Vibgyor: Compact Super-Directive Yagi-Uda Antenna Based On Parabolic-Shaped Reflector For Wireless Communications

Research Article: Open Access
DOI: 10.35840/2631-5041/1706
International Journal of
VIBGYOR Electronics and Device Physics
Compact Super-Directive Yagi-Uda Antenna

Based on Parabolic-Shaped Reflector for Wireless
Communications
ISSN: 2631-5041
AbdelRahman M Ghanim1*, Mohamed Hussein1,2, Rehab Hemdan1 and Ashraf Yahia1

1
Physics Department, Ain Shams University, Egypt
2
Centre for Photonics and Smart Materials, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Egypt
Abstract
This paper was undertaken to study the influence upon gain and directional characteristics
caused by numerous array of elements when used in conjunction with the Yagi antenna. An-
tennas are beneficial for a wide range of applications such as point to point communication,
radio broadcasting, radar, and wireless LAN. However, maximum gain and maximum directivity
with low losses are the desired characteristics that are sought. In this paper, the novel design of
ultra-directive microstrip Yagi design (frequency = 2.4 GHz) is simulated and analyzed. We used
the FIT technique to obtain the optimized parameters (geometrical parameters) for the Yagi de-
sign. Also, the antenna parameters (gain and directivity), and the matching parameters (VSWR
and S11) are simulated using the finite integral technique (FIT). The proposed design showed
high directivity and high gain with a narrow beam. Additionally, the investigated design exhibits
low loss power due to the low value of the backscattering and also S11 value. The measured
results for the matched parameters of the investigated design are taken from the network ana-
lyzer. For our proposed design, the experimental results are very close to the simulated results.
The suggested Yagi antenna design may be beneficial for many applications including, Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth applications, and wireless applications.
Keywords
Yagi-Uda, Directivity, Finite integration technique, Radiation pattern
Introduction na is widely used over conventional antenna [3].

