LESSON 1

ELECTROSTATIC
PHENOMENON
HAVE YOU EVER BEEN?

STATIC ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY
 ELECTRICITY
• Electricity comes from the Greek word
electron, means amber.
• During the ancient times, when amber
is rubbed against a rod along with a
piece of cloth, the amber attracts small
piece of dust. This is what we called
the “amber effect”.

AMBER STONE
 ELECTRIC
CHARGES
• The fundamental quantity that underlies
all electrical phenomena.
• Proton – positively charge subatomic
particle
• Electron – negatively charge subatomic
particle
• Neutron – electrically neutral subatomic
particle
• An atom that loses an electron becomes
positively charged
• An atom that gains an electron becomes
negatively charged
• An object with a greater number of
positive charges is ionized positively and
ATOM become positively charge.
 CHARGE CONCEPT
• The law of charges due to the
consequences of their ionization is
stated as “Opposite charges attract,
like charges repel.” The mass and charge of three subatomic
particles.

• “Law of Conservation of Charge”

Symbol for Electric Charge: q
• The net amount of electric charge
produced in any process is zero. Unit: C, Coulomb
• Total Net Charge always the same.
qtotal
# electrons = −19
1.6x10
 Did you know that?
Our body contains more than 1 x 10 28 or
10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
electrons.

How many electrons/protons are in

our body?
= mass (in Kg) x 3 x 10 28
3 WAYS TO CHARGE A NEUTRAL BODY
• Conduction
• Induction
• Friction
 CONDUCTION
• Contact occurs between
charged object and neutral
object through direct contact.

• Result: Two objects with same

charge

Negatively charge rod and

neutrally charge metal sphere
 INDUCTION
• No actual interaction occurs between
charged object and other charged
object.

• Induction creates a temporary and

opposite charge in that other object
with no contact.

Negatively charge rod and

neutrally charge metal sphere
 FRICTION
• Rubbing two materials together can
rub electrons off one and onto the
other.
• It gives positive charge to one
substance and negative charge to
the other

Rubbing a balloon against • In the example, balloon takes some

hair of hair’s electron after rubbing it
together
• Result: Balloon becomes negatively
charge while the hair becomes
Use triboelectric Series positively charge.
 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
Materials that allow electrons to flow
freely are called conductors

Metals are naturally excellent conductors because their valence (outer shell) electrons are not confined to
any one atom.
 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
Materials that hinders the flow of
electrons are called insulators.

Valence electrons are much more tightly bound to the atoms and are not free to roam from one atom to
another.
 STATIC ELECTRICITY
OFFLINE TASK FOR TODAY

Make a short video of you demonstrating the concept of static electricity

and write a short explanation about what you have done and how static
electricity become present on your video.

Grading System:
20 points for video
10 points for written explanation
 LESSON 1
ELECTROSTATIC
PHENOMENON
(PART 2)
 RECALL
The fundamental quantity that underlies all “3 Ways to Charge a Neutral Body”
electrical phenomena. • Conduction
- Electric Charge • Induction
• Friction
An atom that loses an electron becomes
positively charged

1st Law of Electrostatic Materials that allow electrons to flow

“Opposite charges attract, like charges freely are called conductors
repel”

“Law of Conservation of Charge” Materials that hinders the flow of

• The net amount of electric charge electrons are called insulators
produced in any process is zero.
• Total Net Charge always the same.
ELECTRICITY
PART 2
 If an object has 4 Coulombs of charge stored, how many
elementary charges are present?

CHARGE CONCEPT
The mass and charge of three subatomic particles.

