Lab-21: Signature Assignment

25 March 2019

Phys. 1444-006
Physics II

By:

Blake Ryan
1001648397
 Unit-21 DC Circuit, Pre-Lab

Name: Blake Ryan Course# 1444

ID# 1001648397 Section# 006

1) When is a circuit containing resistor R, inductor L and capacitor C said to be in resonance?

Frequency of the RLC circuit is called resonance when impedance of the capacitor is equal to
reactance of the inductor.
XL=XC
2) What is the phase angle between the current and voltage when a R,L,C circuit is at resonance?
Resonance between the current and voltage occurs when the phase angle is equal to zero.
3) At resonance what is the relationship between inductive and capacitive reactance?
Inductive reactance is equal to capacitive reactance.
4) Write the formula you would use to determine the total impedance of a circuit which contains
R,L and C. Z= √ ( R+ R ) +( X
L
2
L + XC)
2

5) Continuing with the formula written in (4), what would be the equation for the total impedance
of a circuit at resonance?
Z=R
6) When an ideal inductor, capacitor and resistor are connected in series, what equation is used to
determine the phase angle between ac voltage and current?
Phase angle between voltage and current:

Where, and .

7) In an oscilloscope, what happens when the Time/Div knob is set to XY position?

The two input channels for the CRO will be displayed perpendicular to each other. The voltage
is displayed along the y-axis and time is displayed along the x-axis.
Introduction
Studying AC Circuits is important to us because it is fundamental in understanding how
electricity works. From lights, to television to the cell phones, AC Circuits are everywhere around us.

Procedure
1. Turn on the oscilloscope. Make connections from the oscilloscope to the AC Circuit box. Set the
Time/Div knob(22) to the X-Y position. Connect the Model 4011A Function generator to the AC
Circuit box. Select the sine wave function and turn the DC Offset and the -20db switch to their
off position.
2. Adjust the output level to its midrange position. Select the 5k Range and adjust the frequency
controls for 2400Hz ± 5Hz. A pattern should be visible on the oscilloscope. Adjust the Channel 1
and 2 Volts/Div knobs until a pattern similar in scale is displayed on the oscilloscope.

If a pattern resembles an oval this is because it is not in resonance. No need to panic,

simply adjust the screw on the circuit box until the oval turns into a line. If it is already in the
shape of a line, adjust the screw until an oval is present and then adjust it back to the shape of a
line to bring it into resonance. Disconnect the leads that come from the oscilloscope leaving
only the frequency generator connected to the AC Circuit box. .

3. Once the circuit is set for resonance, set the voltage across the AC circuit box for 1V ~ AC using
only the output level knob on the function generator.
4. At 2400Hz measure the AC voltage across the resistor of the circuit and record this value into
the data table as VR (rms) for f = 2400Hz. Using R = 100Ω, calculate I R (rms) using Ohm’s law, this
gives current through the entire circuit.

This current being calculated is the current through the entire circuit and not only
through the resistor because it is in resonance.

Using the voltage across the entire circuit, Determine Z measured at 2400Hz, again by using
Ohm’s Law (You know total current, and you know total voltage, thus the total impedance is just
a straightforward calculation). This is the impedance of the entire circuit at the given frequency
and also since 2400Hz is the resonant frequency for Z measured=Zres.

Each time you change the frequency of the frequency generator you may also need to
change the output level of the generator in order to maintain the 1V ~ AC voltage across the AC
Circuit.

5. Use the value of Zmeasured at 2400Hz = Zres at resonance to determine RL. Also, determine the
inductance of the inductor L. Note: When making calculations using capacitance (C) or
Inductance (L) you always want to use the value in either Farads or Henries.
6. Complete the date table for each frequency.
Theory
√ 2
Z= ( R+ R L ) + ( X L + X C )
2

Equation 1

Equation 1 helps us to calculate the value of Z when the circuit is not in resonance.

Zres = R + RL
Equation 2

Equation 2 comes directly from equation 1. At resonance X L =X e . This means that in equation
1 the second part of the polynomial under the square root goes to zero, thus leaving “ √ ( R+R )
L
2
”,
which is very easily recognizable to be equation 2.

