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Chapter 2: First-Order Differential Equations Exercises 2.2

Book Title: Differential Equations with Boundary-Value Problems

Printed By: OSVALDO ALFONSO TELLEZ ([email protected])

© 2016 Cengage Learning, Cengage Learning

Exercises 2.2

In Problems 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and
22 solve the given differential equation by separation of variables.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

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17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

In Problems 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28 find an explicit solution of the given initial-
value problem.

23. ,

24.
,

25. ,

26. ,

27.
,

28. ,

In Problems 29 and 30 proceed as in Example 5 and find an explicit solution of the

given initial-value problem.

29. ,

30. ,

In Problems 31, 32, 33, and 34 find an explicit solution of the given initial-value
problem. Determine the exact interval of definition by analytical methods. Use a
graphing utility to plot the graph of the solution.

31. ,

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32. ,

33. ,

34. ,

35.
(a) Find a solution of the initial-value problem consisting of the differential
equation in Example 3 and each of the initial-conditions: ,

, and .

(b) Find the solution of the differential equation in Example 3 when is

used as the constant of integration on the left-hand side in the solution and
is replaced by . Then solve the same initial-value problems in
part (a).

36. Find a solution of that passes through the indicated points.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

37. Find a singular solution of Problem 21. Of Problem 22.

38. Show that an implicit solution of

is given by . Find the constant solutions, if any, that

were lost in the solution of the differential equation.

Often a radical change in the form of the solution of a differential equation

corresponds to a very small change in either the initial condition or the equation
itself. In Problems 39, 40, 41, and 42 find an explicit solution of the given initial-
value problem. Use a graphing utility to plot the graph of each solution. Compare
each solution curve in a neighborhood of .

39. ,

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40. ,

41. ,

42. ,

43. Every autonomous first-order equation is separable. Find

explicit solutions , , , and of the differential equation
that satisfy, in turn, the initial conditions ,
, , and . Use a graphing utility to plot the
graphs of each solution. Compare these graphs with those predicted in
Problem 19 of Exercises 2.1. Give the exact interval of definition for each
solution.

44.
(a) The autonomous first-order differential equation has no
critical points. Nevertheless, place on the phase line and obtain a phase
portrait of the equation. Compute to determine where solution
curves are concave up and where they are concave down (see Problems
35 and 36 in Exercises 2.1). Use the phase portrait and concavity to
sketch, by hand, some typical solution curves.

(b) Find explicit solutions , , , and of the differential

equation in part (a) that satisfy, in turn, the initial conditions ,
, , and . Graph each solution and compare
with your sketches in part (a). Give the exact interval of definition for each
solution.

In Problems 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50 use a technique of integration or a
substitution to find an explicit solution of the given differential equation or initial-
value problem.

45.

46.

47.

48.

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49.
,

50. ,

Discussion Problems

51.
(a) Explain why the interval of definition of the explicit solution of
the initial-value problem in Example 2 is the open interval .

(b) Can any solution of the differential equation cross the -axis? Do you think
that is an implicit solution of the initial-value problem
, ?

52. In “Use of Computers ,” we showed that a one-parameter family of solutions

of the first-order differential equation is for

. Each solution in this family is defined on . The last statement

is not true if we choose to be negative. For explain why

is not a solution of the DE on the interval . Find an

interval of definition on which is a solution of the DE.

53. In Problems 43 and 44 we saw that every autonomous first-order differential

equation is separable. Does this fact help in the solution of the

initial-value problem , ? Discuss. Sketch, by

hand, a plausible solution curve of the problem.

54.
(a) Solve the two initial-value problems:

and

(b) Show that there are more than million digits in the -coordinate of the
point of intersection of the two solution curves in part (a).
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55. Find a function whose square plus the square of its derivative is .

56.
(a) The differential equation in Problem 27 is equivalent to the normal form

in the square region in the -plane defined by , . But the

quantity under the radical is nonnegative also in the regions defined by
, . Sketch all regions in the -plane for which this
differential equation possesses real solutions.

(b) Solve the DE in part (a) in the regions defined by , . Then

find an implicit and an explicit solution of the differential equation subject to
.

Mathematical Model

57. Suspension Bridge In (16) of Section 1.3 we saw that a mathematical model
for the shape of a flexible cable strung between two vertical supports is

where denotes the portion of the total vertical load between the points
and shown in Figure 1.3.7. The DE (11) is separable under the following
conditions that describe a suspension bridge.

Let us assume that the - and -axes are as shown in Figure 2.2.5—that is,
the -axis runs along the horizontal roadbed, and the -axis passes through
, which is the lowest point on one cable over the span of the bridge,
coinciding with the interval . In the case of a suspension bridge,
the usual assumption is that the vertical load in (11) is only a uniform roadbed
distributed along the horizontal axis. In other words, it is assumed that the
weight of all cables is negligible in comparison to the weight of the roadbed
and that the weight per unit length of the roadbed (say, pounds per horizontal
foot) is a constant . Use this information to set up and solve an appropriate
initial-value problem from which the shape (a curve with equation ) of
each of the two cables in a suspension bridge is determined. Express your
solution of the IVP in terms of the sag and span . See Figure 2.2.5.

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Figure 2.2.5

Shape of a cable

Computer Lab Assignments

58.
(a) Use a CAS and the concept of level curves to plot representative graphs
of members of the family of solutions of the differential equation

. Experiment with different numbers of level curves as

well as various rectangular regions defined by , .

(b) On separate coordinate axes plot the graphs of the particular solutions
corresponding to the initial conditions: ; ; ;
.

59.
(a) Find an implicit solution of the IVP

(b) Use part (a) to find an explicit solution of the IVP.

(c) Consider your answer to part (b) as a function only. Use a graphing utility
or a CAS to graph this function, and then use the graph to estimate its
domain.

(d) With the aid of a root-finding application of a CAS, determine the

approximate largest interval of definition of the solution in part
(b). Use a graphing utility or a CAS to graph the solution curve for the IVP
on this interval.

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60.
(a) Use a CAS and the concept of level curves to plot representative graphs
of members of the family of solutions of the differential equation

Experiment with different numbers of level curves as well as various

rectangular regions in the -plane until your result resembles Figure 2.2.6.

Figure 2.2.6

Level curves

(b) On separate coordinate axes, plot the graph of the implicit solution

corresponding to the initial condition . Use a colored pencil to

mark off that segment of the graph that corresponds to the solution curve of
a solution that satisfies the initial condition. With the aid of a root-finding
application of a CAS, determine the approximate largest interval of
definition of the solution . [Hint: First find the points on the curve in part
(a) where the tangent is vertical.]

(c) Repeat part (b) for the initial condition .

Chapter 2: First-Order Differential Equations Exercises 2.2

Book Title: Differential Equations with Boundary-Value Problems

Printed By: OSVALDO ALFONSO TELLEZ ([email protected])

© 2016 Cengage Learning, Cengage Learning

© 2022 Cengage Learning Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this work may by reproduced or used in any form or by any means -
graphic, electronic, or mechanical, or in any other manner - without the written permission of the copyright holder.

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