Symbol for Electric Charge: q, Q

Unit: C, Coulomb

qtotal
# electrons =
1.6 x10−19
 r INTERACTION BETWEEN
CHARGE OBJECTS
Force of Repulsion • According to the first law of
electrostatic, “Opposite
charges ATTRACT, like
charges REPEL.”
• The interaction between
charged objects is a non-
Force of Attraction contact force that acts over
some distance of separation.
 COULOMB’S LAW OF
ELECTROSTATIC
• Discovered by a French physicist 𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟐
Charles Augustine de Coulomb. 𝑭𝒆 = 𝒌 𝟐
𝒓
• It states that “the magnitude of the
electric force between two-point
charges is directly proportional to Where:
𝐤 = 𝟖. 𝟗𝟖𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑵𝒎𝟐 /𝑪𝟐
the product of the charges and
(Coulomb Constant)
inversely proportional to the square
of distance that separates them.” Q is an electric charge measured in Coulomb (C)
r represents the separation distance between the
two charges measured in meters (m)
 COULOMB’S LAW
OF ELECTROSTATIC
• An increase in the charge
of the object would
indicate an increase in the
electric force between the
two charges
• An increase in the
distance of the two
charges allows the
electric field to decrease.
COULOMB’S LAW OF
ELECTROSTATIC
PROBLEM 1
Supposed that two charges,
where one has a charge of
+2C and the other one has
+3C, were positioned 0.5
meters from each other.
Determine the magnitude
and the type of electrical
force between them.
COULOMB’S LAW OF
ELECTROSTATIC
PROBLEM 2
The force of attraction
between two objects is
4.5 𝑥 109 𝑁.
If the charges of the objects
are +2C and –1C, determine
the distance between them.
 COULOMB’S LAW
OF ELECTROSTATIC
• An increase in the charge
of the object would
indicate an increase in the
electric force between the
two charges
• An increase in the
distance of the two
charges allows the
electric field to decrease.
 ELECTRIC FIELD
A region of space in which an electric charge will experience a
force when place in it.
An electric field may be produced by one or more charges
It is a vector quantity whose direction is that of the force on a
positive charge.
A positively charged particles
creates outward electric fields

A negatively charged particles

creates inward electric fields

A neutrally charged particles does not

produce outward nor inward electric fields
 ELECTRIC FIELD
1st Law of Electrostatic

UNLIKE CHARGES ATTRACT LIKE CHARGES REPEL

 ELECTRIC FIELD
INTENSITY
• Refers to the Coulomb force per unit 𝑭𝒆
charge the electric field exerts on the
𝑬=
positive charge placed in the region of
the field. 𝒒𝒐
Where:
𝐄 = 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 (𝑵/𝑪)
Fe is electric force measured in
Newton (N)
Qo refers to the test charge (C)
 ELECTRIC FIELD
INTENSITY
PROBLEM 1
What is the electric field
intensity of a charge when a
+2C test charge was put 4m
away from it?
PROBLEM SOLVING
 LESSON 2
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
 COULOMB UNIT CONVERSION
Coulomb to other units Other units to coulomb

𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃 (μC) 𝟏 𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃

1 Coulomb 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒐𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃 (nC) 𝟏 𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒐𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃

𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝒑𝒊𝒄𝒐𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃 (pC) 𝟏 𝒑𝒊𝒄𝒐𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃

 LIGHTNING AS AN
ELECTROSTATIC PHENOMENON
Lightning is an electrical discharge
caused by imbalances between storm
clouds and the ground, or within the
clouds themselves.
THE STEPPED LEADER
DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIGHTNING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tw_6U1iOUVQ
 RECALL: PHYSICS 1 CONCEPTS
Defined as a force The ability to do work.
acting upon an object to - Energy
cause a displacement
- WORK

The concept of energy can be

used in electricity
 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
The energy needed to move an electric charge against an electric field.

The energy possessed by a charge in an electric field, which gives it the ability to do work.
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL GRAVITATIONAL
ENERGY POTENTIAL ENERGY
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
++++++
𝑈 = 𝑞𝐸𝑟
+

𝐺𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑘𝑞1 𝑞2

𝑈=
𝑟
+ Electric Potential Energy is a
–––––––– conservative energy
 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
ENERGY
PROBLEM 1
Supposed that two charges, where
one has a charge of +3 μC and the
other one has -2 μC, were
positioned 1meter from each other,
determine the electric potential
energy that keeps them apart.
 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
ENERGY
PROBLEM 2
A -2 nC test charge was put in an
electric field with an intensity of
5N/C. If the electric potential energy
possessed by the charge is −2.5J,
determine the distance between the
test charge and the source of
electric field.
 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Define as the amount of electric potential energy per unit charge

The amount of work needed to move an electric charge from its reference point
to specific point on the electric field.

