the sine, cosine, and tangent of LR.
6. Find the sine, cosine, and tangent of LS. R
2
12 Q

Example 2 Find each value. Round to four decimal places.

(page 609)
7. tan 89° 8. sin 30° 9. cos 14° 10. sin 67°

11. tan 28° 12. cos 89° 13. tan 11 ° 14. sin 83°

Example 3 ) 15. Waterskiing The angle that a waterskiing ramp forms with the \9.3
(page 610) surface of the water is 15°, and the ramp rises 5 ft. Approximately
how long is the ramp?
@ 16. Loading Ramps The ramp on the back of a mover's truck is 12 ft
long. If the angle of the ramp with the ground is 22°, about how
high is the floor of the truck above the ground?

;) Ayr your siats Use right triangles to find the ratios. Show your diagrams.
17. tan45° 18. cos 60° 19. sin 30° 20. cos 30°

21. Writing in Math Tom says the missing length in

the triangle at the right can be found using the
tangent ratio. Jed says it can be found using the
s
l
sine ratio. Who is correct? Explain. 9
4 22. Hot-Air Balloons A hot-air balloon climbs continuously along a
30° angle to a height of 5,000 feet. To the nearest tenth of a foot,
how far has the balloon traveled to reach 5,000 feet? Draw a
sketch, and then solve.
@ aanense 23. Reasoning Find the sine of an angle and the cosine of its
complement. Do this for several angles. Make a conjecture.
24. A wire from a radio tower is supported
by a 23-ft brace.
a. How tall is the radio tower? ~Brare
b. What is the measure of the angle ~
formed by the wire and the ground? y+ 90ft>] 45ft

11-6 Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Ratios 611

 Multiple Choice In Exercises 25 and 26, how high on a wall does a 12-ft ladder reach?

25. The base of the ladder is 3 ft from the wall.

A. 4.0 ft B. 10.0 ft C. 11.6 ft D. 12 ft

26. The ladder forms a 60° angle with the ground.

F 10.4 ft G. 8.0 ft H. 6.9 ft I. 6.0 ft

Reading Comprehension Read the passage below before doing Exercises 27 and 28.

The Tilting Tower

Building began on the bell tower of 1999, engineering experts began
at Pisa, Italy, in 1173. Shortly after work at the base to correct some of
that, the 55.9-m tower began to the lean. They completed the work
lean and has continued to lean in 2001 after decreasing the lean
even more over the centuries. In by 0.5°. The engineers hope their
1993, the tower had a tilt that was work will stabilize the tower for
5.5° from the vertical. In the spring the next 300 years.

# ia note urr
5,e lesson quiz a
27. In 2001, what was the tilt of the tower in degrees?

28. In 2001, about how many meters from the vertical was the top
' www.PHSchool.com of the tower?
: · .. · · · · · Web Code: ada-1106

4 Mixed Review

Lesson 11-5 Find the missing lengths.

X

z
29. a 30. 31.
·% ell
+m»\,/+ [
4il
Lesson 9-7 32. Geometry GT is the perpendicular bisector of RA at point E.
Name two congruent segments.

Lesson 8-2 Find the solutions of each equation for x =-1,0, and 3.
33. y = -3x + 2 34. X + y = 20 35. 6x 2y = 12

Checkpoint Quiz 2 Lessons 11-4 through 11-6

• instant self-check
fl±l Tell whether a triangle with sides of the given lengths is 45-45-90°,
quiz online and 30-60°-90°, or neither.
on CD-ROM
1. 8.8.8V2 2.1.2V5 3. 12\V3,12.24

Find each value. Round to four decimal places.

4. cos 61 ° 5. tan 30° 6. sin 32° 7. sin 87°

612 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

 I'

q ., For Use With Lesson 11-6

You can use a calculator or a trigonometric-ratio table to find the

degree measure of an acute angle of a right triangle if two sides of the
triangle are known. If you are using a graphing calculator, be sure you
are in degree mode.

