Chapter 11 Matrix Method of Structural Analysis Chapter Outline 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Degree of Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy 11.3 Generalized Coordinate Systems 11.4 Flexibility Matric 11.5 Stiffness Matrix 11.6 Relationship between Flexibilty and Stifness Matrices 11.7 Flexibility Matrix Method 11.8 Stiffness Matrix Method 11.9. Analysis of Pin,ointed Frames by Stifness Matrix Method Summary ‘Multiple Choice Questions Exercises Review Questions324 Structural Analysis—Il 11.1. INTRODUCTION The analysis of indeterminate structures is the major field in structural engineering, There are several methods of the analysis. For hand calculation, the best among those explained so far is the Kani’s ‘method. But this method will not be convenient for the analysis of present day multistorey buildings The need for the analysis of high degree indeterminate structures and development of computers have given rise to the new method called the Matrix method. Basically there are two methods of matrix method, namely flexibility matrix method and stiffness matrix method. Flexibility matrix method ‘The systematic development of consistent deformation method in the ‘matrix form has lead to flexibility matrix method. In this method, basic unknowns are redundant forces. Hence, the analyst has to first identify basic determinate structure and thereby identify redundant forces. The number of redundant forces is equal to degree of static indeterminacy. The displacements in basic determinate structure due to a given loading and redundant forces are found and the consistency conditions are formed. The resulting simultaneous equations are solved to get redundant forces. Then, the required quantities at any sections are calculated. The equations developed are in matrix form. Since, computers can be used for solving simultaneous ‘equations, there is no limit for the number of equations that can be handled. This method is known as the Force, Flexibility or Compatibility method. Stiffness matrix method ‘The systematic development of slope deflection method in the matrix form has given rise to stiffness matrix method. In this method, the basic unknowns are displacements of joints, The equations of equilibrium are formed and solved to get slopes and deflections at the joints. Using these, moments and shear forces are calculated. This method is known as Sti ‘Matrix, Displacement or Equilibrium method. 11.1.1 Different Approaches to Matrix Method There are two approaches to the solution of matrix method: ( Direct approach/Structures approach (ii) Transformation matrix approach/Element approach The first method gives a clear concept of analysis, while the second is ideally suited for developing general purpose computer programs for structural analysis. Since, this chapter is an introduction to the method for undergraduate students, only the direct approach is dealt. The terms. used in matrix method are explained first, then flexibility method and stiffness methods are taken up. 11.2 DEGREE OF STATIC AND KINEMATIC INDETERMINACY The number of equations required over and above the equations of static equilibrium for the analysis of a structure is known as the ‘degree of static indeterminacy’ or ‘degree of redundancy’ of the structure A structure is said to be kinematically indeterminate if the displacement components of its joints cannot be determined by compatibility equations alone. For these structures, additional equations based on equilibrium conditions must be formulated to obtain the number of equations necessary for determining all the unknown displacement components. The number of equilibrium conditions needed to find the displacement components of all joints of the structure are known as the “degree of kinematic indeterminacy’ or ‘degree of freedom’ of the structure,Matrix Method of Structural Analysis 325 For a beam, the degree of freedom at an end is as given below (Free end-3 (ii) Simply supported/roller end-2 (ii) Hinged end-1 (i) Fixed end-0 Hence, degree of kinematic indeterminacy Dy for ( One end hinged and the other on roller = 3 (ii) Propped cantilever = 2 (ii) Fixed beam = 0 For pin-jointed frames Dy = 2j ~ e for plane frames = 3 ~ ¢ for space frames where, / is the number of joints, and e is the number of compatibility (boundary) conditions known. For rigid-jointed frames Dy = 3j ~ e for plane frames = 6j — e for space frames Degree of kinematic indeterminacy (freedom) for various structures are shown in Figure 11.1 1 2 2 3 7 4 5 6 Lo 7 8 9 1 6 5 4 J=12,e=3x3=9 Di-12,x3 9-27 10) u 12 ) Figure 11.1(a): Fixed beam. (b) Propped cantilever. (c) Beam with one end hinged and the other on roller, (d) Pinjointed truss. (e) Multistorey frame.326 Structural Analysis—Il 3 ‘ 5 6 8 9 10 fl 7 4 Is 16 7 18 0” J=18,e=6 * D.=18 «6-3 Figure 11.1(f): Space frame. 11.3. GENERALIZED COORDINATE SYSTEMS. The meaning of coordinate system in matrix methods of structural analysis is different from the cartesian or polar coordinate system. The directions of forces or displacements (which are to be found) to determine the structural systems are known as generalized coordinates, For example, in the analysis of single bay single storey frame shown in Figure 11.2, the coordinates selected are 1, 2 and 3. Then, redundant force vector [P] and displacement vector [A] are given by, Vp AND (P]= | Hp | and[a]=| ap Mp 8 B c Figure 11.2: Generalized coordinates in flexibility matrix approach. In stiffness matrix method, for the single bay single storey frame, the coordinates selected are as shown in Figure 11.3. In this case, the displacement vector and force vectors are given by,Matrix Method of Structural Analysis 327 Os, Mp [a] =| ® fand[P]=| Mo sway sway force Sway Figure 11.3: Generalized coordinates in stiffness matrix approach, In matrix. analysis, force means forces as well as moments, depending upon the coordinate direction. Similarly, displacement means deflection as well as rotation. 11.4 FLEXIBILITY MATRIX Ifa structure has n number of coordinates, its displacement response to the forces is represented by, By Bin Bin 8x 82+ Ban [3] = Sar Baa Son and it is known as flexibility matrix. The element 8; of a flexibility matrix is the displacement at coordinate i due to a unit force at coordinate j. Hence, 6, P, is the displacement at i due to force P,, Similarly, 8,» P, is the displacement at coordinate # due to force P; at coordinate 2. Hence, in onder to generate the / column of the flexibility matrix, a unit force is applied at coordinate j and the displacements at all the coordinates are determined, Thus, to develop the entire flexibility ‘matrix, unit force should be applied successively at coordinates 1, 2, 3, ... and the displacement at all the coordinates are computed. From Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem, 3, = 8). Hence, flexibility ‘matrix has diagonal symmetry. 11.5 STIFFNESS MATRIX Ifa structure is having m coordinates, its force response to the displacement is represented by,328 Structural Analysis—Il and this matrix is known as stiffness matrix, The element of stiffness matrix ky is the force at coordinate i due to a unit displacement at coordinate j. Hence, ky A; is the force developed at coordinate i due to displacement A, at i. Similarly, ky A; is the force developed at coordinate i due to displacement A; at coordinate j. Hence, in order to generate j* column of the stiffness matrix, unit displacement should be given in coordinate j and the forces developed at all other coordinate directions are determined. Thus, to develop the stiffness matrix, unit