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Ten Unethical Psychological Experiments Research Presentation

Psychology is a relatively new science which gained popularity in the early 20th century with the work of
numerous psychologists. In the zeal to learn about the human thought process and behavior, many early
psychologists went too far with their experimentations, leading to stringent ethics codes and standards.
Though these are highly unethical experiments, it should be mentioned that they did pave the way to
induct our current ethical standards of experiments, and that should be seen as a positive.

 In groups of two or three you will be assigned one of the ten notoriously unethical research
experiments below. You and your partners will fully research the experiment and document the
following information, presenting it a presentation to the class. Your presentation must include a
description summary of the experiment and all the relative aspects.

1. The Who, What, When, Why and How of the experiment

2. What TYPE of psychologist is performing the experiment, and from which school?
3. Scientific Method of the experiment
 Question
 Hypothesis
 Test
 Analysis
 Conclusions
4. The Independent and Dependent Variables
5. Can the results be replicated?
6. WHY is this experiment considered to be UNETHICAL? Do you agree?
 Harmful? Deceitful? Etc?
 7. HOW did this experiment influence future research?
8. Another possible way to undertake the experiment that is NOT unethical, yet still tries to answer
the original question

Your presentation must be 10-12 minutes in length and, in addition to the above info, include the
following:

 A powerpoint that enhances learning

 A video of either the experiment itself or a representative video
 TWO thought-provoking and insightful questions for the audience that PROMOTE
DISCUSSION!!! You will then lead a brief class discussion AFTER your 10-12 minutes!!
 10 Unethical Psychological Experiments

10 The Monster Study 1939

The Monster Study was a stuttering experiment on 22 orphan children in Davenport, Iowa, in 1939 conducted by
Wendell Johnson at the University of Iowa. Johnson chose one of his graduate students, Mary Tudor, to conduct the
experiment and he supervised her research. After placing the children in control and experimental groups, Tudor
gave positive speech therapy to half of the children, praising the fluency of their speech, and negative speech
therapy to the other half, belittling the children for every speech imperfection and telling them they were stutterers.
Many of the normal speaking orphan children who received negative therapy in the experiment suffered negative
psychological effects and some retained speech problems during the course of their life. Dubbed “The Monster
Study” by some of Johnson’s peers who were horrified that he would experiment on orphan children to prove a
theory, the experiment was kept hidden for fear Johnson’s reputation would be tarnished in the wake of human
experiments conducted by the Nazis during World War II. The University of Iowa publicly apologized for the
Monster Study in 2001.

9 The Aversion Project 1970s and 1980s

South Africa’s apartheid army forced white lesbian and gay soldiers to undergo ‘sex-change’ operations in the
1970′s and the 1980′s, and submitted many to chemical castration, electric shock, and other unethical medical
experiments. Although the exact number is not known, former apartheid army surgeons estimate that as many as 900
forced ‘sexual reassignment’ operations may have been performed between 1971 and 1989 at military hospitals, as
part of a top-secret program to root out homosexuality from the service.

Army psychiatrists aided by chaplains aggressively ferreted out suspected homosexuals from the armed forces,
sending them discretely to military psychiatric units, chiefly ward 22 of 1 Military Hospital at Voortrekkerhoogte,
near Pretoria. Those who could not be ‘cured’ with drugs, aversion shock therapy, hormone treatment, and other
radical ‘psychiatric’ means were chemically castrated or given sex-change operations.

Although several cases of lesbian soldiers abused have been documented so far—including one botched sex-change
operation—most of the victims appear to have been young, 16 to 24-year-old white males drafted into the apartheid
army.

Dr. Aubrey Levin (the head of the study) is now Clinical Professor in the Department of Psychiatry (Forensic
Division) at the University of Calgary’s Medical School. He is also in private practice, as a member in good
standing of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta.

8 Stanford Prison Experiment 1971

This study was not necessarily unethical, but the results were disastrous, and its sheer infamy puts it on this list.
Famed psychologist Philip Zimbardo led this experiment to examine that behavior of individuals when placed into
roles of either prisoner or guard and the norms these individuals were expected to display.

Prisoners were put into a situation purposely meant to cause disorientation, degradation, and depersonalization.
Guards were not given any specific directions or training on how to carry out their roles. Though at first, the
students were unsure of how to carry out their roles, eventually they had no problem. The second day of the
experiment invited a rebellion by the prisoners, which brought a severe response from the guards. Things only went
downhill from there.

