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TABLE OF CONTENT

Q
~
, Page

~ TABLE OF CONTENT

~ NOTATION 1

1. INTRODUCTION 2

I
2. LEVEL SPANS (no wind or ice) 2

2.1. Sag of the Conductor 2

I 2.2.
2.3.
Length of Conductor in the Span
Tangential Tension (maximum tension in conductor)
3

2.4. Vertical Load at the Supports 3

I 2.5.
2.6.
Change in Horizontal Tension due to Changes in Temperature
When Wind and Ice are Present
3

I 2.6.1.
2.6.2.
Total Weight Acting on the Conductor
Weight or Ice on the Conductor 4

2.6.3. Force of Wind Acting on the Conductor 4

I 2.6.4.
2.6.5.
Wind Pressure Acting on the Conductor
Increase of Standard Wind Velocity with Height
4

2.6.6. Coefficient of Air Resistance for Conductor 5

I 2.6.7. Sag of the Conductor 6

3. MULTI SPAN SECTION 7

I 4. INCLINED SPANS 7

4.1. Maximum Sag 8

I 4.2.
4.3.
Maximum Conductor Length
Maximum Tangential Tension
8

I 5.
5.1.
CALCULATION CRITERIA AND STANDARD
Conductors and Tensions
9

,9

I
5.2. Climatic Conditions 10

6. CALCULATION METHODS 10

I 7. REFERENCES 11

I APPENDIX - EXAMPLES A-I

SagTen - i
I

Ii

[ METHOD OF SAG AND TENSION CALCULATIONS

IN OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES
~ ,
;
'I
By : YUSI Y. SUROSO

~
;'

n
~ IA I/c;'t;

NOTATION

mm 2

~
A Cross sectional area of the conductor
Ca Coefficient of air resistance for the conductor at 15°C

I Cu Ununiformation coefficient of the conductor (= 0.75 in Indonesia)

I
d Diameter of the conductor mm

I E
f
Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity) of the conductor

Form factor ofthe conductor ~(I/\\O CoI'JOLl~\'l

kg/mm 2

I h Maximum height of middle arms of tower above the ground level m

he Standard height above the ground level for standard wind velocity (= 10 m) m

I H Every day stress (EDS) kg

Ha Air pressure mmHg
I He Horizontal tension calculated by equivalent span length kg
K Wind pressure acting on the conductor kg/m 2
I Re Reynolds Number mmlm
s Length of the conductor in the span m
I T Tangential tension in the conductor at the highest tower i.e. the maximum
tension in the conductor kg
I t Radial ice thickness mm

UTS Ultimate tensile strength kg

I
Vh Wind velocity at h above the ground level mls

Vo Standard wind velocity at ho above the ground level

I
w Weight per unit length of the conductor
mls

kglm

I
Wi

wr
Added weight due to the formation of ice on the conductor
The total resolved weight acting on the conductor (note in some equations Wr
kglm

should be used when ice or wind is present rather than w). kglm
I Ww The force of wind acting on the conductor kglm
x Span length
I .Xc The equivalent span length
m
m

I
Xn The actual span length in the span containing z spans in the section m

SagTen - 1

I
 I·
~'

[ Xo The distance from a tower to the lowest point in a conductor

,
m

y The maximum sag of a conductor m

[~,

Yh The horizontal blowout of the conductor when subjected to wind m

The vertical distance from a tower to the lowest point of the conductor m

rl Yo
~ Yv The vertical component of sag when wind is present on a conductor m
a Coefficient of thermal expansion of the conductor fC
~
-'
:
\

~ Gradient angle of the span 0

I
0
y Blowout angle of the conductor
e Temperature of the conductor (actual and every day temperature) °C
I.; p Air density kg s2/m4
I
u Dynamic viscosity of air m2/s

~
Note: Subscripts 1 and 2 denote different values for the same variable.

~
Unit conversion from kg/m to kNby mUltiply 9.8/1,000 to kg/m.

i 1. INTRODUCTION

There are two methods for sag and tension calculation, i.e.: the parabolic and catenary

I methods. In this case sag and tension calculation using parabolic methods by computerizing.

