kerosene

Report
Scientific Reports 2023

By :Scientific committee of BUOG AICHE

DEFINITION OF KEROSENE
before electric lights became popular kerosene was widely used in oil lamps
and was one of the most important refinery products today kerosene is
primarily used as heating oil as fuel in jet engines(It is a major component
of jet fuel)
and as solvent for insecticide sprays
kerosene is a thin clear liquid
consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons that boil between 150 and 275
degree centigrade

kerosene is flammable and has a distinct odor. It contains a number of

paraffins and naphthenes. It is used as domestic fuel for cooking and
heating.
HISTORY OF KEROSENE
The word kerosene is derived from the Greek. It was registered as a
trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1840 and for several years, only the
North American Gas Light Company and the Downer Company had
the right to name lamp oil. with kerosene.

Kerosene has been known since ancient times. One of the pioneers
of extracting it as a derivative of crude oil was the Muslim scholar Al-
Razi, who called it “white oil” in his book known as “The Book of
Secrets.” But only since the nineteenth century has kerosene
become one of the most important and commonly used major oil
derivatives.
In the year 1854 AD, the name “kerosene” was registered as a brand
name in America, and one American company monopolized the right
to use this name for several years, until it became popular worldwide.
In addition to the name kerosene or kerosene, the product itself is
called “paraffin” or “paraffin oil” in the United Kingdom, Southeast
Asia and South Africa.
THE DISADVANTAGES

What are the disadvantages of

kerosene?
One of the major disadvantages of kerosene is that it
contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, it is
non-renewable oil, which means it cannot be reused or
recycled. Frequent exposure to kerosene fumes may
damage the skin and lead to lung diseases. Also, if you spill
kerosene on the floor, its smell won’t go off easily. Even with
hard scrubbing, it can stay for a long period of time.
WHERE DO WE GET KEROSENE
FROM?
Kerosine, a distillate fraction heavier than naphtha, is normally a product from distilling crude oils under
atmospheric pressures. It may also be obtained as a product from thermal and catalytic cracking or hydrocracking
units. Kerosines from cracking units are usually less stable than those produced from atmospheric distillation and
hydrocracking units due to presence of variable amounts of olefinic constituents. Kerosine is usually a clear
colorless liquid which does not stop flowing except at very low temperature (normally below –30°C). However,
kerosine containing high olefin and nitrogen contents may develop some color (pale yellow) after being produced.
The main constituents of kerosines obtained from atmospheric and

hydrocracking units are paraffins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics.

Kerosines with a high normal-paraffin content are suitable
feedstocks for
extracting C12-C14 n-paraffins, which are used for producing
biodegradable
detergents
WHERE DO WE USE KEROSENE?
kerosine is mainly used to: 4) It is also used in the treatment of stagnant
water pools to prevent mosquitoes from
1) produce jet fuels, after it is treated to adjust hatching,
its burning quality and freezing point.
5) it can be used to remove lice from the hair, but
2) Before the widespread use of electricity, this practice is very painful and dangerous, as
kerosine was extensively this leads to the destruction of natural oils in the
used to fuel lamps, and is still used for this hair and scalp.
purpose in remote areas.
6) Preservation of highly reactive metals
3) It is also used as a fuel for heating purposes
known as "Kerosene heaters" . Not Kerosene is used to store chemically active
recommended for indoor use due to the risk of metals that may interact with air components, by
carbon monoxide release. dipping them in kerosene, and this method is
used with sodium
WHERE DO WE USE KEROSENE?
HOW KEROSENE IS MADE ?
(KEROSENE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES)
while kerosene can be extracted from coal oil shell and wood

it is primarily derived from refined petroleum , kerosene is extracted

from a mixture of petroleum chemicals also known as crude oil found
deep within the earth the crude oil itself derived from decayed
organisms that were buried along with the sediments of early
geological eras over tens of millions of years this the organic residue
called " kerogen " was converted to crude oil by a pair of complex
chemical processes known as diagenesis and catagenesis the
combination of these complex reactions creates a hydrocarbon
mixture known as petroleum or crude oil there are many steps
involved

- in manufacturing of kerosene we are simply going three steps: -

step 1 collecting the crude oil
step 2 separation of kerosene
step 3 purification of kerosene
HOW KEROSENE IS MADE ?
STEP 1 COLLECTING THE CRUDE OIL

the first step in the manufacturing of kerosene is to collect the crude oil finding
crude oil reservoirs is a long and complex process it can takes years of research
these reservoirs can be at depths of more than 3000 meters or hidden under
thick layers of salt deep below the seabed or trapped in geological faults where
the rock is folded into complex structures seismic reflection imaging remains the
most widely used geophysical technique in hydrocarbon exploration and there
are three primary types of drilling operations used to bring the crude oil to the
surface cable tool drilling rotary drilling offshore drilling ...