One of the most popular and widely used antennas
Communication can be generally defined as the
is the printed Yagi-Uda antenna because of its, low
transfer of information from point to point [1]. The
cost, simplicity, highly directional radiation, and
use of the communication system is usually when
relatively high gain [4].
the information is to be sent over a distance [1,2]. In
today’s spacecraft and aircraft applications where The printed Yagi-Uda antenna arrays widely
the antenna’s size, cost, weight, performance, ease used in important applications in the very high fre-
of installation, and fabrication profile are of utmost quency/ultrahigh-frequency (VHF/UHF) range like
consideration [2]. The low-profile microstrip anten- home TV applications and modern wireless com-
*Corresponding author: AbdelRahman M Ghanim, Physics Department, Ain Shams University, 11566,
Cairo, Egypt, Tel: (+39)-333-779-3922
Accepted: August 17, 2020; Published: August 19, 2020
Copyright: © 2020 Ghanim AM, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original author and source are credited.
Ghanim et al. Int J Electron Device Phys 2020, 4:006
Citation: Ghanim AM, Hussein M, Hemdan R, Yahia A (2020) Compact Super-Directive Yagi-Uda Antenna Based on Parabolic-Shaped
Reflector for Wireless Communications. Int J Electron Device Phys 4:006
Ghanim et al. Int J Electron Device Phys 2020, 4:006 ISSN: 2631-5041 | • Page 2 of 13 •
munications [5]. The Yagi-Uda array is the arrange- forward/backward ratio (F/B) significantly while
ment of a row of straight cylindrical conductors, of maintaining a high gain [14]. This configuration in-
which only one is driven (source) and all the others volves the addition of one radiating element to the
are parasitic [4,5]. The parasitic elements normally original Yagi array. The numerical and measured re-
consist of several reflectors and directors that en- sults of this design showed more than 20 dB front
hance the radiation in the desired direction when to back ratio at 2.4 GHz [14]. Two years later, An-
well arranged on a supporting structure [6,7]. The tennas were introduced in general than one type
spacing and length of the reflector affect the for- of the antenna was been focused on which was
ward gain and have a large effect on the backward the Yagi-Uda [15]. Also, the process of designing
gain (F/B ratio) as well as the input impedance a four-element Yagi-Uda antenna that consists of
(Zin). Consequently, it can be used to optimize and one driven element, one reflector, and two direc-
control antenna parameters [8]. The spacing and tors was introduced [15]. It has been shown that
length of the directors have large effects on the for- the resonant frequency is slightly over 2.5 GHz and
ward radiation, backward radiation ratio, and the with a resonant magnitude of -35 dB with directiv-
input impedance [6]. They are considered to be the ity of 5.124 dB [15]. In 2017, a tri-band double di-
most effective elements of the array [9]. pole quasi-Yagi antenna (DDQYA) using dual co-di-
The parasitic elements are attached close to the rectional split-ring resonator (SRRs) was proposed
[16]. The measured frequency bands were 1.224-
driven element and are not connected directly to
1.231 GHz, 1.563-1.608 GHz, and 1.65-2.88 GHz,
the source [10]. Instead, induced currents are gen-
respectively, which in agreement well with the sim-
erated in the parasitic elements due to the radia-
ulated ones [16]. The measured peak gain was 1.9-
tion field of the driven element causing them to
2.5 dB in the first band, whereas it was 5.9-6.7 dB
radiate in turn [6]. To enhance the directivity of the
in the second. In the 1.7-2.6 GHz band, the gain was
Yagi antenna, the length and the position of the el-
6.3-6.9 dB [16].
ements have to be optimized to produce construc-
tive radiation in one direction. The phase of the Several wireless local area networks (WLAN) ap-
currents flowing in the additional elements of the plications use omnidirectional antennas [1]. How-
antenna is the key element to the Yagi-Uda theory ever, the directional antennas such as patch Yagi
[11]. The parasitic elements of the Yagi-Uda anten- arrays have been engaged to reduce the unwanted
na operate by re-emitting their signals in a slightly radiofrequency radiations in addition to the un-
altered phase to that of the feed element [12]. wanted interference in other directions. Patch Yagi
antennas have been operated in scientific, industri-
Recently, several works have been directed to- al, and medical (ISM) applications at 2.4 GHz where
wards the far-field region enhancement. In 2010, the high directional emission is necessary for point-