EXAMPLE

You have a map charting a ship's course.

The ship is traveling from the port along
the course shown. What is the angle from
due north of the ship's course?
The angle formed by due north, the port,
/
s
and the ship is the angle at which the ship
is traveling. This is angle X.
cos x ={' ,·
@le
5
To find mLX with a calculator:
or
Press TRIG cos 7 191 + 325 [EDE]
g
mLX= 54°
To find mZ X using the table of
trigonometric ratios on page 779:
cos X= }}} =0.5877 Divide.
In the cosine column, find the decimal closest to 0.5877,
m X= 54°
which is 0.5878. Read the angle measure across from 0.5878.

• The ship is traveling at a 54° angle from due north.

EXERCISES
Find the measure of each acute angle. Round to the nearest degree.
1. Xi1 Z 2. K 3. C
34m 16m
10ft 7 ft 1.02mi
rJ
[l2
30m Ee
\D
y 0.75mi

In APQR, ZQ is a right angle. Find the measures of LP and LR to

the nearest tenth.
4. PQ = 3, PR= 5 5. RQ = 12, PR = 13 6. PQ = 20, RQ = 21

Finding Angle Measures 613

LL Y : (Y
'
11-7 Angles of Elevation
and Depression
% "

OBJECTIVE

What You'll Learn

To use trigonometry
to find angles of
elevation Civil engineers and navigators use the terms angle of elevation and
To use trigonometry angle of depression to describe the angles at which they observe
to find angles of things. An angle of elevation is formed by a horizontal line and a
depression line of sight above it. It is used when you must look up at an object.
... And Why
To solve real-world problems
in subjects such as surveying A
and navigation e of sig!! Object
sighted
[aoote of elevation
sf Check Skills You'll Need
Horizontal C
Find each
trigonometric ratio.
1. sin 45° 2. cos 32° Z ABC is an angle of elevation.
3. tan 18° 4. sin 68°
5. cos 88° 6. tan 84° 1 EXAMPLE Real-World ,) Problem Solving

] ror help, go to Lesson 11-6. Kite Flying Marcus is flying a kite. He lets out 40 yd of string
and anchors it to the ground. He determines that the angle of
New Vocabulary elevation of the kite is 52°. What is the height x of the kite
• angle of elevation from the ground?
• angle of depression

Draw a picture.

sin A = opposite Choose an appropriate

hypotenuse trigonometric_ ratio.

Substitute 52° for the angle measure

sins2° = 3}f and 40 for the hypotenuse.

40(sin 52°) = x Multiply each side by 40.

32= .x Simplify.

• interactive lesson
fj± • The kite is about 32 yd from the ground.
includes instant self-check,
tutorials, and activities.

614 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

/ Check Uderstanding Example 1
1. The angle of elevation from a ship to the top of a lighthouse is
12°. The lighthouse is known to be 30 m tall. How far is the ship
from the base of the lighthouse?

In real life, a person's line of sight is parallel to the ground at eye

height. In some problems you must account for this.

2 EXAMPLE Real-World ,,) Problem Solving

Indirect Measurement Felicia wants to determine the height

of a tree. From her position 20 ft from the base of the tree, she
sees the top of the tree at an angle of elevation of 73°. Felicia's
eyes are 5 ft from the ground. How tall is the tree, to the
nearest foot?

l
X

Draw a picture.

5ft I
-20 ft+
l
opposite Choose an appropriate
tan = adjacent trigonometric ratio.

tan 73°= ¥, Substitute 73 for the angle measure and

207

20 for the adjacent side.

20(tan 73°) = x Multiply each side by 20.

65 =x Use a calculator or a table.

65 + 5 = 70 Add 5 to account for the height of

Felicia's eyes from the ground.

• The tree is about 70 ft tall.

