--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION

Mini-Project Report On
“comparing features of operating system Realtime Operating system,
Distributed operating system”

Submitted in particular fulfilment in the requirement for

5th semester

Diploma In Computer Engineering

Academic year-2022-23

BY
Ajay Shriram Pawara (2000610098)

Under Guidance Of
Miss. Sonali Patil Mam

Smt. Sharachchandrika Suresh Patil Institute of

Technology (Polytechnic) Chopda-2022-23

1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION

Smt.Sharachchandrika Suresh Patil Institute of

Technology (Polytechnic) Chopda-2022-23

CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is a Bonafede record of the project work titled

“comparing features of operating system Realtime Operating system,

Distributed operating system”

OPERATING SYSTEM Project

Done by

AJAY PAWARA (2000610098)

of 5th semester Computer Science & Engineering in the year

2022-23 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of
Degree of Diploma in Computer Science & Engineering.

Miss. Sonali Patil Mam Mr. D.M Fegade

Project Guide Head of the Division
------------------------------------ ----------------------------------

2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate

This is to certify that Students of CO5I(A) Roll N:339 of 5th Semester of

Diploma Computer Engineering of Institute, Smt. Sharachchandrika Suresh

Patil Chopda- (Code:0061)/has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in
the Subject –-Operating System (22516) for the Academic Year 2022-23 as
prescribed in the curriculum.

Place-Chopda.
Date: / /2021

Miss. Sonali Patil Mr. D.M Fegade Mr.V.N Borse

Subject Teacher H. O. D Principle
-------------------------- --------------------------------------- -------------------------------------

3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
CONTENT
Content
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Part A – Plan
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Aim of the Micro-Project
3.0 Action Plan:
4.0 Resources Requires :
Part B
Description:
1.0 Following are the popular types of Operating System:
1.2 Features of Operating System
1.3 Functions of Operating system
1.4 Advantages of Operating System
1.5 Disadvantages of Operating System

2.0 Real Time Operating System

2.1 Types of Real time operating system
2.2 Terms used in Real time operating system
2.3 Features of Real time operating system
2.4 Applications of Real Time Operating System
2.5Components of RTOS
2.6Advantages of Real-Time Operating Systems
2.7Disadvantages of Real time operating system

1.0 Distributed Operating System

1.1Types Of Distributed Operating System
1.2Terms Used In Distributed Operating System
1.3Features of distributed Operating System
1.4Application of distributed Operating System

4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
1.5Advantages of distributed Operating System
1.6Disadvantages of Distributed Systems

1.6Comparing features of Real time operating System and Distributed

Operating System

5.0 Conclusion:-

5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully ,many people have best owned upon me
their blessing and the been heart pledged support , this time I am utilizing to thank all
the people who have been concerned with this project.
Primarily, I would thank God for being able to complete this project with success. Then I
would like to thank my principle Mr.V.N Borse sir.
&
To My Subject Teacher Mss. Sonali Patil Mam ,Whose valuable guidance has been the
ones that helped me patch this project and make it full proof success .His suggestions and
his instructions have served as the Major contribution towards the completion of the
project.

Then I would like to thank to Our H.O.D sir ,for his valuable help and for
making resources available for the practical ,throw which we have created nice and
welled project .
I would also like to thank to all my teacher and non-teaching staff for their contribution
and for their help ,
I am thanking to my Parents for their encouragement and help, and making us
Positive to developed the project .
And also thanking to all my friends for making my mood fresh and energetic
And helping me in the project, through different ways and thanking for sharing their
knowledge to me ,
And thanking to all other s to help me to the Project thank s again.

6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

ABSTRAC

The Project is comparing the features of operating system, Realtime Operating system
and Distributed operating system .
In this project we have compared the Real time Operating System and Distributed
Operating System
Here ,In the project we have used the different term and we have also metioned the
peer-to-peer System and the features of operating system. .
Operating System is Nothing but the set of program integrate to performed task of
user and give command to the hardware system to performed a particular task.

7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

PART A – PLAN
comparing features of operating system Realtime Operating system,
Distributed operating system

1. Introduction
An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer
hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file
management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, and
controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. Some popular Operating
Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows Operating System, VMS, OS/400, AIX,
z/OS, etc. Definition An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the
user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs

8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

Real-time Operating System

A real-time operating system is an operating system that guarantees to process events
or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-
tasking, but when multitasking, it uses specialized scheduling algorithms so that a
deterministic nature of behavior is achieved. Such an event-driven system switches between
tasks based on their priorities or external events, whereas time-sharing operating systems
switch tasks based on clock interrupts

Distributed Operating System

A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct, networked computers and

makes them appear to be a single computer, as all computations are distributed (divided
amongst the constituent computers).