A modified two-element Yagi-Uda antenna [4] with to-point communications and long- distance wire-
tunable beams in the H-plane (including four signif- less communications. In this paper, seven elements
icant beams: forward, backward, Omni-direction- printed Yagi antenna has been investigated and
al, and bi-directional beams) was presented [4]. A analyzed using a numerical electromagnetic tech-
two-element array with L1 = 0.46 λ, L2 = 0.38 λ, S nique called the finite integration technique (FIT
= 0.25 λ, D = 0.028 λ, λ = 850 MHz and a = b = d = method) [17,18]. The proposed design showed high
0:0029 λ is analyzed [4]. The maximum gain for the directivity and a high gain of 12 dB at the frequen-
antenna design reaches 5.3 dB with VSWR ≤ 2 [4]. cy range of 2.4 GHz. The antenna parameters have
In 2013, Floc’h, et al. [13] presented a broadband been optimized to obtain good matching with the
quasi-Yagi antenna. Good impedance matching transmission line. The optimized design has been
is obtained by using parasitic elements [13]. The fabricated using the photolithographic method and
antenna has been designed and successfully mea- a good agreement is shown between the measured
sured. Experimental results show that the 10-dB and the simulated results.
return loss bandwidth of this antenna is 50% op-
erating from 2.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz. A very flat gain is Simulation Methodology
obtained (around 5 dB) over the entire bandwidth The investigated Microstrip Yagi-Uda antenna
[13]. In the same year, a new configuration of the shown in Figure 1 consists of seven elements (driv-
Yagi antenna was proposed, which improved the en element, one reflector, and five directors). The
Figure 1: Three-dimensional computational domain of the optimized microstrip Yagi-Uda antenna.
length of the dipole element (source) is equal to h2 directivity of the propagating radiation is defined
connected with a reflector of length h1 with gap g as:
to re-radiate the backward radiation to the specif- P (θ , φ )
D (θ , φ ) = 4π (1)
ic direction. Furthermore, five directors have been
used with different lengths as follows: h3, h4, h5, h6, ∫ P (θ , φ ) d Ω
h7 from the first to the fifth director, respectively. Where P (θ , φ ) is the radiated power per unit
However, the widths of the reflector, the dipole, solid angle in the desired direction, divided by the
and the five directors are w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, and power radiated per solid angle in all directions. The
w7, respectively. Also, the width of the feed patch is radiation efficiency quantifies the electrical losses
equal to wf with a length of Lf. Further, the distance occur throughout the antenna and it is defined as:
between the reflector and dipole element is equal Prad
to x1 and the distance between the dipole and the η = 4π (2)
Prad + Ploss
first director is x2. Additionally, the distances be-
tween the directors are x3, x4, x5, and x6. The sub- Where Prad and Ploss are radiated and loss pow-
strate material is Rogers RT5880 (∈r = 2.2 ) with ers, respectively.
thickness 1.57 mm, width 100 mm and 180 mm in
length. Results and Discussions
The proposed design of the microstrip anten- Numerical results
na is simulated using electromagnetic 3-D finite To validate the simulation results, the Microstrip
integration technique (3-D FIT) via computer sim- Yagi design is initially simulated using the 3D-FIT
ulation technology (CST MWS) software package. method and compared with published results car-
Figure 1 shows the 3-D computational domain for ried out by Jafar R. [14]. In this investigation, the
the simulated unit cell of the proposed Yagi-Uda microstrip Yagi antenna consists of seven dipoles
design. The unit cell is surrounded by air as an open (one reflector, one radiating dipole, and five direc-
area boundary conditions (BCs) along with the x, y tors). Their lengths and x-locations were in units of
and z directions to give extra distances for the far λ (λ = 12.4 cm) [14].
field calculations. In this study, the microstrip Yagi
design is excited by the feed element that consists h = [h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, h7]
of a waveguide port connected with the driven el- = [0.51 λ, 0.490 λ, 0.430 λ, 0.430 λ, 0.430 λ, 0.430
ement. The directivity and the radiation efficiency λ, 0.430 λ] [14].
of the Yagi antenna are used as a figure of merit to
x = [x 1, x 2, x 3, x 4, x 5, x 6, x 7]
study the performance of the proposed design. The
Figure 2: Variations of the calculated VSWR by FIT method compared with the results published by Jafar R [14].
Table 1: The optimized Yagi antenna parameters.

