BASICS OF FOOTBALL

Football is a game with two teams of eleven players, played over the course of 90

minutes. This period is split into two 45-minute halves. The objective of the game is to

score more ‘goals’ than the opposition. The term ‘goal’ refers to two areas either side of

the pitch, each one defended by one of the teams. A ‘goal’ is scored by depositing the

ball into the opponent’s area.

The Laws of the Game

Field of play

Football can be played on a natural or artificial (e.g. Astroturf) surface.

However, the shape of the field must be rectangular, with the dimensions of 90-120

metres long by 45-90 metres wide. Notably, the guidelines for international matches

are stricter (100-110 metres x 64-75 metres).

 Goal Area: Starts 5.5 metres from each goalpost and extends 5.5 metres out,

with the two lines joining vertically

 Penalty Area: Starts 16.5 metres from each goalpost and extends 16.5 metres

out, with the two lines joining vertically.

 Flagpost: Placed at each corner, with a quarter-circle on the field (1 metre in

radius).

 Goals: 7.32 metre area between the posts, and 2.44 metres high. The posts

cannot exceed 5 inches in width.

Naturally spherical, with a circumference of 27-28 inches.

Number of players

One of the eleven is classified as the goalkeeper and permitted to handle the

ball in his team’s penalty area. The eleven players are supplemented by the option to

bring on a maximum of three substitutes from a pre-decided list of three to seven

players (the number of substitutes permitted is slightly higher for international

friendly matches).

In order to bring on a substitute, the referee must first be informed and then

there has to be a break in the play (for example, a free-kick or a throw-in). The

substitute then comes on as a replacement for one of the 11 current players.

Equipment

Basic equipment is the team jersey, shorts, shinguards with socks and studded boots or

trainers depending on the surface. The goalkeeper is also permitted gloves and a

different coloured jersey for identification purposes.

Referee

The referee adjudicates the match in collaboration with two linesmen (properly

referred to as ‘referee’s assistants’) and a fourth official, situated on the touchline, if

necessary. The referee’s tasks include acting as a timekeeper (although with advice on

the amount of ‘injury time’ to be added on to the 45 minutes each half to compensate

for injuries and other stoppages), awarding free kicks and penalties and generally

dealing with anything requiring a ruling. Can also choose to allow play to proceed in case

of a foul, providing there is an ‘advantage’ to be gained by the team against which the

foul has been committed.

The match officially lasts 90 minutes, split into two 45-minute halves with a

half-time interval of no longer than 15 minutes.

In the knock-out stages of competitions, extra-time is used if there is no winner

after 90 minutes. This extra period is 30 minutes, split into two 15 minute halves. If

extra-time does not find a winner, then a penalty shoot-out takes place, where five

players from each team are selected and alternate shots on goal from the penalty spot

against the opposition goalkeeper. In that instance, the team with the most successful

penalties is declared the winner. If they are still tied then they will move on to sudden-

death penalties, where each team will take one penalty until one of the two sides has

scored move than the other after the side amount of spot kicks.

Start and restart of play

A coin toss takes place just before the game starts, the winner of which will get

the choice of choosing which end to attack or whether to kick-off. Should they choose

to kick-off then the other captain will be allowed elect which end to attack in the first

half. Should the winner decide to choose which end to attack then the loser can choose

whether to kick-off in the first or second half.

The kick-off is also used after a goal has been scored, the task befalling the

team who has conceded, and for both halves of extra-time.

At the kick-off, players from each side must all be in their half of the field. The

actual kick-off takes place on the centre spot in the centre circle. The player who kicks

off cannot touch it again until another player has made contact.

Scoring

A team can only score if the whole ball crosses the goal line between the

goalposts. The winner is the team who scores more goals, except in a competition where

the ‘away goals’ rule applies. The ‘away goals’ rule means that, if a team scores a goal

away from their home stadium, the goal counts extra (therefore, a 1-1 scoreline would

mean the away team wins).

The perennial problem for newcomers to football is understanding the offside

rule. This is made somewhat harder by the fact there are two elements to offsides in

football; being in an offside position, and committing an offside offence.