/ Check Uderstanding Example 2

2. A rock climber looks at the top of a vertical rock wall at an
angle of elevation of 74°. He is standing 4.2 m from the base
of the wall and his eyes are 1.5 m from the ground. How high
is the wall, to the nearest tenth of a meter?

11-7 Angles of Elevation and Depression 615

 OBJECTIVE

@limmmmAmDmSTTO
An angle of depression is formed by a horizontal line and a line of
Reading Math
sight below it. It is used when you must look down at an object.
With an angle of
elevation, the object
sighted is elevated, or Horizontal
/1iV.CCf s
above the horizontal
line. With an angle of Angle of depression
depression, the object
is depressed, or below
the horizontal line.

Z XYZ is an angle of depression.

3 EXAMPLE Real-World ,,) Problem Solving

Navigation An airplane is flying 0.5 mi above the ground. If the

pilot must begin a 3° descent to an airport runway at that altitude,
how far is the airplane from the beginning of the runway
(in ground distance)?
7\,

«:-- d

Ground Start of
Runway
Draw a picture.

Not drawn to scale

tan 3° 0.5
a Choose an appropriate trigonometric ratio.

d tan 3° = 0.5 Multiply each side by d.

d tan 3° 0.5 Divide each side by tan 3°.
tan 3° tan 3°
d = 0.5 Simplify.
tan3°
d = 9.5 Use a calculator.

• The airplane is about 9.5 mi from the airport.

/ Check Uderstanding Example 3

3. A group of people in a hang-gliding class are standing on top of
a cliff 70 m high. They spot a hang glider landing on the beach
below them. The angle of depression from the top of the cliff to
the_hang glider is 72°. How far is the hang glider from the base
of the cliff?

616 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

EXERCISES f ror more exercises, see Extra Practice.
Practice and Problem Solving

0 Practice by Example 1. In Example 1, Marcus's kite drops so that the angle of elevation
is 48°. Find the height of the kite above the ground.
Examples 1 and 2
(pages 614 and 615) 2. In Example 2, Felicia spots a nest in the tree at an angle of
elevation of 65°. How high above the ground is the nest?

Find x to the nearest tenth.

3. 4. E

1
l
x D
A _.
25ft c' Tft
_..,.,._B5.4

Example 3 For Exercises 5 and 6, draw a sketch and solve.

(page 616)
5. An airplane descends at an angle of 2°. Its altitude decreases by
2.5 miles. What is the ground distance covered by the airplane?
6. An airplane descends at an angle of 22.5° over a ground distance
of 0.5 mi. By how many miles, to the nearest tenth, does its
altitude decrease?

0 Apply Your Skills

7. Ae::;]B
Name the angles of elevation and depression in each figure.

8. r~Q

C'-'-----------""D R~ S

Reading Math ~ 9. Bird Watching A rare bird is spotted in a tree by a bird-watching

For help with reading group. The group is 9.5 yd from the base of the tree. The angle of
and solving Exercise 9, elevation to the bird is 57°. How far is the bird from the group
see page 619. along the line of sight? Draw a sketch, and then solve.
@ 10. Navigation The angle of elevation from a ship to the top of a
lighthouse is 4°. If the top of the lighthouse is known to be 50 m
above sea level, how far is the ship from the lighthouse?
11. Writin g in Math How do you decide which trigonometric ratio to
use to solve a problem?
Find the distance x of the car from the office building at
the left.
Meteorology A meteorologist measures the angle of elevation of
a weather balloon as 53°. A radio signal from the balloon indicates
that it is 1,620 m (line-of-sight) from the meteorologist's location.
How high above ground is the weather balloon?