Guards implemented a privilege system meant to break solidarity between prisoners and create distrust between
them. The guards became paranoid about the prisoners, believing they were out to get them. This caused the
privilege system to be controlled in every aspect, even in the prisoners’ bodily functions. Prisoners began to
experience emotional disturbances, depression, and learned helplessness. During this time, prisoners were visited by
a prison chaplain. They identified themselves as numbers rather than their names, and when asked how they planned
to leave the prison, prisoners were confused. They had completely assimilated into their roles.
Dr. Zimbardo ended the experiment after five days, when he realized just how real the prison had become to the
subjects. Though the experiment lasted only a short time, the results are very telling. How quickly someone can
abuse their control when put into the right circumstances. The scandal at Abu Ghraib that shocked the U.S. in 2004
is prime example of Zimbardo’s experiment findings.

7 Monkey Drug Trials 1969

While animal experimentation can be incredibly helpful in understanding man, and developing life saving drugs,
there have been experiments which go well beyond the realms of ethics. The monkey drug trials of 1969 were one
such case. In this experiment, a large group of monkeys and rats were trained to inject themselves with an
assortment of drugs, including morphine, alcohol, codeine, cocaine, and amphetamines. Once the animals were
capable of self-injecting, they were left to their own devices with a large supply of each drug.

The animals were so disturbed (as one would expect) that some tried so hard to escape that they broke their arms in
the process. The monkeys taking cocaine suffered convulsions and in some cases tore off their own fingers (possible
as a consequence of hallucinations), one monkey taking amphetamines tore all of the fur from his arm and abdomen,
and in the case of cocaine and morphine combined, death would occur within 2 weeks.

The point of the experiment was simply to understand the effects of addiction and drug use; a point which, I think,
most rational and ethical people would know did not require such horrendous treatment of animals.

6 Landis’ Facial Expressions Experiment 1924

In 1924, Carney Landis, a psychology graduate at the University of Minnesota developed an experiment to
determine whether different emotions create facial expressions specific to that emotion. The aim of this experiment
was to see if all people have a common expression when feeling disgust, shock, joy, and so on.

Most of the participants in the experiment were students. They were taken to a lab and their faces were painted with
black lines, in order to study the movements of their facial muscles. They were then exposed to a variety of stimuli
designed to create a strong reaction. As each person reacted, they were photographed by Landis. The subjects were
made to smell ammonia, to look at pornography, and to put their hands into a bucket of frogs. But the controversy
around this study was the final part of the test.

Participants were shown a live rat and given instructions to behead it. While all the participants were repelled by the
idea, fully one third did it. The situation was made worse by the fact that most of the students had no idea how to
perform this operation in a humane manner and the animals were forced to experience great suffering. For the one
third who refused to perform the decapitation, Landis would pick up the knife and cut the animals head off for them.

The consequences of the study were actually more important for their evidence that people are willing to do almost
anything when asked in a situation like this. The study did not prove that humans have a common set of unique
facial expressions.

5 Little Albert 1920

John Watson, father of behaviorism, was a psychologist who was apt to using orphans in his experiments. Watson
wanted to test the idea of whether fear was innate or a conditioned response. Little Albert, the nickname given to the
nine month old infant that Watson chose from a hospital, was exposed to a white rabbit, a white rat, a monkey,
masks with and without hair, cotton wool, burning newspaper, and a miscellanea of other things for two months
without any sort of conditioning. The experiment began by placing Albert on a mattress in the middle of a room. A
white laboratory rat was placed near Albert and he was allowed to play with it. At this point, the child showed no
fear of the rat.

Then Watson would make a loud sound behind Albert’s back by striking a suspended steel bar with a hammer when
the baby touched the rat. In these occasions, Little Albert cried and showed fear as he heard the noise. After this was
done several times, Albert became very distressed when the rat was displayed. Albert had associated the white rat
with the loud noise and was producing the fearful or emotional response of crying.
Little Albert started to generalize his fear response to anything fluffy or white (or both). The most unfortunate part
of this experiment is that Little Albert was not desensitized to his fear. He left the hospital before Watson could do
so.

4 Learned Helplessness 1965

In 1965, psychologists Mark Seligman and Steve Maier conducted an experiment in which three groups of dogs
were placed in harnesses. Dogs from group one were released after a certain amount of time, with no harm done.
Dogs from group two were paired up and leashed together, and one from each pair was given electrical shocks that
could be ended by pressing a lever. Dogs from group three were also paired up and leashed together, one receiving
shocks, but the shocks didn’t end when the lever was pressed. Shocks came randomly and seemed inevitable, which
caused “learned helplessness,” the dogs assuming that nothing could be done about the shocks. The dogs in group
three ended up displaying symptoms of clinical depression.