Parameter Value (mm) Parameter Value (mm) Parameter Value (mm)
h1 74.75 x1 10.78 w1 10.52
h2 48 x2 19.9 w2 10.4
h3 43.2 x3 23.12 w3 7.92
h4 38.88 x4 33.3 w4 5.8
h5 40.12 x5 26.26 w5 9
h6 38.06 x6 19.88 w6 6.84
h7 41.2 g 4.9 w7 6.7
wf 6 Lf 49.35
= [-0.25 λ, 0, 0.31 λ, 0.62 λ, 0.93 λ, 1.24 λ, 1.55 the end-fire direction. This antenna design is in the
λ] [14]. sense that reflector on the back of the driven el-
Figure 2 shows VSWR as a function of the fre- ement is utilized to emit back the radiation from
quency calculated by the 3D-FIT method and those the backside to the forward direction [19]. In other
obtained by [14]. A good agreement is revealed words, the reflector element helps to diminish the
from the figure between the 3D-FIT results and the surface wave traveling to the backside direction.
published results [14]. The unique design of the Yagi antenna results in an
antenna with relatively high directivity, high gain,
The Optimized Design and wide bandwidth. The microstrip-Yagi antenna
It is aimed to tune the geometrical parameters keeps both compactnesses of resonant-type anten-
of the microstrip Yagi design reported in [14]. The nas along with broadband characteristics of travel-
microstrip Yagi antenna, shown in Figure 1, con- ing-wave radiators. The compact and simple design
sists of the driven element, the directors, and the is compatible with any microstrip-based MMIC cir-
reflector [4]. The reflector, the director, and driver cuitry. The antenna can be fabricated easier due to
of the antenna are located on the plane with the its uniplanar nature.
same high dielectric substrate so that the surface The optimized yagi antenna consists of seven
waves produced by the antenna are focused on elements (one dipole, one reflector, and five di-
rectors) as shown in Figure 1. The geometrical pa- ences the forward gain but has a large effect on the
rameters of the proposed Yagi antenna are listed backscattering gain (F/B ratio). The dipole length
in Table 1. The length of the dipole element is ex- has little effect on the forward radiation but a large
pected to satisfy the resonance condition. The used effect on the backward radiation. The length of the
substrate material is Rogers RT5880 (∈r = 2.2 ) directors has large effects on the forward emission
with thickness 1.57 mm and the copper thickness and backward gain ratio as will be explained later
is 0.035 mm. By the aid of optimization design, the Table 2.
length of the proposed antenna is reduced to 180
The optimized design with curved reflector
mm as compared with 300 mm of the previous
work [14]. The optimized Yagi design is simulated The main function of the reflector element in the
over the range from 2.3 GHz to 2.5 GHz with a res- Yagi antenna design is to reflect the backward radi-
onance frequency at 2.4 GHz. ation to the specific direction of propagation. The
reflector is the element that is placed at the rear
To enhance the performance of the proposed
of the driven element (The dipole). Its resonant
design, the geometrical parameters of the investi-
frequency is lower, and its length is approximately
gated microstrip Yagi-Uda antenna have been an- 5% longer than the driven element. Its length will
alyzed thoroughly. The influence of the space be- vary depending on the spacing and the element
tween the feed element and the passive elements diameter. The spacing of the reflector is between
(reflector and directors) is primarily considered. 0.1 λ and 0.25 λ. Its spacing depends upon the gain,
The space between the dipole source and the pas- bandwidth forward to backward ratio, and sidelobe
sive elements increases the undeniable coupling ef- pattern requirements of the final antenna design.
fect [20]. A suitable distance between the reflector In this work, we have used the curved reflector to
and the dipole source increases the directivity of optimize the gain of the microstrip Yagi design and
the antenna due to the accompanying decrease in enhance the directivity and s11. Besides, the sub-
the backward radiation lobes as shown in Table 1. strate width of the Yagi design is decreased and