I 2. LEVEL SPANS (no wind or ice)

A conductor to be rested on two supports with same level in the ends of a conductor like as
I figure below:
/!. IA?N t51iV eel IV1\\.-,
weight of conductor! ! conductor
I unit length (w) v T forces

I I ~~ H TflANV1ii"RS11!L

(
~
y
length of
conductor (s)
I I. XJ2 ~I

('
, 2.1. Sag of the Conductor

r The sag equation of the conductor is :

SagTen - 2

II
l
/ 7 SAG, M
[
wX 2 w3 X 4
(1)
[~ Y = 8H + 38,4H 3'

r! 2.2. Length of Conductor in the Span

U
The equation of the conductor length in a span is :
~ 2
s= X + w Xl (2)
n 24H2
~

~ 2.3. Tangential
"-------
Tension t(maximum tension in conductor)

In some specifications it is necessary to show that the tension doesn't 'exceed a value anyWhere
~ within a span. In this case it is necessary to calculate the horizontal tension from the following
equations:

~ T=H+wy (3)

I 2.4. Vertical Load at the Supports

I The equation of vertical load is:

wX
v (4)
I 2

Equation 4 ignores the extra length in the span due to the shape of the conductor and may
I therefore be in error for long spans.

I 2.5. Change in Horizontal Tension due to Changes in Temperature

I This is the main equation in sagand~tension calculations and is frequently referred to as the
chaf!geof State Equation. It can only be solved by ~eans of Newton Raphson Method by
,·iteration.

I The equation of horizontal tension due to changes in temperature is:

,

I 'w~Xe2 _ H +a(O -B \:;::: w2Xe2 _ He

24H2 EA 2 17 24He 2 EA
._­
I 2 W2X 2 '''].w 2
X
3
<;;:;.He + H e [ -H+EA 24He2 +EAa(Ol-BI) =11 2
e, (5)

I
> ~ SagTen 3,w

I
I

I
. //~~
[ 2.6. When Wind an~ IzeIe Present

2.~1. Total Weight AC ng on the Conductor

E AJI the above equations may be used by replacing W by the resolved weight of the conductor
Wr which is given by :
~
i
"

)
., + .,
W
r
= J(w + /
}V: ) -
('
I
W -
W
(6)

I l
::',!

2.6.2. Weight of Ice on tI!~Conductor

~
~~-.--"-------

Where weight of ice formed on the conductor which is given by :

I Wi = 0.002868(d + J)t (7)

Equation 7 is calculated to give the weight in kglm and is based on weight of ice of 0.000913
I glmnl.

\
I /2~6.3. )Force of Wind Acting on the Conductor
./
--~-"~-,",
///
l~

I The force of wind acting on the conductor which is given by :

(:;::>

d+2t l
= fCu K ( 1,000) (8)
I Ww

K .~

Where form factor value f depend on the diameter of conductor which is given by :

I Diameter ofconductor Form factor f

I
up to 12 mm
12 to 16 mm
1.2
r
1.1
greater than 16 mm 1.0
I
('

2.6.4. Wind Pressure Acting on the Conductor

f c Wind pressure K can be found from this using the equation:

I K =!p.Ca .vh2
2
(9)

I where air density p is :

I
SagTcn ·4

I
I

l R
1.293x273 H
B+273 '760 9.8
Q
(10)

[
2.6.5. Increase of Standard Wind Velocity with Height
[ ---/ Wind velocity usualy increases with height and wind velocity at h meters above ground level
(Vh ) is obtained by the following formula:
I
( v, v,(~); (11)
~/ (0£"<'>.'

I 2.6.6. Coefficient of Air Resistance for Conductor

/
When the conductor has a diameter not less than that of ACSR 240 mm 2 with a design wind

I velocity greater than 20 mis, the coefficient of air resistance for conductor shall be LO. When
the requirements of conductor size and design wind velocity differ from these figures, the
coefficient is given as a function of Reynolds Number Re..

I Reynolds Number is :

I R~ =
- V

1,QOOxu lHa
f
.............................. (12)

I ; ~. I

Where the dyn~mtc viscosity of air equal with 1.465xlO·5 m21s at 15°C. In general, dynamic
viscosity of air DeHa at 8°C and Ha mmHg is :

I v = L322( 390 )(8+273)512(760)X10_S .:............................ (13)

8+390 273 Ha
~
OH"

I Composition of conductor
/'\' /
Item No. orfiiiJd )1 .Layers Strand dial Outside dia
~ 1
2
7 .
37
.
-~,. 1
3
. 1/3
o

117
3 '61 4 1/9 \
I 4. 91
\ '­
5 t/11

I \(
/

/
f /

SagTen - 5

I
 Co.

Y-a>is

ll~____~______,­ ____,­ __-,__-,______.-~______,­ __~

1.1 '-" ...&. '\ I I I

~
~-1

~.
°1 1 1

~ 2 3 4 7 8 9 '0 15 :;ox1Qan Xats ~e.