To be in an offside position is to be closer to the opponent’s goal than the last

opposition outfield player (therefore excluding the goalkeeper) and the ball. However,

to commit an offside offence is to have the ball played forward towards you while in

that position. As such, you can be in an offside position and not commit an offside

offence.

The rule is further complicated by the fact the referee or his assistant must

adjudge you to be ‘active’ in the play before giving an offside decision against you. This

can be obvious, for example if you touch the ball in an offside position, but it can be

extremely nebulous. The official rule states ‘active’ as meaning “interfering with play…

or an opponent… or gaining an advantage by being in that position”. However, as you will

find as you watch more and more games, what one referee or linesman considers to be

active can be very different to another individual’s interpretation, and the offside rule

is generally a major debating point.

There are other factors to consider which can exempt you from the offside rule.

You cannot be offside in your own-half of the pitch, for example, and you cannot be

penalised for being in an offside position when a goal kick, throw-in, indirect free kick

or corner kick is taken.

A foul can take place anywhere on the pitch, and a free kick is awarded where

that foul takes place (excepting fouls in the penalty area, which result in a penalty kick).

The referee can choose simply to award the foul, speak to the player about his conduct

or take matters further.

Punishment for offences

If the single infraction is deemed serious enough or the culprit persistently

offends during a match, the referee can choose to take extra action against a

particular individual:

 Yellow Card – A ‘caution’ given to a player. If two of these cards are shown to

the same player, it means a…

 Red Card – Showing a red card to a player means he/she is expelled from the

match. A straight red card (no previous ‘caution’) can be shown for extreme

offences such as serious foul play, violent conduct, spitting, deliberate hand-ball

to prevent a goal, a professional foul (denying a goalscoring opportunity) and

insulting language and/or gestures.

Free kicks

Whenever a free kick is taken, the opposition must be at least 10 yards away from

the ball until it is delivered. If this rule is not adhered to, the kick is retaken. There

are two types of free kick awarded, depending on the nature of the offence:

 Direct free kick – Allows the team to take a direct shot at the opponent’s goal.

Awarded as a result of fouls with evidence intent to harm or reckless/excessive

force (e.g. a sliding tackle which takes the player first, shirt-pulling and a

deliberate hand-ball).

 Indirect free kick – A direct strike on goal is not permitted, meaning any shot

must come from the second player to touch the ball after the kick is taken. If a

direct strike is successfully made on goal, a goal kick to the opposition is given.
 An indirect free kick is awarded for any foul which is dangerous or impedes an

opponent.

An indirect free kick can be awarded in the case of a passback offence, a fairly

uncommon foul in the game. This is given if one team’s player passes the ball to the

keeper, who immediately picks it up rather than taking a touch with his feet. The free

kick is subsequently taken wherever the goalkeeper picked the ball up.

Penalty kick

A penalty kick is awarded for offences taking place in the penalty and goal area.

A nominated member of the team awarded the penalty is allowed a strike at goal from

the penalty spot (see the image in the ‘field of play’ section), with only the goalkeeper

to beat. The goalkeeper must remain on his line until the ball has been kicked, and all

other players must be outside the area behind the penalty spot. After he has taken the

kick, he cannot strike the ball again without another player touching the ball.

Throw-in

A throw-in is awarded when the whole ball crosses the touch line (conceded by

the team who last touched the ball). It is delivered off the field of play with both

hands and from behind and over the deliverer’s head. Otherwise it is deemed to be a

‘foul throw’ and a throw-in is given to the opposition. It cannot go direct to the

goalkeeper’s hands (if on the same team) and you cannot score directly from a throw-in.

Goal kick

Awarded once the whole ball crosses the goal line if it last touched an opposition

player. The ball is kicked from anywhere in the goal area outfield, but must cross the

penalty area line.

Awarded once the whole ball crosses the goal line of the opposition, after last

touching one of their players. Taken from the corner of whichever side the ball exited

the field, in the prescribed quarter-circle space. Opponents must be 10 yards from the

corner arc and the kicker cannot touch the ball a second time without contact from

someone else beforehand (or the opponent receives an indirect free kick).