On the other hand, the length of the reflector influ- reached 80 mm as compared with the optimized
Table 2: Comparison between the antenna parameters obtained from Jafar R [14], optimized design, and the design
with curved reflector.
Parameter Value Optimized design Curved reflector
Gain ~12 dB ~ 12 dB ~ 12 dB
Directivity ~12 dB ~ 12 dB ~12 dB
VSWR ~ 5 dB > 2 1.5 1.3
S11 > -10 dB -26 dB -28 dB
Area 300 mm × 100 mm 180 mm × 100 mm 180 mm × 80 mm
Substrate Єr = 2.17 & t = 1.6 mm Єr= 2.2 & t = 1.57 mm Єr = 2.2 & t = 1.57 mm
Element Cu material, σ = 5.96 × 10 S/m 7
Cu material, σ = 5.96 × 10 S/m
7
Cu material, σ = 5.96 × 107 S/m
Figure 3: The optimized Yagi design with a curved reflector.
design of 100 mm as shown in Figure 3. The geo- cients or the s-parameter of the optimized Yagi de-
metrical parameters of the optimized design with sign. The simulation results of the optimized design
curved reflector are the same as the optimized de- are shown in Figure 4.
sign except for the reflector with a length of 67 mm. Figure 4 gives us clear information about the
The parabolic reflector shown in Figure 3 affects performance of our design. In Figure 4 we can see
the antenna performance by obscuring the reflect- that the designed antenna resonates at the de-
ed parallel electromagnetic waves because of the sired frequency which is 2.4 GHz. At the resonant
size of the feed at the parabolic focus. As the name frequency, the input reflection coefficient has the
suggests, the parabolic element is formed from a minimum magnitude which is about -28 dB. In Fig-
shape called a paraboloid. The parabolic reflec- ure 4, the input reflection coefficient (s11) for the
tor theory depends on the shape of the reflector optimized design (dotted green line) is about -26
for its properties [21]. The reflector element uses dB and the optimized design with curved reflector
a parabolic shape to certify that all the radiated is about -28 dB (solid red line). The s11 for the op-
power is reradiated in a beam in which the wave timized design with a curved reflector is enhanced
traces run parallel to each other. Additionally, the as compared with the previous work [14] of -9 dB
entire reflected power is all in phase, due to the (dotted blue line) with an enhancement of 85%.
path length from the reflector to the source, and Radiation Efficiency
then outwards is equal wherever it is reflected on The antenna efficiency takes into account the
the surface of the parabola. In other words, this reflection, conduction, and dielectric losses. The
shape forms the reflective surface in the antenna conduction and dielectric losses of an antenna are
that enables waves reradiated back by the surface very difficult to compute and in most cases, they
to keep their phase relationship, thus enabling the are measured. Even with measurements, they are
maximum gain to be achieved [21]. The parabolic difficult to separate and they are usually lumped to-
reflector will reflect the traveling RF plane wave- gether to form the ecd efficiency. The resistance RL
front comes towards the antenna and remain in loss is used to represent the conduction-dielectric.
phase at the focal point. In this way, the entire sig- The conduction-dielectric efficiency ecd is defined
nal remains in phase without any cancellation. This as the ratio of the power delivered to the radiation
means that the maximum wave is conserved. resistance Rr the power delivered to Rr and RL. The
radiation efficiency can be written as [6]:
S-Parameter (S11)
As we have used only one probe feed in our de- Rr
ecd = (3)
sign, we will find only the input reflection coeffi- RL + Rr
Figure 4: The reflection coefficient (S11) as a function of the frequency of the optimized design with curved
reflector, the optimized design and Jafar R [14].
Figure 5: Frequency dependent radiation efficiency of the optimized design with curved reflector, the optimized
design and Jafar R [14].
Figure 6: VSWR as a function of the frequency for the optimized design with curved reflector, the optimized
The efficiency of this antenna is shown in Figure (VSWR) [6]. Therefore,

