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Session 4 Pressure Measurement

This document discusses various methods for measuring pressure, including: 1) Mechanical devices like the U-tube manometer, which uses fluid density differences to measure pressure differences. 2) The Bourdon tube, which uses the elastic deformation of a curved tube to indicate pressure. 3) Diaphragm and bellows gauges, which measure pressure based on the elastic deformation of materials like diaphragms under pressure. 4) The Bridgman gauge, which uses the change in electrical resistance of fine wires to directly measure very high pressures up to 100,000 atmospheres.

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27 views30 pages

Session 4 Pressure Measurement

This document discusses various methods for measuring pressure, including: 1) Mechanical devices like the U-tube manometer, which uses fluid density differences to measure pressure differences. 2) The Bourdon tube, which uses the elastic deformation of a curved tube to indicate pressure. 3) Diaphragm and bellows gauges, which measure pressure based on the elastic deformation of materials like diaphragms under pressure. 4) The Bridgman gauge, which uses the change in electrical resistance of fine wires to directly measure very high pressures up to 100,000 atmospheres.

Uploaded by

muh amar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Control System and Instrumentation

Pressure Measurements
Pressure Measurement
 p (absolute) = p (gage) + p (atm)
 The local atmospheric pressure must be
obtained from a local measurement near the
place where the gage pressure is measured.
Such a measurement might be performed
with a mercury barometer.
Pressure Measurements
Pressure Measurements

P(absolute)

Positive gage pressure


Atmospheric pressure

Negative gage pressure or vacuum


Pressure Measurements
2
 The standard SI unit for pressure is the (N/m ) or Pascal
(Pa).
 1 bar = 105 Pa = 100 kPa
 1 bar = 760 mmHg = 760 torr (in honor of Evangelista
Torricelli)
 1 atm = 1.01325 bar = 14.696 psi
Example

Express a pressure of 155 kPa (gage) as an absolute


pressure. The local atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa(abs).

Notice that the units in this calculation are kilopascals (kPa)


for each term and are consistent. The indication of gage or
absolute is for convenience and clarity.
Example

Express a pressure of 225 kPa(abs) as a gage pressure. The


local atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa(abs).
Example

Express a pressure of 75.2 kPa as a gage pressure. The


local atmospheric pressure is 103.4 kPa.
Example

Express a pressure of –42.7 kPa as an absolute pressure.


Mechanical Pressure-
Measurements devices
 Mechanical devices offer the simplest means for
pressure measurements.

 The barometer is a device used to measure the


atmospheric pressure

 Consider the U-tube manometer shown in figure 6.3.


A pressure balance of the tube columns dictates that:
P – Pa = gh(m - f)
Mechanical Pressure-Measurement
Devices

The density of the fluid transmitting the


pressure p is ρf , and the density of the
manometer fluid is designated as ρm .
gc is a unit conversion factor used to
convert mass to force or vice versa
gc = 1 when SI units is used.
Example
Example
Well Manometer
Incline Manometer
Incline Manometer
Dead-Weight Tester
 The dead-weight tester is a device used for balancing
a fluid pressure with a known weight.
Dead-Weight Tester
 The accuracies of dead-weight testers
are limited by two factors:
(1)the friction between the cylinder and
the piston
(2)the uncertainty in the area of the
piston.
Dead-Weight Tester
 The smaller the clearance, the more closely the
effective area will approximate the cross-sectional
area of the piston. It can be shown that the
percentage error due to the clearance varies
according to
Bourdon-Tube Pressure Gage


Bourdon-Tube Pressure Gage


Diaphragm and Bellows Gages

 Diaphragm and bellows P1


gages measures pressure
based on sensing the elastic
deformation of materials as
a result of pressure. Diaphragm

 The diaphragm deflection


will be according to the
pressure difference. The
deflection is measured by
appropriate displacement P2

transducers or strain gages


Diaphragm and Bellows Gages

 Electrical-resistance strain gages may also be


installed on the diaphragm. The output of these
gages is a function of the local strain, which, in turn,
may be related to the diaphragm deflection and
pressure differential.
 The deflection generally follows a linear variation
with p when the deflection is less than one-third the
diaphragm thickness
Diaphragm and Bellows Gages

 Consider figure 6.12 for a bellows gage.


The pressure difference causes the bellows movements which may
be converted into electrical or mechanical signal. The bellows gage
is generally unsuitable for transient measurements because of the
larger relative motion and mass involved.
LVDT
 The linear variable differential transducer (LVDT)
assembled with a diaphragm can be used as a
differential pressure gage. (see figure 6.14)
 The displacement of the core is connected with the
diaphragm movement, which is in turn, indicates the
pressure difference P2-P1.
The Bridgman Gage

 It is known that the resistance of fine wires changes with the


pressure according to:
R = R1 (b + P)

where: R1: is the resistance at 1 atm


b: pressure coefficient of the resistance

 This gage can measure pressures as high as 100,000 atm


 the gage can be used for high-pressure measurement with an
accuracy of 0.1 percent. The transient response of the gage is
exceedingly good
The Bridgman Gage

The sensing element is the thin wire of Magnanin (84 Cu + 12 Mn + 4 Ni)


or an alloy of Gold and Chromium (2.1%) which is loosely wound.

Bridgeman gauge

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