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Lab Exercise 1 - The Microscope

This document provides an overview of the parts and proper use of compound light microscopes. It describes the 11 main parts of the microscope including the ocular, objectives, stage, lamp, and focus knobs. It explains how to determine total magnification and provides instructions for using, transporting, and cleaning microscopes safely. Finally, it outlines best practices for preparing slides and recording microscopic observations.

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Vea Ann Cantollas
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69 views19 pages

Lab Exercise 1 - The Microscope

This document provides an overview of the parts and proper use of compound light microscopes. It describes the 11 main parts of the microscope including the ocular, objectives, stage, lamp, and focus knobs. It explains how to determine total magnification and provides instructions for using, transporting, and cleaning microscopes safely. Finally, it outlines best practices for preparing slides and recording microscopic observations.

Uploaded by

Vea Ann Cantollas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
• IDENTIFY EACH MAJOR PART OF A COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
AND DESCRIBE ITS FUNCTION
• DETERMINE TOTAL MAGNIFICATION AT DIFFERENT SETTINGS
• USE A MICROSCOPE TO OBSERVE PREPRARED SPECIMENS
• PREPARE A WET-MOUNT SLIDE
• STAIN MICROSCOPIC SPECIMENS
• ACCURATELY RECORD MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

HISTORY
• 17TH CENTURY, DUTCH SCIENTIST ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK USED
ONE OF THE FIRST MICROSCOPE TO DISCOVER A WHOLE NEW WORLD
O F L I V I N G O RG A N I S M S . U S I N G A S I N G L E L E N S , O R S I M P L E
MICROSCOPE, HE OBSERVED TINY ORGANISMS IN POND WATER AND
OTHER SUBSTANCES.

• ROBERT HOOKE, AN ENGLISH SCIENTIST, DISCOVERED THAT LARGER


ORGANISMS HAD SMALL MICROSCOPIC SUBUNITS THAT HE CALLED
“CELLS”.
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE


COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

OCULAR/EYEPIECE
1. OCULAR/EYEPIECE - SET OF LENSES CLOSEST
TO YOUR EYES. OCULAR MAGNIFIES AN IMAGE
BY THE FACTOR INDICATED ON THE OCULAR'S
BARREL, USUALLY 10X.

• IF THE FACTOR IS 10X, THE IMAGE IS


MAGNIFIED 10 TIMES.

• I F T H E FA C TO R I S 5 X , T H E I M A G E I S
MAGNIFIED 5 TIMES.

• MANY BINOCULAR MICROSCOPES (TWO


OCULARS) HAVE AN OCULAR ADJUSTMENT
FEATURE ON ONE OF THE OCULARS. THIS
ALLOWS YOU TO ADJUST FOCUS ON ONE
OCULAR TO MATCH WHAT YOU SEE IN THE
OTHER.
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

BODY TUBE AND REVOLVING NOSEPIECE


2. BODY TUBE - HOLDS THE OCULAR IN
PLACE.

3. REVOLVING NOSEPIECE - TURRETLIKE


CIRCULAR MECHANISM ROTATES SO
DIFFERENT LENSES CAN BE SELECTED.

• ALWAYS ROTATE NOSEPIECE BY


HOLDING THE OUTSIDE OF THE
REVOLVING DISK - NEVER PUSH ON
THE LENS BARRELS.
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

OBJECTIVES
4. OBJECTIVES - SETS OF LENS ATTACHED TO
T H E R E V O LV I N G N O S E P I E C E . E A C H
OBJECTIVE IS MARKED WITH ITS
MAGNIFICATION FACTOR.

• SCANNING OBJECTIVE (4X - RED


STRIPE) - USED FOR INITIAL LOCATION
OF THE SPECIMEN.

• LOW P OW E R O B J EC T I V E ( 1 0 X -
YELLOW STRIPE) - USED FOR INITIAL
LOCATION OF THE SPECIMEN. ALSO
USED FOR OBSERVING SPECIMENS
T H AT D O N ' T N E E D G R E AT E R
MAGNIFICATION.
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

OBJECTIVES
• HIGH-DRY OBJECTIVE (40X - BLUE
STRIPE) - USED FOR SPECIMENS
R EQ U I R I N G G R EAT E R
MAGNIFICATION. THIS OBJECTIVE
IS CALLED DRY BECAUSE IT DOES
NOT REQUIRE THE USE OF OIL.

• HIGH-OIL OBJECTIVE (100X -


WHITE STRIPE) - USED FOR
MAGNIFICATION OF EXTREMELY
SMALL SPECIMENS, SUCH A S
BACTERIAL CELLS. IT MUST BE
IMMERSED IN OIL.
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

OBJECTIVES
• TOTAL MAGNIFICATION IS DETERMINED BY MULTIPLYING THE POWER
OF THE OCULAR BY THE POWER OF THE OBJECTIVE IN USE.

• WHEN USING AN OCULAR (10X) AND SCANNER (4X), TOTAL MAGNIFICATION


IS 40X : 10 X 4 = 40

• OCULAR (10X) AND LOW-POWER OBJECTIVE (10X) = 100X

• OCULAR (10X) AND HIGH-POWER OBJECTIVE (40X) = 400X

• OCULAR (10X) AND HIGH-OIL OBJECTIVE (100X) = 1000X


COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

STAGE
5. STAGE - WHERE THE SPECIMEN RESTS
USUALLY MOUNTED ON A GLASS OR PLASTIC
MICROSCOPE SLIDE, A PLATFORM JUST BELOW
THE OBJECTIVE.

• STAGE HAS A HOLE SO LIGHT CAN PASS


THROUGH THE SPECIMEN FROM BELOW.