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ELECTRIC POTENTIAL OF MULTIPLE CHARGES

𝑈 𝑘𝑞 The electric potential of multiple

𝑉= 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 = charges equals the sum of the
𝑞 𝑟 potential of each individual charge,
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑉 (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠) at a point space
2 FACTORS THE AFFECT ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
The amount of charge creating the potential 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 +. . . +𝑉𝑛
The distance from the charge
 ELECTRIC
POTENTIAL
PROBLEM 1
Find the electric potential at a
distance of 8cm from a 7.58 pC
charge.
 ELECTRIC
POTENTIAL
PROBLEM 2
Calculate the amount of electric
potential energy possessed by
2.52x10−10 𝐶 at a point where the
electric potential is 4.70 Volts.
 ELECTRIC
POTENTIAL
PROBLEM 2
Two charges 𝑞1 = 4μC and
𝑞2 = −7μC were 5m away from
each other. Calculate the total
electric potential acted on point a
in between the two charges if
they were 250 cm and 150 cm
away from the point respectively.
 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
Defined as the difference of electrical potential between two points.

This is the same as voltage and the unit is volt (V)

POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

△ 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑎
 JOULE AND VOLT
The unit of energy is named after the The unit of potential difference is
English physicist James Prescott Joule named after the Italian Physicist
who had a huge contribution in the Alessandro Volta who is also the
study of engines, electricity and heat. inventor of electric battery
 REAL LIFE APPLICATION OF ELECTRIC
POTENTIAL ENERGY AND ELECTRIC
POTENTIAL
Electric potential energy is used wherever we use electricity.

When we know the amount of electric potential energy we

can store, we also know the amount of electrical energy we
can generate

When electrical engineers designs the circuits that provide

electrical power, they need to know the amount of electric
potential energy they have to work with.
PHYSICS 2

LESSON 3
CAPACITANCE
AND
DIELECTRICS
CAPACITOR -
It consists of two DIELECTRIC
Electric Field
plates of conducting A material used to separate the
material (usually a thin conductive plates of a capacitor
metal), sandwiched
between them is an IMPORTANCE OF CAPACITORS
insulator made of • Charging and discharging
ceramic, film, glass or electric charge
other materials, even
+ -
• Keeping the voltage at the same
air. level
• Blocking surges of charge and
energy

Connecting Wires

Charged Conductive Plates

Mathematical Concepts of Capacitor
For a given capacitor, the amount of
charge Q obtained by each plate is Common capacitors have between
proportional to the magnitude of the 1pF (picofarad) to 103 μF
potential difference V between them.
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉
where: IMPORTANT REMINDER:
Q = the amount of charge The capacitance C generally has no
V = magnitude of potential difference
dependence on Q or V.
C = proportional constant (CAPACITANCE)
Value of C depends primarily on:
CAPACITANCE is expressed in • Size
coulombs per volt of Farad (F) • Shape
• Relative Position of the 2
conductive plates
 In parallel plate
capacitor whose area A
is given and separated
by distance d of air, the 𝑨
capacitance is given by: 𝑪 = εo
𝑫
Permittivity of free space represents the capability
of a vacuum to permit electric fields.

εo= 8.85 x 10 −12 𝐶 2

𝑁𝑚2
 CAPACITOR
CALCULATION
PROBLEM 1
Consider a parallel plate capacitor
whose plates are 20cm by 3cm and
separated by 1mm air gap.
a. Calculate its capacitance
b. Calculate the charge on each plate
if across the two plates, there’s a
12V battery connected.
c. Calculate the electric field
produced between the plates.
d. Given the air gap (d), what is the
area of the plates needed to
achieve a capacitance of 1F?
DIELECTRIC A material used to separate the conductive
plates of a capacitor

PURPOSES OF DIELECTRICS
• To keep the conducting plates from coming in contact, allowing for smaller
plate separations and therefore higher capacitances
• to increase the effective capacitance by reducing the electric field strength,
which means you get the same charge at a lower voltage
• to reduce the possibility of shorting out by sparking (more formally
known as dielectric breakdown) during operation at high voltage.
 ELECTRIC CHARGE ELECTRIC FIELD
The fundamental quantity The physical field that surrounds electrically
that underlies all electrical charged particles and exerts force on all other
phenomena. charged particles in the field, either attracting or
repelling them.