5. The efficiency of optimized design with a curved
Vmax 1 + s11
reflector is far better than the efficiency of the work VSWR
= = (4)
presented by Jafar R [14]. The efficiency of the opti- Vmin 1 - s11
mized design is -0.5 dB while the radiation efficien- Since 0 ≤ s11 ≤ 1 for a passive load, the mini-
cy for the optimized design with curved reflector is mum value of the VSWR will be unity (for a matched
about -0.3 dB at 2.4 GHz. The antenna efficiency for load) while its maximum value can be infinity (for
the design introduced by Jafar R [14] is about -2.5 total reflection, with a short circuit or an open cir-
dB which is far less than our design. cuit as the load). Figure 6 shows the comparison
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) between the VSWR results for the optimized de-
sign, the optimized design with curved reflector,
The ratio of maximum to minimum values of
and the design presented by Jafar R [14]. It can be
voltage is called the voltage Standing wave ratio
noted from this figure that our design showed good
Figure 7: Variation of the directivity with frequency for the optimized design with curved reflector, the optimized
matching as compared with the previous work. The tion pattern which means it radiates in different
VSWR for the optimized design is 1.5 and the opti- directions, for example, omnidirectional pattern it
mized design with curved reflector is 1.3 at 2.4 GHz. radiates in all directions meanwhile the directional
While the VSWR for the previous work [14] is 5 < 2 beam pattern radiates in one direction. Our design
at 2.4 GHz which showed very bad matching of the showed high directivity as discussed above in Fig-
antenna design with the transmission line. ure 8. The 3D radiation pattern of the optimized de-
sign with a curved reflector confirms this value of
Directivity
the directivity as shown in Figure 8a and Figure 8b
The directivity of the antenna is the ratio of the showed the radiation pattern of our design at 2.4
maximum radiation intensity to the average radia- GHz with dB scaling and linear scaling, respectively.
tion intensity [6]. The average radiation intensity is It is clear that the beam radiates in one direction
equal to the total power radiated by the antenna (x-direction) and our design emits a maximum of
divided by 4π. The directivity of the antenna de- its power in the desired direction (x-direction) with
sign presented by Jafar R [14] is high and its value low back lobe levels as shown in Figure 8a and Fig-
is about 12 dB. Figure 7 shows the directivity of the ure 8b.
optimized design, the optimized design with cured
reflector and Jafar R [14]. It can be seen from this Gain
figure that the directivity of our design kept the Another useful measure describing the perfor-
same as Jafar R design with a value of about 12 mance of an antenna is the gain. Although the gain
dB. Additionally, the directivity of our design is still of the antenna is closely related to the directivity,
constant over the range from 2.3 GHz to 2.4 GHz it is a measure that takes into account the efficien-
which is better than the previous work. When the cy of the antenna as well as its directional capabil-
frequency reached 2.45 GHz, The directivity of the ities. The gain of an antenna (in a given direction)
previous work showed fast decay from 12 to zero is defined as “the ratio of the intensity, in a given
other than our design which kept constant over the direction, to the radiation intensity that would be
frequency range as shown in Figure 7. obtained if the power accepted by the antenna
were radiated isotropically [6]. Figure 9 shows the
Radiation Pattern
gain of the optimized design, the optimized design
The radiation pattern is a graphical plot of the with curved reflector, and Jafar R [14]. As the gain
power or field strength radiated by the antenna in of the antenna is very close to the directivity, the
different angular directions [6]. The most import- gain of the optimized design is high and its value of
ant property of the antenna is the radiation pattern about 12 dB at 2.4 GHz as shown in Figure 9. Also
because different antennas have different radia- the gain of the previous work decay fast above the
Figure 8: Radiation Pattern of the optimized design with curved reflector at 2.4 GHz with: (a dB scaling and; (b
Linear scaling.
Figure 9: Variation of gain with frequency for the optimized design, the optimized design with curved reflector
and Jafar R [14].
frequency value of 2.45 GHz. However, our design Experimental setup and measurements
showed good stability of the gain over the whole
Many of PCB designs have been printed on using
frequency range as shown in Figure 9.
photolithography. Our design has been printed us-
Ghanim et al. Int J Electron Device Phys 2020, 4:006 ISSN: 2631-5041 |• Page 10 of 13 •
Figure 10: Optimum design.
Figure 11: The spectrum analyzer connected with the Yagi design.