~ Y-aois= G:BIidErt d arreistrcetrcxnid:r

Xats =fi¥dd5N.rrtEr

~ 2.6.7. Sag of the Conductor

[ If the sag equation 1 are used when. wind is presynt, it must be remembered the calculated sag.
is in the resolved plane as shown below:

~i
~!

~! Yv

~
14 Yb ~~
~I position of
. conductor

II where:

Ii r = tan-
.
1
(
Ww
w:J )''-..__ (
.............................. (14)

Ii and the vertical sag is :

!.
i
Yv = Ycos 'Y (15.a)

SagTen·6
 r<

and the horizontal blowout is :

r
l Yh = Y Sin Y .............................. (I5.b)

[;
3. MULTI SPAN SECTION

I·.
1;
( In transmission it is not usual to have a single span between tension towers. In general there
are a number of spans within a section and a useful concept termed the equivalent span
l
lengtlt can be derived by considering the parabolic change of state equatio)1 5. The equivalent
U ~
,-4
span is defined as a single span which will undergo the same tension changes as a multi span .'
when subjected to changes in temp~rature, wind force or ice formation. The value of the span
length equation can be calculated from : ' . , .
U
,

LX 3

~
n
n=1
Xe z (16)
LX n

~
n=1

For a multi span section containing z spans and the value of Xn is the actual span length of the

~ span under 9onsideration. , .

The tpethod of using the equivalent span length is to first calculate its value using equation 15
~ and then to use this value for X in, the change of state equation given in section 2,5 .. Having
calculated the horizontal tensions for the required conditions the sags for the various spans in
the multi span section may be calculated using the equations given in section 2.1. , the actual
~ span lengths and the tensions calculated using the equivalent'span length.- r

It is evident from the above, while the equivalent span length is used to calculate 9hanges in
~ tension the sag of each span is based on the individual span lengths in the section considered
and the horizontal tensioris arrived at by the used of the equivalent span length.

fJ In some specifications it is necessary to limit the tangential tension on the maximum span
length. To do this before using the equivalent span analysis, the tangential tensions for each

~ limit condition has to be reduced to a horizontal tension as given in section 2.3.

f 4. INCLINED SPANS

It is not possible to carry out a full analysis of an inclined span manually. Indeed. the rigorous
[ treatment necessary in only just becoming available using computers. F'o!1unately except for
very mountainous terrain or special situations such as river crossings the sophistication of
these methods is not required and the tension behavior of the conductor can be calculated
I using the method already developed in section 3. It is however very necessary to include for
the effect of inclination when calculating sag.

I
SagTcn ·7

I
r

r There are two calculation methods of sag i.e.: calculation of height of low point datum below
the first tower Yo and calculation of maximum sagYmax, In this the second method will be used.

[
[

[I

n.,·.
u
Yo
n
U

~ I: Xo _ Xi2 -I
~
~ X
~
4.1. Maximum Sag

~ In general, this occurs at half span and this sag is used to string the line.

Ii The maximum sag equation is :

wx 2 3
X4
~
W
Y - + 3 (17)
~
m.. - 8He cosfJ 384(He cosfJ)

~ where fJ is the gradient angle which is defined as :

_\ h
~ fJ= tan X (18)

4.2. Maximum Conductor Length

A

The maximum conductor length is :

2
s=x,+W X'Z
(19)
24H (!
2

where:

X'=~­ (20.a)
cosfJ
SagTen - 8
 or

X' (20.b)

4.3. Maximum Tangential Tension

As previously stated, it is sometimes necessary to limit the tangential tension anywhere in a

section. In this case the inclined span containing the highest tension cannot be determined by
inspection. Hence it is necessary to calculate the horizontal tension for each span length in turn
taking into account the inclination of each span for each limit condition. The minimum
horizontal tension for each limit condition can then be selected and this used to calculate the
tension behavior of the section via tJle method laid out it1.s~ction 3.

The equation of ma,ximum tangential tension can be calculated from :

2
wX +h
2He
He = T.cosl tan-I (21)
'j X
j

1 5. CALCULATION CRITERIA AND STANDARD

5.1. Conductors and Tensions

~
Conductor

Construction of conductors should be based on PLN standard.

The conductor tension varies by conductor temperature, wind load and the weight of
conductor itself The strength of a conductor should be guaranteed under the maximum
working tension.