displacement should be given successively in coordinates 1, 2, ...n and the forces developed at all the coordinates are computed. Form Maxwell’s theorem, ky if 11.6 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLEXIBILITY AND STIFFNESS MATRICES. Consider the system in which forces P|, P,, ...., Py produce displacements Ay, Ay, ....., Ay at coordinates 1,2, .... ». Using the principle of superpostition and definition of flexibility matrix, we get, Ay = By Py + Bir P2 + + Bin Pa Ar = By Pit Bn Pat. + Ban Pa Ay = Bui Py + 8y2 P2 +. + Ban Po AWS 82 Sia IPA Az || 82) Sx ie, (5) [P1 di) Similarly, from the definition of stiffness matrix and law of superposition, we get, Py = ky Ay + kid +. + Rin An P= kyAy + Razhy +. + hag By Py = Kyi + kya + + Kan On BY [Aa he oe in [0 P| | ka kaa Kay || Bo Fad Uh Kaa vom SLA ie, [P]= [kl (4) (11.2) Substituting the values of [4] from Eqn. 11.1, we get, [P] = (4) (SILP] ey (1 = (15) where [/] is identity matrix. In other words, the flexibility and stifthess matrices are inverse of each other.Matrix Method of Structural Analysis 329 11.7 FLEXIBILITY MATRIX METHOD In this method, the basic unknowns to be determined in the analysis are the redundant forces. Hence, the degree of static indeterminacy of the structure is identified first and then the coordinate number is assigned to each redundant force direction. Thus, if P,, P,, .., P, are the redundant forces in the coordinate directions 1, 2, ... m respectively and restraints to all the redundants are removed, the resulting structure is called as basic determinate structure or released structure. From the principle of superposition, the net displacement at any point in a statically determinate structure is the sum of the displacements in the basic determinate structure due to the applied loads and redundant, forces Ay = Ay, + BP + 8y2P2 + + BigPy Aa = Aa + B2P1 + BP. +. + BanPo An = An + SP + ByaP2 +. + BnPa where A, = displacement in / coordinate direction 8, = displacement at i due to unit force at j (flexibility matrix element) 4u= lisplacement at i due to given loading in released structure in coordinte direction i. The above equation can be expressed in matrix form as: [4] = A, + [3ILP) or (P] = [817 (4) - Ad) In the indeterminate structure, the final displacements [A] are either zero or known values. The solution for [P] from above equation gives all the redundant forces. Then, using equations of static, bending moment and shear forces required at any point may be found, This method is known as: (@) Flexibility matrix method: Since, flexibility matrix is used. (b) Force method: Since, redundant forces are the basic unknowns (©) Compatibility method: Since, the compatibility conditions of deformations in the indeterminate structure give the final equation to be solved. The following steps are to be taken to get the required solution by flexibility method: 1. Determine the degree of static indeterminacy Choose the redundants Assign the coordinates to the redundant force directions Remove restraints to redundant forces and get basic determinate structure Determine the deflections in coordinate directions due to given loading condition in the basic determinate structure Determine the flexibility matrix Apply the compatibility conditions [assign the values to (A)] to computer (P] = (87! (4 ~ &)) 8, Knowing the redundant forces, computer the member forces For assembling deflection A, in released structure and to assemble flexibility matrix [3], we use standard methods known in structural analysis like conjugate beam method, unit load method. The flexibility matrix by structure approach is illustrated by solving a set of problems in beams and frames. ae330 Structural Analysis—II Example 11.1 Analyse the continuous be shown in Figure 11 4(a) by flexibility matrix method. 