11-7 Angles of Elevation and Depression 617

 14. Error Analysis A student made the drawing at ~
680
the right to solve an angle-of-depression
problem. What mistake has the student made?
~ 15. Aeronautics The pilot of a helicopter at an altitude of 6,000 ft sees
a second helicopter at an angle of depression of 43°. The altitude
of the second helicopter is 4,000 ft. What is the distance from the
first helicopter to the second along the line of sight?
3) aantange @ 16. Astronomy The diagram Sun's
suggests a method for finding rays
depths of moon craters from
Earth. Astronomers calculate tf
that the distance from R to His 3 km when the angle of depression
of the sun's rays is 12°.
a. How high is the rim of the crater from the floor of the crater?
b. When the angle increases to 14°, how much shorter is the
crater's shadow on the crater floor?
~ 17. Surveying Surveyors find that a canyon is 4 km wide. From one
canyon rim, the angle of depression to the base of the canyon wall
below the other rim is 7°. The angle of depression to a river is 8°.
How far is the river from the far canyon wall?

Multiple Choice 18. A ramp has an angle of elevation of 19° and a length of 35 ft.
What is the height in inches of the ramp at its high end?
A. 11 in. B. 12 in. C. 137 in. D. 145 in.

19. A radio transmitting tower casts a shadow that extends 344 feet
from the base of the tower. A line connecting the sun, the top of
# ;a note rr
5 ,Anne lesson quiz a
the tower, and the end of the shadow forms an angle of
depression of 16°. Approximately how high is the tower?
' www.PHSchool.com F. 344ft G.99ft H. 1,200ft I. 1,248ft
: · · · · · · · · Web Code: ada-1107

4 Mixed Review

Lesson 11-6 Find each value. Round to four decimal places.

20. tan 29° 21. sin 80° 22. cos 34° 23. sin 76° 24. cos 45°

Lesson 10-3 Find the area of each circle. Give an exact area using ,r and an
approximate area to the nearest tenth.
25. r = 8 in. 26. r = l.9 cm 27. r = 10 mm 28. r = 4.5 in.

Lesson 6-2 © 29. Baking A recipe that serves four people calls for 1} c of flour.
How many cups of flour are needed to serve ten people?

618 Chapter 11 Right Triangles in Algebra

 Math
For Use With Page 617, Exercise 9

Read the problem. Then follow along with what Cheryl thinks as she
solves it. Check your understanding by solving the exercise at the
bottom of the page.
Bird Watching A rare bird is spotted in a tree by a bird-watching
group. The group is 9.5 yd from the base of the tree. The angle of
elevation to the bird is 57°. How far is the bird from the group
along the line of sight? Draw a sketch, and then solve.

What Cheryl Thiks What Cheryl Writes

I'll draw a sketch. In it, I'll show:
angle of elevation = 57°,
distance from tree = 9.5 yd,
right angle near base of tree. I
)

I must find the line-of-sight distance to

the bird. That's along the hypotenuse
of the right triangle. I'll name it x.
I +J 57° _
9.5 yd

; I know an angle and the adjacent leg.

I want to find the hypotenuse. cos 57° Hypotenuse
adjacent

l I'll use the cosine ratio. 9.5

X

x(cos 57")= 9.5

I can solve this equation.
) x(cos 57°) _ 9.5
cos 57° c os 57°
x = 9.5
c os57°
I'll use a calculator and round. X =17.4

The bird is about 17.4 yd from the group

Now I can write the answer.
along the line of sight.

EXERCISE
1. A hot-air balloon is 150 feet high. The angle of depression from
the pilot to her assistant on the ground is 25°. What is the line-of-sight
distance from the pilot to her assistant, to the nearest foot?

Reading Math Reading for Problem Solving 619

l r : ;.• ,

Test-Taking
Using a Variable
ail~ Strategies

You can solve many problems by letting a variable be an unknown

quantity you want to find. Use the variable in an equation. Then
solve the equation to help solve the problem.

