UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PESHAWAR,
JALOZAI CAMPUS.
SUBMITTED BY: HASHIR JAVED
SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. MUHAMMAD
FAYYAZ
COURSE: INDUSTRIAL
AUTOMATION
REG ID: 19JZIND0112
LAB NO: 01
SEMESTER: 8th SEMESTER
DEPARTMENT: INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING
DATE: 17 March 2023

LAB NO# 01

To perform turning and facing operations on the CNC lathe machine.

OBJECTIVES:
The objective of this lab are:
 To reduce the workpiece diameter to the desired dimension.
 To produce a flat, smooth surface perpendicular to the rotational axis of the workpiece.
 To check the effect of machining parameters on material removal rate (MRR).
INTRODUCTION:
Turning is the most common lathe machining operation. During the turning process, a cutting tool
removes material from the outer diameter of a rotating workpiece. The main objective of turning
is to reduce the workpiece diameter to the desired dimension. There are two types of turning
operations, rough and finish. Rough turning operation aims to machine a piece to within a
predefined thickness, by removing the maximum amount of material in the shortest possible time,
disregarding the accuracy and surface finish. Finish turning produces a smooth surface finish and
the workpiece with final accurate dimensions.

Different sections of the turned parts may have different outer dimensions. The transition
between the surfaces with two different diameters can have several topological features, namely
step, taper, chamfer, and contour. To produce these features, multiple passes at a small radial
depth of cut may be necessary.

Facing is a lathe machining operation in which material is removed from a workpiece’s end using
a particular tool. It produces a smooth surface perpendicular to the rotation axis of the workpiece.
In machining, facing can be used in two different ways: on a milling machine and on a lathe. The
facing operation on a milling machine includes various milling operations but mainly considers
face milling. Whereas in lathe machines, facing operation is generally used in turning and boring
operations.

STEP TURNING
Step turning creates two surfaces with an abrupt change in diameters between them. The final
feature resembles a step.
 Fig: 1.1

TAPER TURNING:
Taper turning produces a ramp transition between the two surfaces with different diameters due
to the angled motion between the workpiece and a cutting tool.

Fig: 1.2

CHAMFER TURNING:
Similar to step turning, chamfer turning creates an angled transition of an otherwise square edge
between two surfaces with different turned diameters.
 Fig: 1.3

CONTOUR TURNING:
In contour turning operation, the cutting tool axially follows the path with a predefined geometry.
Multiple passes of a contouring tool are necessary to create desired contours in the workpiece.
However, form tools can produce the same contour shape in a single pass.

Fig: 1.4

FACING:
During the machining, the length of the workpieces is slightly longer than the final part should
be. Facing is an operation of machining the end of a workpiece that is perpendicular to the
rotating axis. During the facing, the tool moves along the radius of the workpiece to produce the
desired part length and a smooth face surface by removing a thin layer of material.

Fig: 1.5

The only difference is that in the turning operation, you can reduce the diameter of the workpiece,
while in the facing operation, you can reduce the length of the workpiece. In machining, turning
refers to any operation in which a stationary cutting tool is applied against a rotating workpiece to
remove material. As a result, lathe facing is also a type of turning operation. However, turning
operations do not only involve facing. Also included are operations that involve the use of a lathe,
such as parting, groove-making, boring, knurling, and threading. Generally, turning is classified
as tapered turning, spherical turning, or hard turning.

Facing Operation in CNC

Through CNC Facing, the material is removed from the end of a workpiece on a perpendicular
angle to the rotational axis of the workpiece using a special tool. For better understanding, I have
explained a program for facing operations. This will give you an idea of how facing is done on a
CNC lathe.

Program
O0001(Facing)

N1;

T0;

G40;

G28 U0 W0; -(X-U,Z-W)

G54;

G92 S1000;

G95 F0.2 T0101;

G96 S280 M04;

G00 Z5.0;

G00 X82.0;

G01 Z2.0 ;

G01 X0.0;

G1 Z3.0;

G00 X82.0;

G01 Z0.0;

G01 X0.0;

G1 Z1.0;
G00 X200.0;

T0;

G28 V0 W0;

M01;

M30;

PROCEDURE:
 Convert the CAD Design File to CNC Program (The first step involves preparing a CAD
file for translation into CNC turning machine language).
 Fig:1.6

 The next step is the machine setup. Although most of the processes are automated, there is
still a need for an operator. To effectively prepare the CNC lathe, you should follow these
steps:

 Make sure you put the power off. The CNC machining process can get pretty dangerous.
So, you should take extra care and check the power switches.

 Secure the part onto the chunk. The chuck is responsible for holding the part in place during
the turning process. Not properly loading it can be dangerous and could result in
components with the wrong dimensions.

 Load the tool turret. Several tools are involved in the turning operation, so you must ensure
you’re picking the right tool for your specific finish. The turret will help hold as many tools
as possible at once to give you a seamless operation.

 Ensure proper calibration. You must set the tool and the workpiece in the right way to
ensure that the result meets the demands.

 Upload the CNC program. The last step before starting the operation is to upload the CNC
code into the machine. You need to keep two variables in mind at this stage. The first one is
the turning speed (the speed at which the workpiece rotates). The second variable is the feed
rate (the speed of the cutting tool as it moves along a rotating workpiece).

 The final step is to manufacture your desired part. 

DIAGRAM:

CONCLUSION:
In this lab, we concluded that CNC machining offers a reliable solution for rapidly manufacturing
the parts. The current approach, using an indexable tool, managed to eliminate multiple set-ups of
the workpiece. The visibility program is an effective method to identify orientations for finishing
operations. provide the technology, precision, accuracy, and consistent flow of procedures for a
high production rate.