60 m 100 kN =1sme] 4 mn 3m Figure 11.4(a): Continuous beam. Solution Number of reaction components. = 5 Number of independent equations of equilibrium = 3 Degree of static indeterminacy = 5—3=2 Select M, and Mp as redundant forces Therefore, the released structures are the two independent simply supported beams AB and BC as shown in Figure 11.4(6) ay py Figure 11.4(b): Released beam. Thus, coordinates selected are shown in Figure 11.4(6). The bending moment diagram due to given loads in released structure is known as free moment diagram (@ In portion AB, the free moment diagram is a symmetric parabolic curve with maximum ordinates _ 60x4 = 120kNm Gi) In portion BC, the free moment diagram is a symmetric triangle with maximum ordinate = 100x—=75 kNm 4 The conjugate beam for the released structure has two simply supported beams 4’B’ and BY with, # diagram as loads. This is shown in Figure 11.4(c). 120, El 15 Ht 4 Ia’ Cc Figure 11.4(c): Conjugate beam AL = Shi te beam at A= bx 2x 120 4 = 160 11 = Shear in conjugate beam at d= 5x57 x45Matrix Method of Structural Analysis 334 Ag, = Rotation at B in 4’B’ + Rotation at B in B’C’ Shear at B in A’B’ + Shear at B in B’C’ 1(2 120) 1! 18 ) 216.25 5{ x12x es Bae 99 El EL and Bg Zab xiexty2xtxiext- 8 BE aT ET The final displacements at | and 2 are zero. Hence, the flexibility equation is given by, (6) [P} = (4) - (au) 8 2 3946.67 HT E\R]_[o]_| a 2 8 |LAy Lo} | 2293.33 = EL EL 8 21/7, 1 [3946.67 2 s|lP, J” zr | 2293.33 8 27" [3946.67 2 8} [2293.33 1 [8 -2)[3946.67 (64=4)|-2 8 |] 2293.33 —449,78 -174.22 The end moments obtained are indicated in Figure 11.11(a) and hence, the ending moment diagram is as shown in Figure 11.11(b) 449.78 174.22 A B c D Figure 11.11(a): Final moments. 720 iP P< seal Mn Figure 11.11(b): Bending moment diagram, Example 11.3 Analyse the continuous beam shown in Figure 11.12(a), ifthe downward settlement of supports B and C are 10 mm and 5 mm, respectively. Take £/ = 184 x 10!" Nmm2, Use flexibility ‘matrix method.336 Structural Analysis—Il Figure 11.12(a): Continuous beam Solution To account for vertical settlements at B and C, select coordinates as vertical directions at B and C. Hence, the redundant forces at B and C are vertical reaction components at B and C_ If the restraints for these redundants are removed, the resulting structure is a cantilever beam of span 8 m with fixed end at A as shown in Figure 11.12(6). Its conjugate beam and the load M {cise are as shown in Figure 11.12(c). 80 kN; i 40KN 2 4 a Figure 11.12(b): Released structure with coordinates. 60 80, Figure 11.12(c): Conjugate beam. Displacement at | in released structure Moment at B’ in conjugate beam =-| 1B sa534 bx 2x GOO, (244) 42M cre tian 2 EL 3 E23" ET 2026.67, = 18400 kNm? = _ 2026.67 18400 Am = Moment at C’ in conjugate beam =-0.110m = ~[ 1 ca7 + $2 400 ~ 160) 73334 $4 160%5.33 | EI 2 2 _ 5706.667 EL 0.310m,Matrix Method of Structural Analysis 337 Flexibility Matrix Figure 11.13(a) shows unit force in coordinate direction | in released beam and Figure 11.13(6) M. shows its conjugate beam with ( ) diagram as load. iS Figure 11.13(a): Released structure with unit load in coordinate direction 1 4 Ute e B Figure 11.13(b): Conjugate beam (6) Conjugate beam. 14 op = ext xx 8 Bae Er ( 3) Figure 11.14(@) shows released structure with unit force in coordinate direction 2 and Figure 11.14(6) shows its conjugate beam. Peet ree aera 2° EL 3° «EL EL 18 16 _ 170.667 1,8 sexs es $I Figure 11.14(a): Released structure with unit load in coordinate direction 2 ‘Ure 4 5 e Figure 11.14(b): Conjugate beam -0.01] [-0.110 0,005} |-0.310 Therefore, the flexibility equation is given by, 1 [21.333 53.333 [R ET | 53.333 170.667 || P; |338 Structural Analysis—Il B 21.333 93.333 }'[o.100 pf Ale 2 53.333 170.667} [0.305 . 