1.0 Aim of the Micro-Project

This Micro-Project aims at

1. Manage the computer's resources, such as the central processing unit, memory, disk drives,
2 .and printers.
3. Establish a user interface.
4. Execute and provide services for applications software.

2.0 Action Plan:

Sr Details of Activity Planned Start date Planned Finish date

No.

1. Decide the subject of project 27/11/2021 30/11/2021

2. Collect information of project 1/12/2021 4/12/2021
3. Creating report 8/01/2021 10/01/2021

3.0 Resources Requires:

9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Sr. Name of resource / Specification Quantity Remarks
No. material
1. Internet To collect information from 1 Which ever
various website is available
2. Desktop Pentium iv or above with 1 Which ever
keyboard,mouse is available
PART B
Outcome after Execution Format for Micro-Project Report

Comparing features of operating system Realtime Operating system,

Distributed operating system

1.0 Brief Description:

What is an Operating System?

An Operating System (OS) is a software that acts as an interface between computer

hardware components and the user. Every computer system must have at least one operating
system to run other programs. Applications like Browsers, MS Office, Notepad Games, etc.,
need some environment to run and perform its tasks

Hardware
CPU Memory,Hard
Drive

OPERATING
SYSTEM
Window ,Apple OSX,
Linux

UND User

1.1 Following are the popular types of Operating System:

• Batch Operating System
• Multitasking/Time Sharing OS
• Multiprocessing OS
• Real Time OS

10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
• Distributed OS
• Network OS
• Mobile OS

1.2 Features of Operating System

Here is a list important features of OS:

• Protected and supervisor mode

• Allows disk access and file systems Device drivers Networking Security
• Program Execution
• Memory management Virtual Memory Multitasking
• Handling I/O operations
• Manipulation of the file system
• Error Detection and handling
• Resource allocation
• Information and Resource Protection

USER

APPLICATION

OPERATING
SYSTEM

HARDWARE

11
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

1.3 Functions of Operating system

In an operating system software performs each of the function:

1. Process management:- Process management helps OS to create and delete processes. It

also provides mechanisms for synchronization and communication among processes.

2. Memory management:- Memory management module performs the task of allocation

and de-allocation of memory space to programs in need of this resources.

3. File management:- It manages all the file-related activities such as organization storage,
retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.

4. Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of all devices. This module also
responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller. It also performs the task of
allocation and de-allocation of the devices.

5. I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is to hide the peculiarities
of that hardware device from the user.

6. Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several levels of storage which

includes primary storage, secondary storage, and cache storage. Instructions and data
must be stored in primary storage or cache so that a running program can reference it.

7. Security:- Security module protects the data and information of a computer system
against malware threat and authorized access.

8. Command interpretation: This module is interpreting commands given by the and

acting system resources to process that commands

9. Networking: A distributed system is a group of processors which do not share memory,

hardware devices, or a clock. The processors communicate with one another through the
network.

10. Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource used by various job and users.

11. Communication management: Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters,

and another software resource of the various users of the computer systems.

12
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

1.4 Advantages of Operating System:

• Allows you to hide details of hardware by creating an abstraction

• Easy to use with a GUI

• Offers an environment in which a user may execute programs/applications

• The operating system must make sure that the computer system convenient to use

• Operating System acts as an intermediary among applications and the hardware

components

• It provides the computer system resources with easy to use format

• Acts as an intermediator between all hardware's and software's of the system

1.5 Disadvantages of Operating System:

• If any issue occurs in OS, you may lose all the contents which have been stored in your
system

• Operating system's software is quite expensive for small size organization which adds
burden on them. Example Windows

• It is never entirely secure as a threat can occur at any time

2.0 Real Time Operating System

Real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system intended to serve real time
application that process data as it comes in, mostly without buffer delay. The full form of
RTOS is Real time operating system. In a RTOS, Processing time requirement are calculated
in tenths of seconds increments of time. It is time-bound system that can be defined as fixed

13
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
time constraints. In this type of system, processing must be done inside the specified
constraints. Otherwise, the system will fail.