In general, the following two factors are considered in determining the maximum horizontal
working tension of conductors:

a. The conductor tension at the every day average temperature (30°C) (regular tension)
An tb preferably kept within 25 percent of the ultimate breaking strength of the conductor.
r .
b. The maximum conductor tension under the severest condition must not exceed 40
percent of the ultimate breaking strength of the conductor.

Ground wires

The same conditions applied for conductors should also be considered in determining the
maximum working tension of ground wire.

SagTcn 9M
 Besides, the vertical clearances between ground wire and power conductor at the midspan
should be taken larger than those at the tower in order to avoid the midspan flashover.
Therefore, sag of ground wire at 10°C should be determined to be approximately 75% of
power conductor sag. ­

5.2. Climatic Conditions

I Temperature:
Maximum : 75 °c -c-7'T/~AfJ1l!N 0' \<::'tJ7I""'f,L

r Minimum : 10°C, /
Every day temperature: 30°C

I
i

j
i Wind velocity and Pressure:
- Mean maximum wind velocity for 10 minutes at the height oflO m over the ground: 25 mfs. (Vo)
- Mean maximum wind pressure on conductor: 45 kglm2 . .

[I
Air Pressure:
Mean : 756 mmHg
rj
u
6. CALCULA TION METHODS

f,,
l.
When sag and tension calculations are required it is usual to have to carry out a number of

similar calculations at the same tim~r This calculations based on general equation of Newton­

Raphson method to solve the polynomial equation 5 by iteration by computerization.

II

The simplify of its equation is :

lj . H e 3 +AHe 2 =B .............................. (22.a)

~ where:

~
l W2 2
I
I A = -H +EA ~ +EAa(B2 11,)] ............................... (22.b)

[ 24H­

I! w2X 2

B=EA e .............................. (22.c)

24
~ and Newton-Raphson equation is :

r X i+ 1 = Xi
f(X i )
.............................. (23)
fl(Xi)

t If Xi equal with He; is the value will be calculated and f '(x; ) is the first derived off (.'C; )
therefore the equations are: . .
~
SagTen - to

 f(He) H/ +AHe'!. B (24. a)

•
F(H.,) = 3H,,2 +2AH" (24.b)

This computer process can be continued until the value of IX i+ 1 ­ Xi IS ~, precision index; in
this case the precision index is 0.001 ..

7. REFERENCES

Balfour Beaty Power Construction Limited, Calculation of Sag and Tension in Overhead
Transmission Lines, Balfour Beaty Power Construction Limited, Derby.

L Brown Boveri & CIE, 500 kV EHV TIL - Training Programme, PLN Proyek Induk Sistim
Transmisi Tegangan Ekstra Tinggi and Pusat Pengaturan Beban, Gandu!.

f The New Japan Engineering Consultants, Inc. and Citaconas PT Consulting and Engineering,

Design Report - East Java Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Network

I
Project Four Stage OECF Loan No. IP-28.7 - ill of IV Transmission Line,

Perusahaan Vmum Listrik Negara, Surabaya, February 1988.

Hutauruk, Ir. TS, M.Sc., Transmisi Daya Listrik, Penerbit Erlangga, Jakarta, 1990.

Arismunandar, Dr. A. and Dr. S. Kuwahara, Buku Pegangan - Teknik Tenaga Listrik - Jilid
t.1 II Saluran Transmisi, PT Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta, 1979.

II

11

II
II
Ii
Ii
SagTcn - 11

I
 APPENDIX - EXAMPLES

Project name East Java Big Consumer Project Phase I

150 kV Overhead Transmission Lines

Location Banaran - JayaKertas (Kediri - New Kertosono)

2
Conductor 340/30 mm (Al. 48/3.00 - St. 712.33) ACSR

Section Tl - T2

Problem : - Calculation of horizontal tension under the severest condition at 10°C.

- Calculation of maximum sag at 75 °C.

Conductor data
d :::: 25 mm
A = 369.1 mm2V
w = 1.18 kg/m
H(EDS) = 2,205 kg
E ::::: 7,000 kg/mm2
a = 0.0000193 fC
Temperatures
8 1 (EDT) == 3 0 ° C
82 ::::: 10 °C and 75°C

Span length
X = 332 m
Xe = 332 m
p

Problem Solving : ~n~Ml'"

1. CALCULATION OF HORIZONTAL TENSION

TION AT 10 oC
UNDE";';;;~;~CONDl-
~~_______~

1.1. Calculation of Wind Pressure on the Conductor

1.1. 1. Calculation of Increasing Wind Velocity

v, ~ v.(:.l

where:

Vo::::: 25 mls; ho = 10 m and h 26 m

SagTcIl A- 1
I
I therefore:
I

l?6)7
= 2"\
i Vh ;0 = 28.6564 m/s

1.1.2. Calculation of Coefficient of Air Resistance

I If dynamic viscosity of air at everyday average temperature is :

~ v = 1.322( 390 )(8 21'"

J + 273)511(760)X10_ 5

OHa e + 390 ~ H a

I 1

' where:

I
"~
Vo = 25 m/s; d 25 mm; 8 1 30 °C; Ha 756 mmHg

i therefore:

=1.5173xlO-5
I v
OHa
:= L322( 390 )(30+ 273) 5/2(760)XlO_5
30 + 390 273 756 .
m2/s

I and Reynold Number is:

Vd
o 25x25
=--------S 4.l192x10 4 mmlm
I Re = 1,OOOv (Iff
. 1,000x1.5173xlO-

I the coefficient of air resistance is given as a function of Reynold Number which is shown in
figure of section 2.6.6. is :

I Ca = 0.88

where the layers of the conductor is 4.

I \

1.1.3. Calculation of Wind Pressure

I If air density at everyday average temperature is :
angka sudah dari

I rumus

p=
1.293x273 Ha
-­ 1.293x273 x 756 x _1_ =0.1182 kg s2/m4
OJ + 273 . 760 . 9.8 30 + 273 760 9.8
I the wind pressure is :
suhu rata2 harian
dalam C

I K = 2.1 p. Ca .1\T~ = 2.1 x 0.1 182xO.88x28.6564 2 ::::: 42.7265 kglm

2

I
SagTcll - A- 2

I
I

Radial ice thickness

I
1.2.
Wind pressure

Calculation of Total Weight Acting on the Conductor

Of (,,,,~J...r v = ~o ~/I\'\'~
\.t.}inQJ I\.. c,\;'t/')5

f'\

0(~\
1.2.1. Calculation of Force of Wind

I .w -fC
-
W lJ
K(d+21)
1,000
" ~~~
' I
Ww
V /.-000)

~~ ....

I \V1'teFe-ff}rrtl~tor f of the conductor is 1,0 for d 25 mm which is shown in table of section

2.6.3., C u = 0.75 in Indonesia and no ice on the conductor, therefore the force of wind is:

I <=> it' w = I.OxO.75x42.7265( 25 + 2XO) = 0.8011 kg/m

1,000

I 1.2.2. Calculation of Total Weight

I Wr

I where: berat es (ice) pada

konduktor

w = 1.18 kg/m and Wi 0 kg/m

o therefore:

I Wr )(1.18 + 0)2 + 0.80112 = 1.4263 kg/m

I 1.3. Calculation of Horizontal Tension

I + AHc2 B
every day stress
(Zebra = 3400 kg?) koef of thermal expansion
of conductor

I
where:
panjang span

suhu rata2

«(),_e)]
I A [-H+EA
24H2
2 2+ EAa

Luas penampang
- J

suhu terendah

I <=> A
[
-2,205+ 7,OOOx369.lx
1.4263 2 x3322.
_. __ ~ + 7,OOOx369.1xO.0000193x(1O 30)]
I 1,762.2720 kg t
I and

2 2 2
EA 11'/ Xc = 7,000x369.lx 1.4263
I B
24
x332
24
2.4138xlO 'O kg 3

SagTcll - A- J

I
I

I
The above equation to be solved by computerization by iteration method ofNewton-Raphson,
therefore the horizontal tension to be obtained under the severest condition at 10°C is :
I He = 2,406.328 kg or

I He
9.8
= 2,406.328x-- 23.582
k
N
1,000
I
2. CALCULATION OF MAXIMUM SAG AT 75°C
I 2.1. Calculation of Horizontal Tension of the Conductor

I The horizontal tension at 75 °C to be obtained by calculation like as above is :

I He 1,873.484 kg or

He = 18.360 kN
I
2.2. Calculation of Sag of the Conductor
I The sag of the conductor is :

~ y
W
r
X2 W 3X
4
+ ........-:.r'---_
2 3 4
1.4263x332 + 1.4263 x332 = 10.5029 m
8He 384H/ 8xl,873.484 384x1,873.484 3
I When wind is present, the angle of wind at everyday average temperature is :

I r =: t311-
1
( w) W =: tan -(08011)
I' == 34.1595°
lV+Wi U8+0
I therefore the vertical sag is :
,

I y,. ycosy 10.5029 cos 34.1595° =8.6895

\'
m

I
I 1-';,79. 4-;;f!, Y3?-- k)

I
SagTcn - A- 4