18400 170.667 -53.333][ 0.100 © (21.333 170.667 x ~ 53.333 }| -53.33 21.333 |] 0.305 _ [18.485 © [27.105 The continuous beam ABC with redundant forces is as shown in Figure 11.15(a). Hence, bending ‘moment at the ends may be obtained. 80 kN 40 kN c B 18.483 kN 27.105 kN Figure 11.15(a): Continuous beam with redundant forces and loads. At end B, Mg = 27.105 x 4-40 x 2 = 28.42 kKNm Mg = 27.105 x 8 ~40 x 6 + 18.485 = 4-80 = 2 = -109.22 kNm Free moment in BC is a triangle with maximum ordinate under the load and its value being, 40x4 4 The free moment in AB is also a triangle with its value under 80 KN load, = 40 kNm 80x4 4 Therefore, BMD is as shown in Figure 11.15(6) = 80 kNm 109.22 80.00 40,000 28.420 Figure 11.15(b): Bending moment diagram. Example 11.4 Support B of the continuous beam shown in Figure 11.16(a) has a downward settlement of 30 mm, Calculate the support reactions at D by the flexibility matrix method. Teke EI = 5600 KN m?Matrix Method of Structural Analysis 339 6m——+} Figure 11.16(a): Example 11.4. Solution Coordinate in vertical direction at B should be taken to account the vertical settlement (A) at that point. Figure 11.16(6) shows the coordinates selected and the released structure. Its M conjugate beam with (4) diagram as load is shown in Figure 11.16(¢) Figure 11.16(b): Released structure with coordinates. 45 ET a poy @ Figure 11.16(c): Conjugate beam. ‘An. = Rotation in coordinte direction 1 due loadin, Similarly, y= 0 ‘Ag, = Shear at C’ in conjugate beam f 1 x 0 x x | i | Flexibility Matrix (a) Unit Force in coordinate direction 1 Figure 11.17(a) shows this case. Its conjugate beam is shown in Figure 11.17(6). 3 D SOB Figure 11.17(a): Released structure with unit load in coordinate direction, 1kNm Figure 11.17(b): Conjugate beam.340 Structural Analysis—Il 8, = Rotation in coordinate direction 1 Reaction at 4” in conjugate beam 82, = Upward deflection at B Hogging Bending moment at B’ in conjugate beam —[Rc!x 6 - Moment about B’ due to triangular loading in B’C’] 831 = Rotation in coordinate direction 3 Shear at C’ (6) Unit force in coordinate direction 2 Figure 11.18(a) shows this case. Its conjugate beam with (4) diagram as load on it is shown in Figure 11.18(6), 1kNm » @ Rae @) Figure 11.18(a): Released structure with unit load in coordinate direction 2. (b) Conjugate beam. Lta +a_943 4 33 5 m. Let the reaction in conjugate beams be Ry’ Centroid of triangular load from 4’ Hence, its distance from B’ and Re? Loe 2 RY x 9= SORE XSMatrix Method of Structural Analysis 341 5 812 = Reaction at 4’ = -— 82. = Moment at 2 (23)-(So9 2x) El 2 El 8:2 = Reaction at C’ = El (©) Unit force in coordinate direction 3 Figure 11.19(a) and Figure 11.19(6) show this case and its conjugate beams respectively. 1kNim 4 D 5 Q J ¢ @ 1 i & hs, o CF igure 11.19(a): Released structure with unit load in coordinate direction 3, (6) Conjugate beam. In conjugate beam, Reaction at A342 Structural Analysis—Il Ls 1 1 = -|—x3}+] —x3x—_xl1 ca (F ) (3 3EL 8:3 = Reaction at C’ 30-5 15 77 5 12 -4 1s -4 4 The final displacement vector A is given by, A 00 [a] = | 4; |=|-0.030 4,} | 00 Hence, the flexibility equation is (3) [7] = [4] - fA “5 1S)R 0.0 ) foo 12-4] p, |=|-0.030}-| 0.0 -4 4]1a} | 00 | Jas EL. BR] [3 -3 1sy" 00 P,|=|-5 12 -4} Br) -0.030 P| lis -4 4 45 “EL 32 4 27, 0 14 9.75 49||-168 3(48 — 16) + 5(-20 + 6) +1.5(20 ~ 18) 20°45 Udi 45 (Since, EJ = 5600 kNm?) 2442, 84.21 = 4| -18585)=| -64.09 -1251 43.14 Example 11.5 Analyse the pin-jointed plane frame shown in Figure 11.20 by flexible matrix method. The numbers in parenthesis are cross-section areas of the members in mm?4 Matrix Method of Structural Analysis 343 2 GD c 5000) OK S oy FH / CoO |e Goa 45m 45m—-—45 m-& 300 kN oma Figure 11.20(a): Pin-jointed plane frame. Solution The force in the member FC and the horizontal force at