• MECHANICAL STAGE - HAS ADJUSTABLE


BRACKET THAT MOVES THE SLIDE AROUND
MECHANICALLY BY ROTATING POSITIONING
KNOBS.

• IF THE STAGE IS NOT MECHANICAL, THE


SLIDE IS HELD BY STAGE CLIPS, AND MUST
BE MOVED BY HAND.
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

HIGH-INTENSITY LAMP AND CONDENSER


6. HIGH-INTENSITY LAMP - LOCATED
BELOW THE STAGE. LIGHT RAYS FROM THE
LAMP TRAVEL THROUGH A HOLE IN THE
S TA G E , T H R O U G H T H E S P E C I M E N
MOUNTED ON A SLIDE, THEN THROUGH
OBJECTIVE AND OCULAR, TO THE EYE.

• L I G H T L E V E L M AY B E R E D U C E D BY
ADJUSTING THE LAMP INTENSITY (IF
POSSIBLE).

7 . C O N D E N S E R - A L E N S T H AT
CONCENTRATES LIGHT, MAY BE FOUND
BETWEEN THE LAMP AND STAGE.
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

DIAPHRAGM
8. DISK DIAPHRAGM - IS A ROTATING DISK
WITH HOLES OF DIFFERENT DIAMENTERS
JUST BELOW THE STAGE THAT MAY ALSO
ADJUST THE LIGHT INTENSITY.

• IRIS DIAPHRAGM - MADE OF OVERLAPPING


SLIVERS OF METAL IN A CIRCULAR PATTERN
RESEMBLING THE IRIS OF HUMAN EYE. CAN
DILATE OR CONSTRICT ITS OPENING.

• YOU CAN CHANGE THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT


PASSING TO THE SPECIMEN BY ROTATING
THE EDGE OF THE DISK DIAPHRAGM OR BY
ROTATING THE LEVER PROJECTING FROM
THE IRIS DIAPHRAGM.
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

ARM AND BASE


9. ARM - A BAR THAT HELD THE ENTIRE
UPPER ASSEMBLY OF THE MICROSCOPE
IN AN UPRIGHT POSITION

10. BASE - A SQUARE OR HORSESHOE-


SHAPED SUPPORTING THE SCOPE.

• ARM MAY BE CONNECTED TO THE BASE


BY A PIVOT, WHICH ALLOWS THE
UPPER ASSEMBLY TO MOVE INTO A
M O R E C O M F O R TA B L E V I E W I N G
POSITION.
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

COARSE-FOCUS AND FINE-FOCUS KNOBS


11. COARSE-FOCUS KNOBS AND FINE-
FOCUS KNOBS - LOCATED ON THE
ARM. THESE KNOBS ADJUST THE
DISTANCE BETWEEN THE STAGE AND
OBJECTIVE, THUS FOCUSING AN
IMAGE OF THE SPECIMEN.

• CORSE-FOCUS KNOB - CHANGES


DISTANCE GREATLY.

• F IN E-FO C U S K N O B - C H A N G ES
DISTANCE VERY LITTLE
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

USING THE MICROSCOPE


• ALWAYS CARRY THE SCOPE WITH TWO HANDS: ONE
UNDER THE BASE AND THE OTHER GRASPING THE
ARM.

• CARRY IT IN AN UPRIGHT POSITION.

• CAREFULLY UNWIND THE LAMP CORD. AVOID


DAMAGING THE PARTS AROUND WHICH IS COILED.

• PLUG CORD INTO AN OUTLET IN A SAFE MANNER.

• MAKE SURE THE STAGE AD OBJECTIVES ARE AT THEIR


FARTHEST DISTANCE APART AND THAT THE LOWEST-
POWER OBJECTIVE IS IN POSITION.
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

USING THE MICROSCOPE


• NEVER ADJUST THE COARSE FOCUS WHEN USING HIGH POWER - YOU
ARE LIKELY TO BREAK THE SLIDE AND SCRATCH THE OBJECTIVE LENS.

• WHEN YOU REMOVE THE SLIDE, MAKE SURE THAT THE LOW-POWER
OBJECTIVE AND STAGE ARE AS FAR APART AS POSSIBLE.

• WHEN FINISHED CLEAN THE SCOPE.

• RETURN THE SCOPE TO ITS ORIGINAL CONFIGURATION. THE LOW-


POWER OBJECTIVE SHOULD BE IN POSITION. MAKE SURE THE SLIDE
HAS BEEN REMOVED.
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

RULES FOR PROPERLY RECORDING


MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS:
• LABEL EACH SKETCH WITH THE NAME OF THE SPECIMEN AND WHAT TYPE OF
SECTION IT IS.

• LABEL EACH SKETCH WITH THE TOTAL MAGNIFICATION.

• LABEL AS MANY PARTS OF THE SKETCH AS YOU CAN.

• LABELS SHOULD BE ORDERLY, NEVER CROSSING LINES WITH EACH OTHER.

• SKETCHES SHOULD BE DONE WITH CARE, NOT WITH HASTE.


COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

PREPARING MICROSCOPIC SPECIMENS


• WET MOUNT SLIDE - A SLIDE ON WHICH A
WET SPECIMEN IS PLACED, THEN COVERED
WITH A COVERSLIP.

• STAINS ARE USED TO MAKE A SPECIMEN, OR


SOME OF ITS PARTS, MORE VISIBLE. SOME
REQUIRE SPECIAL TECHNIQUES, BUT MOST
STAINS CAN SIMPLY BE ADDED TO THE
SPECIMEN AND VIEWED.
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.

THANK YOU!
• REFERENCES:
• Seeley’s Laboratory Manual Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology 8th
Edition By Kevin Patton

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