1 EXAMPLE

When Jose visited France he saw a large model of the Statue of

Liberty. He wondered how tall the model was, so he measured its
shadow. The shadow was 100 feet. He measured the height and
shadow of a vertical pole. The pole measured 4 feet and its shadow
was 5 feet. How tall was the model of the Statue of Liberty?
The unknown quantity is the height of the model. Sketch similar
triangles (not to scale). Let x be the height. Then write a proportion
usmgx.

t Write a proportion.
5x = 100(4)
5.x = 400
X = 80
Write cross products.
Simplify.
Divide each side by 5.
®
5 ft 100 ft

• The model was 80 ft tall.

2 EXAMPLE

City code requires that wheelchair ramps rise no more than

1 in. for every horizontal foot. To meet the code, you build a
ramp the entire length of your house, 36 ft. What is the ramp's
angle of elevation?
The unknown quantity is the measure of the angle that the ramp
forms with the ground. Let x be that measure. You know the side
opposite and the side adjacent the angle.
8a,a
3ft]
36 ft
$®®#

f
tan x = 6 Use the tangent ratio.
= 0.0833 Write as a decimal.
i x=5 Use a calculator (see page 613).

• The angle of elevation of the ramp is about 5°.

EXERCISE
1. You are flying a kite at the end of 200 ft of string. The angle of
elevation is 30°. You are holding the end of the string at eye level,
5 ft above the ground. How high is the kite from the ground? Draw a
diagram. Show how to use a variable. Then find how high the kite is.

620 Test-Taking Strategies Using a Variable

 Chapter Review

Vocabulary
angle of depression (p. 616) irrational number (p. 581) square root (p. 580)
angle of elevation (p. 614) legs (p. 584) tangent (p. 608)
cosine (p. 608) midpoint (p. 594) trigonometric ratio (p. 608)
distance (p. 592) perfect square (p. 580) trigonometry (p. 608)
hypotenuse (p. 584) sine (p. 608)

-I[/ Reading Math

Understanding
Vocabulary
Match the vocabulary terms on the right with their descriptions on
the left.
1. the two shortest sides of a a. irrational number
right triangle b. square root
c. legs
2. an angle formed by a horizontal line
d. trigonometric ratio
and a line of sight above it
e. hypotenuse
3. the ratio of the lengths of two sides f. angle of elevation
of a right triangle
4. the longest side of a right triangle,
opposite the right angle

#% noour
Z5,me vocabulary quiz
5. a number that cannot be expressed
as a ratio of two integers
' at www.PHSchool.com 6. The inverse of squaring a number is finding this.
: · · · · · · · · Web Code: adj-1151

Skills and Concepts

11-1 Objectives The square of an integer is a perfect square. The inverse of squaring a
To find square roots of number is finding a square root. The symbol Vindicates the positive
numbers (p. 580) square root of a number. A number that cannot be expressed as the
To classify real numbers
(p. 581)
5,
ratio of two integers where b is not zero, is irrational. If a positive
integer is not a perfect square, its square root is irrational.

Simplify each square root.

7. Vi a.-Vis 9. V@o 1o. V6i 11. =VS6
Estimate to the nearest integer.
12. Vs 13. Vii 14. Vas 1s. Voz 16. V9i
Identify each number as rational or irrational. Explain.
17. 0.55 18. V64 19.045 20. \Vi5 21.0.123123...

22. Explain why 0.12122122212222 ... is an irrational number.

Chapter 11 Chapter Review 621

11-2 Objectives In a right triangle, the two shortest sides are the legs. The longest
To use the Pythagorean side, which is opposite the right angle, is the hypotenuse. The
Theorem {p. 584) Pythagorean Theorem states that in any right triangle the sum of the
To identify right squares of the lengths of the legs is equal to the square of the length
triangles (p. 586) of the hypotenuse (a? + b? = c-).