after oil is collected gross contaminants such as gases , water and dirt are
removed since crude oil is a combination of many different hydrocarbon
materials it must be separated into its compounds
and that brings us to the second step
HOW KEROSENE IS MADE ?
STEP 2 SEPARATION OF KEROSENE

the second step separation fractional distillation is one type of

separation process it involves heating the crude oil to separate its
components in this process the separate its components in this
process the stream of oil is pumped into the bottom of the
distillation column where it is heated the lighter hydrocarbon
components in the mixture rise to the top of the column and the
most of the high boiling point fractions are left at the bottom the
columns used to separate lighter oils are proportionally tall and thin
tall distillation columns are more efficiently separate hydrocarbon
mixtures because they allow more time for high boiling point
compounds to condense before they reach to the top of the column
the condensed liquid fractions can be collected separately the
fraction that is collected between approximately 150 and 250 degree
centigrade is kerosene
HOW KEROSENE IS MADE ?
STEP 3 PURIFICATION OF KEROSENE

step 3 purification once the oil has been distilled into fractions further processing in a series of chemical reactions is
necessary to create kerosene catalytic reforming , alkylation , catalytic cracking Hydro processing are four of the
major processing techniques used in conversion of kerosene this reaction process involves transferring the crude oil
fraction into a separate vessel where it is chemically converted into kerosene once the kerosene has been reacted
additional extraction is required to remove the secondary contaminants that can affect oil's burning properties for
example aromatic compounds such as benzene are one class of contaminant that must be removed the following
extraction techniques are used to purify kerosene the udex extraction process the sulfolene process lurgi aro solvan
process dimethyl sulfoxide process etc the sulfolene process was created by Oshell company in 1962 and it is still
used in many extraction units the solvent used in this process is called sulfolene and it is a strong polar compound
that is more efficient than glycol system and it is a strong polar compound that is more efficient than glycol system
used in udex extraction process after extraction is complete the refined. kerosene is stored in tanks for shipping and
this is how kerosene is made
HOW KEROSENE IS MADE ?
STEP 3 PURIFICATION OF KEROSENE
THE COMPOSITION OF THE KEROSENE
PRODUCT(N-PARAFFINS)
Kerosene is a fuel that is also known as paraffin .
Chemicals from high molecular weight (n paraffin) !

High molecular weight n-paraffins are obtained from different petroleum

fractions through physical separation processes. Those in the range of
C8-C14 are usually recovered from kerosines having a high ratio of these
compounds. Vapor phase adsorption using molecular sieve 5A is used to
achieve the separation. The n-paraffins are then desorbed by the action of
ammonia. Continuous operation is possible by using two adsorption sieve
columns, one bed on stream while the other bed is being desorbed.

n- Paraffins could also be separated by forming an adduct with urea. For a

paraffinic hydrocarbon to form an adduct under ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure, the compound must contain a
long unbranched chain of at least six carbon atoms. Ease of adduct formation and adduct stability
increases with increase of chain length.18 some physical properties of C5-C16 n-paraffins. As with shorter-chain n-paraffins, the
longer chain compounds are not highly reactive. However, they may be oxidized, chlorinated, dehydrogenated, sulfonated, and
fermented under
special conditions. The C9-C17 paraffins are used to produce olefins or monochlorinated paraffins for the production of detergents.
The 1996
capacity for the U.S., Europe, and Japan was 3.0 billion pounds.
OXIDATION OF PARAFFIN
Oxidation of Paraffin (Fatty Acids and Fatty Alcohols) Oxidation of Cl2-Cl4 n-paraffins using boron trioxide
The catalytic oxidation of long-chain paraffins (Cl8-C30) catalysts was
over manganese extensively studied for the production of fatty alcohols.20
salts produces a mixture of fatty acids with different chain Typical reaction
lengths. Temperature and pressure ranges of 105–120°C and conditions are 120–130°C at atmospheric pressure. ter-Butyl
15–60 hydroperoxide (0.5%) was used to initiate the reaction. The
atmospheres are used. About 60 wt% yield of fatty acids in yield of the
the range of alcohols was 76.2 wt% at 30.5% conversion. Fatty acids (8.9
Cl2-Cl4 is obtained. These acids are used for making soaps. wt%) were
The main also obtained. Product alcohols were essentially secondary
source for fatty acids for soap manufacture, however, is the with the same
hydrolysis of number of carbons and the same structure per molecule as
fats and oils (a nonpetroleum source). Oxidation of paraffins the parent
to fatty paraffin hydrocarbon. This shows that no cracking has
acids may be illustrated as: occurred under
the conditions used. The oxidation reaction could be
RCH2(CH2)nCH2CH2R + 5/2O2 represented as:
------ >> R(CH2)nCOOH + RCH2COOH + H2O
RCH2CH2 R' + 1/2 O2 --->> R-CH2CHOHR'
OXIDATION OF PARAFFIN
n-Paraffins can also be oxidized to alcohols by a dilute oxygen
stream
(3–4%) in the presence of a mineral acid. The acid converts the
alcohols
to esters, which prohibit further oxidation of the alcohols to fatty
acids.
The obtained alcohols are also secondary. These alcohols are of
commercial
importance for the production of nonionic detergents (ethyoxylates):
ONE OF THE USES OF PARAFFIN
Fermentation using n- Paraffin (Single Cell Protein : SCP)

The term single cell protein is used to represent a group of microbial

cells such as algae and yeast that have high protein content. The production
of these cells is not generally considered a synthetic process but
microbial farming via fermentation in which n-paraffins serve as the
substrate. Substantial research efforts were invested in the past two
decades to grow algae, fungi, and yeast on different substrates such as
n-paraffins, methane, methanol, and even carbon dioxide.

The product SCP is constituted mainly of protein and variable amounts of lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.
Some of the constituents of SCP limit its usefulness for use as food for human beings but can be used for
animal feed. A commercial process using methanol as the substrate was developed by ICI. The product Pruteen is an
energy-rich material containing over 70% protein.22 One of the problems facing the use of n-paraffins as a substrate
forCandida yeast is the presence of residual hydrocarbons in the product.
WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE

What's the difference

between gasoline,
kerosene, diesel, etc?
All of these materials come from crude oil,
and the only difference is the carbon chains!
DOES KEROSENE EVAPORATE?

Does kerosene
evaporate?

Under normal temperature

conditions, kerosene does
not evaporate so it can be
stored for a long time.
Scientific Reports 2023

BUOG AICHE