2.1 Types of Real time operating system

Three types of Real time operating systems are:

1.Hard Real Time : In Hard RTOS, the deadline is handled very strictly which means that
given task must start executing on specified scheduled time, and must be completed within
the assigned time duration. Example: Medical critical care system, Aircraft systems, etc.

2.Firm Real time: These type of RTOS also need to follow the deadlines. However, missing
a deadline may not have big impact but could cause undesired affects, like a huge reduction
in quality of a product. Example: Various types of Multimedia applications.

3.Soft Real Time: Soft Real time RTOS, accepts some delays by the Operating system. In
this type of RTOS, there is a deadline assigned for a specific job, but a delay for a small
amount of time is acceptable. So, deadlines are handled softly by this type of RTOS.
Example: Online Transaction system and Livestock price quotation System.

Terms used in Real time operating system Here, are essential terms used in
Real time operating system:

• Task – A set of related tasks that are jointly able to provide some system functionality.

• Job – A job is a small piece of work that can be assigned to a processor, and that may or
may not require resources.

• Release time of a job – It's a time of a job at which job becomes ready for execution.
• Execution time of a job: It is time taken by job to finish its execution.

14
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
• Deadline of a job: It's time by which a job should finish its execution.

• Processors: They are also known as active resources. They are important for the execution
of a job.

• Maximum It is the allowable response time of a job is called its relative deadline.

• Response time of a job: It is a length of time from the release time of a job when the instant
finishes.

• Absolute deadline: This is the relative deadline, which also includes its release time.

2.2 Features of Real time operating system Here are important features
of RTOS:

• Occupy very less memory

• Consume fewer resources

• Response times are highly predictable

• Unpredictable environment

• The Kernel saves the state of the interrupted task ad then determines which task it
should run next.

• The Kernel restores the state of the task and passes control of the CPU for that task.

2.3 Applications of Real Time Operating System Real-time systems are

used in:

• Airlines reservation system.

• Air traffic control system.

• Systems that provide immediate updating.

• Used in any system that provides up to date and minute information on stock prices.

• Defence application systems like RADAR.

• Networked Multimedia Systems

• Command Control Systems

• Internet Telephony

• Anti-lock Brake Systems

15
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

• Heart Pacemaker 2.5Components of RTOS

2.5Components of RTOS

The
Scheduler
Symmetric
Function
Multiprocessing
Library

Component of Real
Time Operating
System

Memory Fast Dispatch

Management Latency

User- Defined Data

Object

And Classes

Components of Real Time Operating System

1.The Scheduler: This component of RTOS tells that in which order, the tasks can be
executed which is generally based on the priority.

2.Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP): It is a number of multiple different tasks that

can be handled by the RTOS so that parallel processing can be done.

16
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
3.Function Library: It is an important element of RTOS that acts as an interface that
helps you to connect kernel and application code. This application allows you to send
the requests to the Kernel using a function library so that the application can give the
desired results.

4.Memory Management: this element is needed in the system to allocate memory to

every program, which is the most important element of the RTOS.

5.Fast dispatch latency: It is an interval between the termination of the task that can
be identified by the OS and the actual time taken by the thread, which is in the ready
queue, that has started processing.

6.User-defined data objects and classes: RTOS system makes use of programming
languages like C or C++, which should be organized according to their operation.

2.6 Advantages of Real-Time Operating Systems

• Priority Based Scheduling.

• Abstracting Timing Information.

• Maintainability/Extensibility.

• Modularity.

• Promotes Team Development.

• Easier Testing.

• Code Reuse.

• Improved Efficiency.

2.7 Disadvantages of Real time operating system Here, are drawbacks/cons

of using RTOS system:
• RTOS system can run minimal tasks together, and it concentrates only on those
applications which contain an error so that it can avoid them.

• RTOS is the system that concentrates on a few tasks. Therefore, it is really hard for
these systems to do multi-tasking.

• Specific drivers are required for the RTOS so that it can offer fast response time to
interrupt signals, which helps to maintain its speed.

17
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

• Plenty of resources are used by RTOS, which makes this system expensive.

• The tasks which have a low priority need to wait for a long time as the RTOS
maintains the accuracy of the program, which are under execution.

• Minimum switching of tasks is done in Real time operating systems.

• It uses complex algorithms which is difficult to understand.

• RTOS uses lot of resources, which sometimes not suitable for the system.

3.0 Distributed Operating System

In this article, we will fully explain distributed operating system. Distributed
operating system allows distributing of entire systems on the couples of center
processors, and it serves on the multiple real time products as well as multiple users.