Can you form a right triangle with the three lengths given?
Show your work.
23. 1 mi, 3 mi, 3 mi 24. 8 yd, 15 yd, 17 yd
2s. V6 n. Vi0 n. 4 f 26. 30 m, 40 m, 50 m

11-3 Objectives The Distance Formula states that the distance d between any two
To find the distance points (].y;) and (x,,ys) is d= V(x,= xp)° + (yo y,)?
between two points
using the Distance The Midpoint Formula states that the midpoint of a line segment
Formula (p. 592)
xi + x2 Y1 + Y2)
y To find the midpoint of with endpoints A(x].y;) and B(x3,y5) is ( 2 > 2
a segment using the
Midpoint Formula Find the distance between each pair of points. Round to the
(p. 594)
nearest tenth.
27. (3, 0), (0, 2) 28. ( -1, 7), (3, 10)
29. (4,-5),(-8,-1) 30. (-10, -12), (-8, -11)
31. (2,-14),(9,-20) 32. (10, 4), (-2, -2)

Find the midpoint of each segment with the given endpoints.

33. H(0, 1) and J( 4, 7) 34. K(2, 6) and L( 4, 2)
35. M(-7, 8) and P(3, -4) 36. A(4, 9) and B(5, 11)
37. X(-15, -12) and Y(-9, -4) 38. D(20, 18) and E(15,= 19)

11-4 Objectives You can write a proportion to solve indirect measurement

W To write a proportion problems using similar triangles.
from similar triangles
(p. 598) 39. Engineering An engineer needs to know a
what length to plan for a bridge across a A B
river. She estimates the distance using the 448 ft
similar triangles AABC and ADEC in the
figure at the right. What is the distance a C
223 ft
across the river?
E D
168 ft

622 Chapter 11 Chapter Review

11-5 Objectives In a 45°-45°-90° triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is the length of
To use the relationships a leg times V2,
in 45°-45-90° triangles
(p. 602) In a 30°-60°-90° triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is 2 times
To use the relationships the length of the shorter leg, and the length of the longer leg is
in 30°-60°-90° triangles
(p. 603)
the length of the shorter leg times V3,
Find the values of the variables, rounded to the nearest tenth,
if necessary.
40. 41.
60° 12 in. 7m
a
45°
y
30°
b

42.

2 ft
C

f
30°
43.

I: 45°

11-6 and 11- 7 Objectives The ratios of the lengths of two sides of a right triangle are
To find trigonometric trigonometric ratios. Three trigonometric ratios are sine, cosine,
ratios in right triangles and tangent. You can use these abbreviations when you find
(p. 608) trigonometric ratios for a given acute ZN.
To use trigonometric
ratios to solve problems : opposite adjacent opposite
(p. 609) sIn N = hypotenuse cos N = hypotenuse tan N = adjacent
To use trigonometry to
find angles of elevation An angle of elevation is formed by a horizontal line and a line of sight
(p. 614) above it. An angle of depression is formed by a horizontal line and a
To use trigonometry to line of sight below it.
find angles of
depression (p. 616)
Find each value. Round to four decimal places.
44. sin 16° 45. tan 82° 46. cos 25° 47. tan 3° 48. sin 87°
49. cos 73° 50. cos 46° 51. tan 45° 52. sin 79° 53. tan 13°

Solve each problem. Round to the nearest unit.

54. A loading ramp forms a 28° angle with the ground. If the base of
the ramp is 15 ft long, how high does the ramp reach?
55. Melanie is flying a kite and lets out 100 ft of string. Rosa
determines that from Melanie's hands the angle of elevation of
the kite is 71 °. Melanie's hands are 4.3 ft from the ground.
What is the height of the kite?
Chapter 11 Chapter Review 623
 Chapter Test # i»no is ir
5,nne chapter test at
' www.PHSchool.com
········> Web Code: ada-1152