D are treated as redundant forces. Hence, the released structure and the coordinates selected are as shown in Figure 11.20(b) The unit load method is used for calculating the displacements required. The forces in the members. due to given loads (P), unit force in direction 1 (K,) and unit force in direction 2 (K;) are shown in Table (11.1), B Ko B : PF Figure 11.20(b): Released structure with coordinates. c E @ ‘Note: Tension is taken as *ve and compression as —ve. Il forces are in KN and all linear dimensions in mm unit Table 11.4: Calculations as per unit fond method Memb a P k », | Phe | Pee fember | 4 1 7 A A AB 125 | ~so0 0 0 0 o | oo o | o BC ors | -375 -o6 | 0 | 87s} 0 | 027 o | 0 for) 125 | -025 0 0 0 o | o 0 | 0 DE 1s 315 0 1 0 | sas} o o | 4s ER 1s 30 | 06 1 | -20 | a0 | os | -o9 | 15 zl 1s 300 0 1 o | 40 | 0 ° 1s Br 20 30 | -o8 | 0 | -a80 o | 128 o | o ce 20 x0 -os | 0 | 00 o | 18 o | 0 BE 25 bs 1 o | 3as| o | 2s 0 | 0 oF 25 _ 1 o} = o | 25 o | 0 XD | toss | ues] sx | 09 | as344° Structural Analysis—Il Hence, Compatibility equation is: (8) (P] = (4) ~ [41] 1068.5 [0 eR] _foy_|7 = 10685 E|-09 45 ||P} ~ Lo} | 1462.5 -1462.5, E BR) _ [837 -097'f 1068.5 Pl” [-09 4.5 | |-1462.5 45 0.9 Jf 1068.5 9 )L0.9 8.37 || -1462.5 ~ (sama _ [9475 © | -306.05. Final force in a member = P + kyP; + kyP, ‘These are listed in column 2 of Table 11.2 ‘Table 11.2: Final forces in members (in KN) ‘Member | Forces in Example 11.3 | Forces in Example 11.6 | Forces im Example 11.7 AB 500 0 oO BC 431.85 3663 9.495 @ 03 0 0 DE 6895 1221 14765 EF 6290 -24a2 BIEN FA 605 1221 waren BE 22420 48.84 12.659 CE 42420 48.84 -12.659 BE 219.75 6105 15.824 cr 7s 610s 15.804Matrix Method of Structural Analysis 345 Example 11.6 If the member CF in the Example 11.5 is short by 2.5 mm, determine the forces in the members of truss due to force fitting of this member. Take £ = 200 KN/mm®, Solution Since, we are interested in finding forces in the members of the truss due to force fitting only, the external loads may be considered to be zero [a] = 0 As the redundant member CF is 2.5 mm short of its required length, it will be under tension when fitted in, Hence, A; = 2.5 mm 25 Thus, (al=| 9 R 837 -0.9]'[25 pJ-F los 45} Lo ( 200 ) 45 097/25 * \36.855/|0.9 837] [00 61.05 * {1221 Substituting these values of P,, P2 and in the expression, final force = P + Pik, + Pak, the forces in all members due to lack of fit only (P = 0) can be found, These values are listed in Table 11.2 column 3. Example 11.7 Determine the forces in the truss given in Example 11.5 due to rise of temperature of entire truss by 20°C. Coefficient of thermal expansion of the material of truss a= 12 «10-°C Solution ‘The structure is having an extemal indeterminancy. Hence, its free expansion is prevented. The free expansion of bottom chord prevented, Lat 13500 12 « 10% x 20 = 3.24 mm 00 4° | 324 [7 837 -0.9]"T 00 E 5 Pa, ~09 45} [-3.24 _ 200 [45 09]f 00 36855 [0.9 4.5]|-3.24 15.824 © [147.165 Forces due to temperature change alone are found from the expression, Final force = P + Pyky + Poh, where P = Pik + Pol These values are shown in Table 11.2 in column 4.346 Structural Analysis—Il Example 11.8 Analyse the portal frame ABCD shown in Figure 11.21(a) by flexibility matrix method. EJ is constant throughout. Zz 30kNm 30kNm SOKN 8, 50 kN c B c)t 2m dm Ds — Shes aks Figure 11.21(a): Portal frame. (b) Released structure with coordinates. Solution The redundants selected are Hy P= | ' Mp, Hence, coordinates 1, 2 and 3 selected are as shown in Figure 11.21(6). The basic determinate structure is a cantilever frame, The required deflections may be calculated from unit load method. ‘The expressions for moments due to load (4), due to unit loads in coordinate directions (am, ms, m3) are shown in Table 11.3 Table 11.3: Moments due to given