Distributed Operating System is a model where distributed applications are running

on multiple computers linked by communications. A distributed operating system is
an extension of the network operating system that supports higher levels of
communication and integration of the machines on the network.

This system looks to its users like an ordinary centralized operating system but runs
on multiple, independent central processing units (CPUs)

3.1 Types Of Distributed Operating System

• Client-Server Systems
• Peer-to-Peer Systems
• Middleware

1.Client-Server Systems

Client-Server Systems is known as “Tightly Coupled Operating System”. This

system is designed mostly for multiprocessors and homogeneous multicomputer.
Client-Server Systems works as a centralized server because it provides the approval
to all requests, which are generated by client systems side.

Server systems can be divided into two segments:

18
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
i)Computer Server System This system allows the interface, and then client sends
own all requests for executing as action. Finally it sends to back response after
executing action, and transfer result to client.

ii) File Server System It allows the file system interface for clients because their
clients can be performed various tasks such as creation, updating, deletion files, and
more.
Objective – Hide and manage hardware resources.

2.Peer-to-Peer System
Peer-to-Peer System is known as a “Loosely Couple System”. This concept is
implemented in the computer network application because it contains the bunch of
processors, and they are not shareable memories or clocks as well.
Every processors consist own local memory, and these processors make
communication with each other through various communication medium such as high
speed buses or telephone lines.
Objective – It provides local services to remote clients.

3. Middleware Middleware
It allows the interoperability in the between of all applications, which are running on
other operating systems. With using these services those applications are capable for
transferring all data each other.
Objective – It allows the distribution transparency

3.2 Terms Used In Distributed Operating System

1. Concurrency:-
Concurrency is a big-picture word describing what happens when we break down
activities into smaller tasks that run together

2. Tasks & Threads:-

A Task is an abstraction for a small unit of work, when you break it down.
Hammering a nail is a task. Watering plants and picking up take-out are also tasks.
Ordering an airline ticket is a task, and so is an airline company updating its ticket
prices. In computer terms a task is a Thread.

19
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

3. process:-
A Process is at the operating-system level, independent and may include multiple
threads running in the same memory space.

4.Synchronized:-

Synchronized code can only be run / accessed by a single thread at a time, which
means one program cannot access it while another is updating. Code synchronization
is more like a queue, where threads wait their turn before going through the activity
and each thread may execute the activity separately.

3.2 Features of distributed Operating System

• Resource sharing.
• Openness.
• Concurrency.
• Scalability.
• Fault Tolerance.
• Transparency.

3.4 Application of distributed Operating System

• Air Traffic Control System
• Automated Banking System
• Multiplayer online gaming
• Airplane Control Towers System
• Scientific Computing System
• Cluster Computing
• Grid Computing
• Data rendering
• Wireless sensor N/W System
• Routing Algorithms

3.5 Advantages of distributed Operating System

• All the nodes in the distributed system are connected to each other. ...

20
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
• More nodes can easily be added to the distributed system i.e. it can be scaled as
required
• Failure of one node does not lead to the failure of the entire distributed system. 3.6
Disadvantages of Distributed Systems
• It is difficult to provide adequate security in distributed systems because the nodes
as well as the connections need to be secured.
• Some messages and data can be lost in the network while moving from one node to
another.

4.0 Comparing features of Real time operating System and Distributed

Operating System

Real time operating System Distributed Operating System

1.Distributed Operating System is a model 1. The time interval required to process and
where distributed applications are running on respond to inputs is very small. This time
multiple computers linked by interval is called response time.
communications

. 2.Real time Operating System are used in Distributed operating System are most
large organizations. common in middle and large organization.

3. Distributed system a system in which . 3. A real-time system is any information

components are distributed across multiple processing system which has to respond to
locations and computernetwork externally generated input stimuli within a
finite and specified period
4. These are referred to as loosely coupled 4. Real-time systems are used when there are
systems or distributed systems. time requirements that are very strict like
missile systems, air traffic control systems,
robots, etc

21
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
5.Types of Real time operating system:-hard 5. Types of Real time operating system:-
real time, firm real time and soft real time Client sever system, peer to peer and
middleware

CONCLUSION
• Without operating system the computer cannot run the application and we cannot do work
in the computer, therefore operating system is very important in computer.

• As operating system controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various
uses, we can say that it plays a very important role in the computer system.

• An operating system is needed in order to use various application on your computer and
wireless device

22