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ICMR

The document discusses error detection and correction techniques used at various layers of network protocols. It describes checksums, parity bits, cyclic redundancy checks, time to live fields, protocol identifiers, priority fields, and payloads carried in network packets.

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Vivek Gupta
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36 views1 page

ICMR

The document discusses error detection and correction techniques used at various layers of network protocols. It describes checksums, parity bits, cyclic redundancy checks, time to live fields, protocol identifiers, priority fields, and payloads carried in network packets.

Uploaded by

Vivek Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Error detection and correction

Error detection and correction is performed at various layers in


the protocol stack. Network packets may contain
a checksum, parity bits or cyclic redundancy checks to detect
errors that occur during transmission.
At the transmitter, the calculation is performed before the packet
is sent. When received at the destination, the checksum is
recalculated, and compared with the one in the packet. If
discrepancies are found, the packet may be corrected or discarded.
Any packet loss due to these discards is dealt with by the
network protocol.
In some cases modifications of the network packet may be necessary
while routing, in which cases checksums are recalculated.
Hop limit
Under fault conditions, packets can end up traversing a closed
circuit. If nothing was done, eventually the number of packets
circulating would build up until the network was congested to the
point of failure. Time to live is a field that is decreased by
one each time a packet goes through a network hop. If the field
reaches zero, routing has failed, and the packet is discarded.
Ethernet packets have no time-to-live field and so are subject
to broadcast radiation in the presence of a switching loop.
Length
There may be a field to identify the overall packet length.
However, in some types of networks, the length is implied by the
duration of the transmission.
Protocol identifier
It is often desirable to carry multiple communication protocols on
a network. A protocol identifier field specifies a packet's
protocol and allows the protocol stack to process many types of
packets.
Priority
Some networks implement quality of service which can prioritize
some types of packets above others. This field indicates which
packet queue should be used; a high priority queue is emptied more
quickly than lower priority queues at points in the network where
congestion is occurring.
Payload
In general, the payload is the data that is carried on behalf of
an application. It is usually of variable length, up to a maximum
that is set by the network protocol and sometimes the equipment on
the route. When necessary, some networks can break a larger packet
into smaller packets.

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