Simplify each square root. 27. To estimate the height of a tree, Joan
positions a mirror on the ground so she can
1. Vas 2. Vsi 3. Vioo see the top of the tree reflected in it. Joan's
4,-Va s. Vi6 6. Va5 height, her distance from the mirror, and
her line of sight to the mirror determine a
Estimate to the nearest integer. triangle. The tree's height, its distance from
the mirror, and the distance from the top
7. Vo 8. Viz 9. Vas of the tree to the mirror determine a
10. V7s 11. VSs 12. V1is similar triangle. Use the measurements
below to find the height of the tree.
Identify each number as rational or irrational.
,
\V24
#
#

13. 0.999... 14. ,,

#

,
, #

1s. Vioo 16. 420,420 ,

#
,,
r

Find each missing length to the nearest

tenth of a unit. fe I
7.2 ft 24 ft
17. 18. 7mi

X 8mm 4mi a
Find the missing lengths.
28. 11 cm
2 9 .n
\
t 9m
6mm 30°
n

>
=J 14 ft
20. '

Sm

30. sin 47° 31.

•

Find each value. Round to four decimal places.

tan 75° 32. cos 86°
Find the distance between the points of each 33. tan 29° 34. cos 60° 35. sin 67°
pair. Round to the nearest tenth.
36. Wri
ting,in Math Explain how a
21. (0,0).(4.6) 22. (5, -3), ( -6, 2) trigonometric ratio can be used to find a
23. (-8, -9), (1, 2) 24. (-1,-3),(-4,-7) measurement indirectly.
e37 Navigation The captain of a ship sights the
Find the midpoint of each segment with the top of a lighthouse at an angle of elevation
given endpoints. of 12°. The captain knows that the top of
25. C(5.0) and D(3, 6) the lighthouse is 24 m above sea level.
What is the distance from the ship to
26. M(9, -4) and P(2, 8) the lighthouse?

624 Chapter 11 Chapter Test

 Test Prep READING COMPREHENSION

Reading Comprehension Read the passage below. Then answer the

questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Early Geometry The early Babylonians and Egyptians used practical

geometry in their buildings, but it was a Greek named Thales who first
wrote down the formal abstract geometry that we know today.
Thales, an olive-oil merchant, lived from about 600 to 550 B.C. One of
the unchanging properties of triangles that he discovered was that a
triangle drawn in a semicircle (half a circle), with the diameter as a
hypotenuse, will always be a right triangle.

•
A B
Around 540 B.c. a student of Thales, Pythagoras, founded a group that
studied, among other things, mathematics. One of the rules of the
Pythagoreans was never to eat beans! At first, they believed that the
entire universe was made of only rational numbers, but working with
right triangles convinced them that they could draw lines that have
lengths equal to the square root of 2, the square root of 5, and so on.

1. What is the name of a teacher 7. If AB is V8

cm and AC= CB, what are AC
of Pythagoras? and CB?
2. What was the name of a group founded by 8. Which term does NOT apply to AB?
Pythagoras? A. diameter B. hypotenuse
3. What is the measure of LC? C. leg D. line segment
A. 360° B. 180° C. 90° D. 45° 9. How does the measure of Z D compare with
4. Which term best describes AC? the measure of LC?
F. leg G. sine 10. What country was Thales from?
H. hypotenuse I. tangent
11. How long did Thales live?
5. If AC = CB = 1 in., what is AB?
A. 2in. B. V3in. C. V2in. D. 1in. 12. What must be true of \/2?
I. It is not a rational number.
6. If AB = 6 in. and DB = 3 in., what is AD? II. A segment can have length V2,
r 3V2in. G. 3V3in. Ill. It is equal toV5.
H. 6V2 in. I. 6V3 in. F. I only G. I and II
H. I and Ill I. II and Ill only

Chapter 11 Test Prep 625

Ee
- -

Real-World Snapshots
[I w[ p) w]

Picture Perfect T ,,\

Applying Ratios Ancient Greeks realized that rectangles a
with certain dimensions were especially pleasing to the

(= ".
eye. A golden rectangle has sides that form the proportion
The ratio of two sides of a golden rectangle
/
How to Make a Golden Rectangle
is called the golden ratio. Artists make paintings with Start with a square with side length a.
Open a compass the length from the
dimensions close to the golden ratio. Photographers often midpoint of one side of the square to a
crop, or cut, their photographs to be golden rectangles. corner on the opposite side. Make an
arc. Extend the side containing the
midpoint to intersect the arc. Make a
Golden Rectangle Proportion rectangle using lengths band a.
a is to bas (a + b) is to a.