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL Electric Potential Energy

Define as the amount of electric The energy needed to move an
potential energy per unit charge electric charge against an electric field.

POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
Defined as the difference of electrical potential
between two points. VOLTAGE
SIR JERRY RAFINAN
 WATER Scenario 1:
2:
Half amount of
Full amount of
water
waterwas flowing
occupies thein
ANALOGY
the tube.
tube.
How is it connected to the concepts of current
and voltage?

VOLTAGE CAUSE EFFECT CURRENT

The potential difference in charge The rate at which electric charge flows past a
between two points in an electrical field. point in a circuit.
 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 (𝑄)
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 (𝑡)
 Word Problem
Involving Current
PROBLEM 1

A steady current of 5A is
maintained in a metallic
conductor. What charge Q in
coulomb is transferred
through it in 1 minute?
 Word Problem
Involving Current
PROBLEM 2

How much time is needed to

transfer a 4 C charge acted
on a conductor if a steady
current of 10A is maintained
in it?
 RESISTANCE The SI unit for resistance is called
The property of a “Ohm” ( named after the German
OHM’S
material that limits LAW can be mathematically
P has:y s i c i s t G e o r g S i m o n O h m .
expressed
current flow.

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 (𝑽)
𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰 =
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 (𝑹)
OHM’S LAW
“There is a direct
proportionality between
current and voltage but an
inverse proportionality between
current and resistance.”
 Word Problem
Involving Ohm’s Law
PROBLEM 1

What current is in an electric

iron having a hot resistance
of 22 when across a 200V
line?
 Word Problem
Involving Ohm’s Law
PROBLEM 2

Determine the resistance

present on an electric current
when it is connected to a
220V source and having a
current of 11A.
RESISTOR - ANY DEVICE THAT CONTRIBUTES APPRECIABLE RESISTANCE TO THE
FLOW OF A CHARGE.

𝒑𝑳
Length of Resistivity 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑹 =
𝑨
Conductor Cross sectional of the
area of the material
conductor
 Word Problem
Involving Resistivity
PROBLEM 1

A 2m long copper rod with a

diameter of 8mm has
−8
resistivity of 1.76 x 10
SIR JERRY RAFINAN
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑜 (1 + 𝑎𝑡)
 Word Problem
Involving Resistivity
PROBLEM 1

A coil copper has a resistance

𝑜
of 5 at 0 𝐶. Calculate the
𝑜
resistance at 80 𝐶?
(temperature coefficient of
copper is 4.3 x 10−3 /𝐶)
 The amount of energy provided by the battery to each coulomb of
charge passes through the circuit.
Though at some point, EMF is equal to the potential difference, they are
ANALOGY not the same thing.
No current is EMF VOLTAGE There is current
flowing in the flowing in the
circuit The source of electricity are system
batteries
The term isn’t actually a force
 OHM’S LAW

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 (𝑽) 𝐸𝑀𝐹 = (𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡)(𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)

𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰 =
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 (𝑹)

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = (𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡)(𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)
 Word Problem
Involving EMF
PROBLEM 1

What potential difference is

required to pass 3A through
28
 Word Problem
Involving EMF
PROBLEM 2

How much resistance is

needed to draw 5A from the
120-v line?
 Word Problem
Involving EMF
PROBLEM 3

What is the electromotive

force of a battery with
internal resistance of 1
 Word Problem
Involving circuits
PROBLEM 1

The resistors with resistances of 12

and 5 are connected in series and
an 18V battery of internal resistance r
=1

b) Potential difference across each

resistance
c) The potential difference across
the battery terminal
 Word Problem
Involving circuits
PROBLEM 2

How many 40 resistors connected

in a parallel are needed to transport
15A on a 120V line?
 Word Problem
Involving Basic
Electric Circuit
PROBLEM 1

Find the total current across

the circuit.
 Word Problem
Involving Basic
Electric Circuit
PROBLEM 2
Determine the amount of
electric current flowing across
the circuit.