Later, group three dogs were placed in a box by themselves. They were again shocked, but they could easily end the
shocks by jumping out of the box. These dogs simply “gave up,” again displaying learned helplessness. The image
above is a healthy pet dog in a science lab, not an animal used in experimentation.

3 Milgram Study 1974

The notorious Milgram Study is one of the most well-known of psychology experiments. Stanley Milgram, a social
psychologist at Yale University, wanted to test obedience to authority. He set up an experiment with “teachers” who
were the actual participants, and a “learner,” who was an actor. Both the teacher and the learner were told that the
study was about memory and learning.

Both the learner and the teacher received slips that they were told were given to them randomly, when in fact, both
had been given slips that read “teacher.” The actor claimed to receive a “learner” slip, so the teacher was deceived.
Both were separated into separate rooms and could only hear each other. The teacher read a pair of words, following
by four possible answers to the question. If the learner was incorrect with his answer, the teacher was to administer a
shock with voltage that increased with every wrong answer. If correct, there would be no shock, and the teacher
would advance to the next question.

In reality, no one was being shocked. A tape recorder with pre-recorded screams was hooked up to play each time
the teacher administered a shock. When the shocks got to a higher voltage, the actor/learner would bang on the wall
and ask the teacher to stop. Eventually all screams and banging would stop and silence would ensue. This was the
point when many of the teachers exhibited extreme distress and would ask to stop the experiment. Some questioned
the experiment, but many were encouraged to go on and told they would not be responsible for any results.

If at any time the subject indicated his desire to halt the experiment, he was told by the experimenter, Please
continue. The experiment requires that you continue. It is absolutely essential that you continue. You have no other
choice, you must go on. If after all four orders the teacher still wished to stop the experiment, it was ended. Only 14
out of 40 teachers halted the experiment before administering a 450 volt shock, though every participant questioned
the experiment, and no teacher firmly refused to stop the shocks before 300 volts.

In 1981, Tom Peters and Robert H. Waterman Jr. wrote that the Milgram Experiment and the later Stanford prison
experiment were frightening in their implications about the danger lurking in human nature’s dark side.

2 The Well of Despair 1960

Dr. Harry Harlow was an unsympathetic person, using terms like the “rape rack” and “iron maiden” in his
experiments. He is most well-known for the experiments he conducted on rhesus monkeys concerning social
isolation. Dr. Harlow took infant rhesus monkeys who had already bonded with their mothers and placed them in a
stainless steel vertical chamber device alone with no contact in order to sever those bonds. They were kept in the
chambers for up to one year. Many of these monkeys came out of the chamber psychotic, and many did not recover.
Dr. Harlow concluded that even a happy, normal childhood was no defense against depression, while science writer
Deborah Blum called these, “common sense results.”
Gene Sackett of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of Harlow’s doctoral students, stated he believes the
animal liberation movement in the U.S. was born as a result of Harlow’s experiments. William Mason, one of
Harlow’s students, said that Harlow “kept this going to the point where it was clear to many people that the work
was really violating ordinary sensibilities, that anybody with respect for life or people would find this offensive. It’s
as if he sat down and said, ‘I’m only going to be around another ten years. What I’d like to do, then, is leave a great
big mess behind.’ If that was his aim, he did a perfect job.”

1 David Reimer 1965 – 2004

In 1965, a baby boy was born in Canada named David Reimer. At eight months old, he was brought in for a standard
procedure: circumcision. Unfortunately, during the process his penis was burned off. This was due to the physicians
using an electrocautery needle instead of a standard scalpel. When the parents visited psychologist John Money, he
suggested a simple solution to a very complicated problem: a sex change. His parents were distraught about the
situation, but they eventually agreed to the procedure. They didn’t know that the doctor’s true intentions were to
prove that nurture, not nature, determined gender identity. For his own selfish gain, he decided to use David as his
own private case study.

David, now Brenda, had a constructed vagina and was given hormonal supplements. Dr. Money called the
experiment a success, neglecting to report the negative effects of Brenda’s surgery. She acted very much like a
stereotypical boy and had conflicting and confusing feelings about an array of topics. Worst of all, her parents did
not inform her of the horrific accident as an infant. This caused a devastating tremor through the family. Brenda’s
mother was suicidal, her father was alcoholic, and her brother was severely depressed.

Finally, Brenda’s parents gave her the news of her true gender when she was fourteen years old. Brenda decided to
become David again, stopped taking estrogen, and had a penis reconstructed. Dr. Money reported no further results
beyond insisting that the experiment had been a success, leaving out many details of David’s obvious struggle with
gender identity. At the age of 38, David committed suicide.