loads and unit loads Portion Dc cB BA Flexural rigidity a EL ry Origin D c B Limit 02 o4 o4 M 0 Ise) 50x +240 m, 2 tx m, x 4 ms 1 1 1 1S) eg f[ SOHO " EL (60x? + os $80) EH «[-»0 EI 373.33 EL da = {(@ ET jae (2 4 (15x? ~NGr ET 8a = ere = [Sy + qe + 240x]3 Matrix Method of Structural Analysis 347 a} x= +h [ Beane - 80s] 34, HLS m lo 4 ya i (50x +240) (4) | i a ‘ be Lye] -(4) bse +240" |! Ba | lar bo 6400 ) a 7 Jar sors 2m 28348 Structural Analysis—Il 851 = 813 = 83 = Bas al sl al*Leal 424 = Jni()- Zac [Bae EL ol , il als] Hl) fet 24[. FIL3 tb ELL boMatrix Method of Structural Analysis 349 4 (1G) Therefore, the compatibility equation is: [5] (P] = [4] - fA] [7 16 -107TR =| 16 8533 -24]] P, |= -10 -24 10 || R 24 16-10)" [373.33 P,|_| 16 85.33 -24] | 6400.00 P| |-10 -24 10} |-1680.00 277.3 80 © 469.3 ][ 373.33 (sacar wos 80 MO 4160 1 40000 . ~ 469.3. 416 1791.92} | -1680.00, 53.33 =| 70.01 53.30 Example 11.9 Analyse Example 118 if support D yields to the right and downward by 5 mm, and 8 mm, respectively. Take EI = 10000 kNm?. Solution Final displacements are: 0.005 1{*» = | -0.008 |= —| -80 [4] El 0.000 0. Therefore, the compatibility condition is: 24 16-10], 50 373.33 4) 6 8533 -24]| p, |= +] -20|-L] ~6400.00 EH A -10 24 10 ||P, 0 1680.00350 Structural Analysis—Il B 1 2773 80 469.3 ][ 423.33 P; |=| |x] 80 140 416.0 || 6320 24 273.3 +16 x80 ~ 10x 469.3 BR 469.3 416 1791.92 || -1680 51.025 = | 67.789 56.330 11.8 STIFFNESS MATRIX METHOD In this method, the basic unknowns to be determined in the analysis are the displacement components, of various joints, Hence, the degree of kinematic indeterminacy (degree of freedom) is identified first. Coordinate number is assigned to each one of the unknown displacement component. Thus, thebasicunknownsare A), A>,... A,, the displacements in coordinate direction 1, 2, ..., respectively. To start with, the joint displacement in all directions are restrained. In other words, we start the analysis with a restrained structure. Let the forces developed due to applied loads in the restrained structure in the coordinate directions be P), P2, ... Py, Determine the stiffness matrix of the structure by applying unit displacement in each of the coordinate direction and find the forces developed. Let [&] be the stiffness matrix and [4] be the displacement vector. Let the final forces developed be [P]. Then, from the principle of superposition and equilibrium condition, the forces developed in the coordinate directions are: Pre Pa + ky + kya +. + din Ap Pa = Poy + kay, + ky +... + hag My Po = Pot, + hay + yaa + 2. + hon An (P]= [Pi] + [kl [A] or (k] [A] = [P] ~ [Pu] = [P- Pil Solving this stiffness equation, the displacements in all the coordinate directions can be found. Using the equilibrium equations P, = Py, + ) kjA,,all the required forces can be found. ia This method is also known as: 1. Stiffness matric method: Since, stiffness matrix is used 2. Displacement method: Since, displacement are basic unknowns 3. Equilibrium method: Since, equilibrium equations are formed and solved Step-by-step procedure of stiffness matrix method by structures approach is given below: 1. Determine the degree of kinematic indeterminacy n 2 Assign the coordinate numbers to the unknown displacements 3. Impose restraints in all coordinate directions to get a fully restrained structure 4, Determine the forces developed in each of the coordinate directions of a fully restrained structure. It is called as [P;] 5. Determine the stiffness matrix [k] by giving unit displacement to the restrained structure in each of the coordinate directions and find the forces developed in all the coordinate directions. For this, only structures apporach is explained in this text 6. Observing the final forces in various coordinate directions, note the final forces [P]