1
X L =2 πfL and X C =
2 πfC
Equation 3 and 4

Equations 3 and 4 allow us to calculate the values needed in equation 1. These values are
equivalent at resonance (in this case 2400Hz).
 Data Sheet 1
Part A
Vin = 1 V R = 100Ω
Frequency Vr (rms) I (rms) Zmeas Z=Vz/I
f(Hz) Volts Amps (ohms)
100 0.020 0.0002 5000.00
200 0.039 0.00039 2564.10
300 0.058 0.00058 1724.14
500 0.098 0.00098 1020.41
800 0.166 0.00166 602.41
1200 0.279 0.00279 358.42
1600 0.447 0.00447 223.71
2000 0.654 0.00654 152.91
2200 0.738 0.00738 135.50
2400 0.760 0.0076 131.58
2600 0.726 0.00726 137.74
2800 0.662 0.00662 151.06
3500 0.452 0.00452 221.24
4000 0.358 0.00358 279.33
4500 0.296 0.00296 337.84
5000 0.251 0.00251 398.41

From the data table at resonance Zres = 131.58 Ω

Determine RL using Zres:

RL = Zres – R → RL = 131.58Ω - 100Ω → RL = 31.58Ω

The capacitor in the circuit C = 0.3 µF.

Determine the inductance, L, for the resonant frequency

XC=XL

1
=2 πfL
2 πfC
1
L=
( 2 πfC)(2 πf )
1
L=
¿¿
 Impedence vs Frequency
6000.00

5000.00

4000.00
Impedance (Z)

3000.00

2000.00

1000.00

0.00
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Frequency f(Hz)

At what frequency doe Zmeas have its minimum value?

2400 Hz

At resonance describe the phase relationship of the voltage and current.

Phase angle =

Also at resonance describe the relationship between Inductive and Capacitive reactance.

At resonance XL=XC, the phase angle between the voltage and current is zero, meaning that they
are equal.

At resonance which components of the AC circuit contributes most to the total impedance of the circuit.

At resonance, the Resistor (100Ω) has the most effect in the impedance of the circuit.

If the circuit used in this experiment where to be adjusted for the resonant frequency of 3500Hz what
value would the Inductor need to be set to?

Resonant frequency is fo = 1/2*pi*Sqrt(LC) = 1/(2*3.14*Sqrt(.01465*0.3)) = 3500

Results
At resonance, ZTheory = Zmeasured = 99.7Ω

R = 100Ω (this is simply from the AC Circuit being used)

Using Equation 2, solve for RL:

Zres = R + RL

RL = Zres – R = (100) – 99.7 = 0.3Ω

The Capacitor in the circuit C = 0.3µF

Now to find the Inductance, L, for the resonant frequency:

Using equations 3 and 4, set XL=XC (this is possible only at resonance) and solve for L.

XC=XL

1
=2 πfL
2 πfC
1
L=
( 2 πfC)(2 πf )
1
L=
¿¿

Now, using the date gathered, calculate the values for Z theory:

Plug equations 3 and 4 into equation 1:

√ ( )
2
1
Z= ( R+ R L )2 + 2 πfL+
2 πfC
Use values R = 100; RL = 0.3; f = 100; L = 68.2; C = 0.3*10-6:

Z=√ ( 100+ 0.3 ) +¿ ¿ ¿

2

Repeat this process with 800, 2000, 3500 and 5000 as the frequencies and calculate their respective
Ztheory’s:

Z=√ ( 100+ 0.3 ) +¿ ¿ ¿

2

Z=√ ( 100+ 0.3 ) +¿ ¿ ¿

2

Z=√ ( 100+ 0.3 ) +¿ ¿ ¿

2

Z=√ ( 100+ 0.3 ) +¿ ¿ ¿

2
 Zmeasured was at a minimum value at resonance, which occurred at 2400Hz.

 At resonance, the phase angle between the voltage and current is zero, meaning that they are
equal.
 At resonance, the Inductive and Capacitive reactance is also equal (X L=XC).
 At resonance, the Resistor (100Ω) has the most effect in the impedance of the circuit.

Summary
Studying AC circuits helps us to better understand the way electricity operates and therefore
how the world around us operates.