Figure 12: The S11 measurement for the fabricated design.
ing this method and the optimum design is shown GHz) connected by the designed Yagi antenna. The
in Figure 10. typical measurement set up is shown in Figure 11.
The measurement is taken by the spectrum ana- We put the reference level 75 in the spectrum ana-
lyzer (ZVB 20 Vector Network Analyzer 10 MHz ~ 20 lyzer and all these values are taken in the minimum
hold condition to create a low difference between As shown above, for the s11, the VSWR is mea-
actual and measured value. sured for the fabricated Yagi antenna as shown in
Figure 13. The value of the VSWR is equal to 1.336
S-Parameter (S11)
at 2.4 GHz which is less than 2. This indicates that
The antenna S11 concerning a 50 Ω impedance the fabricated design has a good matching and the
transmission line is illustrated. As seen, the value fabricated design is successful.
of the s-parameter from the spectrum analyzer is
equal to s11 = -17.244 dB at 2.45 GHz. The s11 range Comparing between the Simulated and
is slightly shifted from the center frequency of 2.4 Measured Results
to 2.45 GHz as shown in Figure 12. This shift is prob- The comparisons between the simulated and
ably caused by fabrication imperfections. measured results are presented in Figure 14 to Fig-
VSWR Parameter ure 15; In terms of the reflection coefficient (S11),
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). In Figure 14,
Figure 13: The VSWR measurement for the fabricated design.
Figure 14: Simulated and measured reflection coefficients versus the frequency range.
Figure 15: Simulated and measured VSWR plotted as a function of frequency.
the reflection coefficient (s11-parameter) is plotted In this paper, a proposed design of the mi-
versus the frequency response around the center crostrip Yagi-Uda antenna with a parabolic reflec-
of the operating frequency (fo = 2.4 GHz). tor is introduced and analyzed. The 3-D finite inte-
The measured reflection coefficient is found to gration technique (FIT) is utilized to model the pro-
be -17.244 dB, which is quite consistent with the posed design. It is found that the Yagi-Uda antenna
simulated value of -28 dB. Simulated and measured showed ultra-high directivity of about 12 dB at a
results of the VSWR versus frequency are displayed frequency of 2.4 GHz.
in Figure 15. The measured and simulated results Moreover, the proposed design exhibits lower
are in good agreement over the range from 2.3 GHz dissipation losses due to the S-parameter value is
to 2.5 GHz. The measured value for VSWR is 1.336 about -28 dB. Further, the Yagi-design is more com-
at 2.45 GHz, while the simulation result shows a pact with a small area, therefore it can be beneficial
1.3 value achieved at 2.4 GHz. Good agreements for the use in any microstrip-based MMIC circuitry.
are also observed between the simulated and the In the experiment, a return loss of -17.224 dB
measured results throughout the whole operating is achieved at 2.45 GHz which indicates a good
bandwidth. Both simulated and measured results matching. Besides, the VSWR is equal to 1.336 at
provide highly acceptable matching between the 2.45 GHz in good agreement with the simulated
antenna array and the feeding line at the operating design. This design is applicable for wireless com-
frequency. munications systems such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and
Conclusion many other applications.
Seven-element microstrip Yagi antenna is pro- Further analysis will be carried out in the future
posed and fabricated with high directivity and gain to further enhance the VSWR value and to take into
for wireless communication. The finite integration account the power radiated from the antenna de-
technique (FIT) is employed for simulating the an- sign.
tenna array design. Different antenna parameters References
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DOI: 10.35840/2631-5041/1706

Vibgyor: Compact Super-Directive Yagi-Uda Antenna Based On Parabolic-Shaped Reflector For Wireless Communications

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Research Article: Open Access

Compact Super-Directive Yagi-Uda Antenna

AbdelRahman M Ghanim1*, Mohamed Hussein1,2, Rehab Hemdan1 and Ashraf Yahia1

Introduction na is widely used over conventional antenna [3].

Figure 1: Three-dimensional computational domain of the optimized microstrip Yagi-Uda antenna.

Table 1: The optimized Yagi antenna parameters.

Figure 3: The optimized Yagi design with a curved reflector.

The efficiency of this antenna is shown in Figure (VSWR) [6]. Therefore,

Figure 10: Optimum design.

Figure 12: The S11 measurement for the fabricated design.

Figure 13: The VSWR measurement for the fabricated design.

Figure 15: Simulated and measured VSWR plotted as a function of frequency.

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