The Parthenon
The front of the Parthenon,
in Athens, Greece, approximates
a golden rectangle.

r
,
The Golden Rectangle in Art
Artist Sydney McGinley makes pastel paintings
of flowers, such as Pyramidal Fuschia, using a
The Villa Savoye
golden rectangle to position the flowers within
the painting. The Swiss architect Charles Le Corbusier designed
the Villa Savoye, outside Paris, France, based on the
golden rectangle, among other things. The house,
built in 1930, looks different from each side.

/' "\
Activity
1. a. Copy the table. For each Rectangle Dimensions (inches)
rectangle, find the ratios Side a (a + b)
# and"] ".Write the Side a a +b b a Golden Ratio?
ratios in decimal form, 5 =
5 8 5=1.6= 1.7 g=16 Yes
rounding to the nearest
tenth. Write yes if 3 4 ■ ■
the decimals are 6 10 ■ ■ ■
approximately equal.
b. Which rectangles are
14 22 ■ ■ ■
close to a golden 12 16 ■ ■ ■
rectangle? Explain. 15 24 ■ ■ ■
2. Photo labs make prints in 18 26 ■ ■ a
several sizes, including
3 x 5, 4 x 6, and 8 x 10.
21 33 ■ ■ ■
Which of these sizes is closest to a golden rectangle?
3. Open-Ended From the table, choose one pair of dimensions that do not
form a golden rectangle. Change the value of a to a whole number that
makes the rectangle closer to a golden rectangle. Justify your choice by
showing your work.
~ 4. Research Find at least three images from magazines or catalogs that you
think approximate golden rectangles. Measure the images and calculate
the ratio of length to width.
A

I#% no ite Er o
«ore
,,oration about the golden ratio,
: go to www.PHSchool.com.
: · - · · - - - - Web Code: ade-1153

627
 Where You've Been
• In Chapter 3, you investigated measures of central tendency for
sets of data.

• In Chapter 4, you simplified fractions by dividing the numerator

and denominator by the GCF.

• In Chapter 5, you performed operations with fractions.

• In Chapter 6, you found the probability of events. You also

wrote fractions and decimals as percents.

e Diagnosing Readiness
• 'tent self-check
(lssa
11 ,p/jne and on CD-ROM

(For help, go to the lesson in green.)

Finding the Median (Lesson 3-3)

Find the median.
1. 12,14,10,9,13,12,15,12,11 2. 55,53,67,52,50,49,51,52,52
3. 101,100,100,105,102,101 4. 0.2, 0.5, 0.11, 0.25, 0.34, 0.19
Multiplying Fractions (Lesson 5-4)
Find each product.
s. 3-} 6. 3-9 9
7.j '5
8 a. j-$ s.}-3
Finding Probability (Lesson 6-4)
Find the probability for one roll of a number cube.
11. P(2) 12. P(5) 13. P(2 or 5) 14. P(8)
15. P(l, 2, or 3) 16. P(less than 1) 17. P(not 3) 18. P(greater than 4)
A student is chosen at random from a class of 15 boys and 18 girls.
Find each probability.
19. P(girl) 20. P(boy) 21. P(not a girl) 22. P(not a boy)

Fractions, Decimals, and Percents (Lesson 6-5)

Write each percent as a decimal, and each decimal or fraction as a percent.
23. 50% 24. 36% 25. 20% 26. 5%
27. ;
1 7
28. ; 29. 0.28 30. 0.3

628 Chapter 12 Data Analysis and Probability